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PubMed1985

Scanning electron microscopy and the study of Fc and C3b receptors of cultured fat-storing cells from rat liver.

Non-parenchymal fat-storing cells (FSCs) were isolated from rat liver by Metrizamide density centrifugation after liver perfusion with media containing pronase and/or collagenase. These cells were cultured in Williams' E medium with 20% fetal calf serum under the usual conditions. FSCs, identified by vitamin A-specific fluorescence (VAF), were viewed under conventional light microscopy 24, 48 and 72 h after seeding. At 24 h, some FSCs remained hemispheric; at 48 h all FSCs were well spread out, and at 72 h the number of FSCs had increased and the VAF intensity had become weaker. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the features of the FSCs clearly differed from those of the other non-parenchymal cells. The in vitro FSC features closely resembled the in vivo features. FSCs cultured for 48 h had flattened, triangular or oval shapes with fairly smooth surfaces that showed scattered microvilli 0.1 micron long. Two types of processes, long slender (130 microns maximum length) and short broad ones, protruded from the cell body. These processes had smaller projections 0.2 micron wide that looked like fern leaves. Many lipid droplets could be seen under the cell surface. IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes (EAs) and IgM-C3-coated ox erythrocytes (EACs) were used to investigate whether there are Fc and C3b receptors on the FSCs. No rosette-formation characteristic of EAs or EACs was present on the FSCs; proof that FSCs have neither receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lignification in plant cell walls.

Cell wall lignification is a complex process occurring exclusively in higher plants; its main function is to strengthen the plant vascular body. This process involves the deposition of ill-defined phenolic polymers, the so-called lignins, on the extracellular polysaccharidic matrix. These polymers arise from the oxidative coupling of three cinnamyl alcohols in a nonrandom reaction, in which cell wall polysaccharides appear to influence the freedom of cinnamyl alcohol radicals, giving rise to a highly orchestrated process. This review is focused on the most recent advances in the chemical, biochemical, cytological, physiological, and evolutive aspects of cell wall lignification. As we shall see throughout this review, there are still some open questions to be answered which may serve as the basis of future endeavors.

Cell Wall↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC) in human atrial myocardium.

We present here visual evidence for the existence of a new type of interstitial cells in human atrial myocardium: interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC). These cells fulfil the so-called 'platinum standard' (a set of 10 ultrastructural criteria for the positive diagnosis of ICLC). Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), followed by reconstructions from serial photomicrographs, revealed typical ICLC with 2 or 3 long, moniliform processes (several tens of micrometers long and 0.1-0.5 microm thick), emerging from the (small) cell body. Cell processes dichotomously branch and have mitochondria (at the level of dilations), caveolae and Ca(2+) release units. Cell prolongations establish close spatial relationships between each other, as well as with capillaries, myocardial cells, and other connective tissue cells. Our preliminary data suggest that ICLC exist in rat ventricular myocardium, too.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fluorescence excimer formation imaging: a new technique to investigate association to cells and membrane behavior of glycolipids.

A new fluorescence ratio imaging technique aiming to monitor the lateral distribution of pyrene-labeled lipids in the membranes through visualization of the excimer/monomer (E/M) intensity ratio, has been set up, studying the association of a fluorescent derivative of GM1 ganglioside (pyreneGM1) to rat cerebellar granule cells in culture. The imaging results show that the mean E/M ratio value, under experimental conditions leading to the association of pyreneGM1 with the plasma membrane, is significantly higher in neuritic processes than in cell bodies and, moreover, locally distributed in patches. Fluorescence antisotropy imaging of the fluorescent probe TMA-DPH (trimethylaminodiphenylhexatriene) shows the presence of domains having different fluidity and that the average fluidity is higher in cell bodies than in neuritic processes. Additional experiments using TMA-DPH as a marker of fluid-phase pinocytosis, suggest that the rate of endocytosis is comparable in the two regions of the cell. Taken together, on the one hand these data indicate that the fluorescent ganglioside is present in a more clustered state at the level of neuritic processes than in cell bodies and locally distributed in patches of different size and enrichment. On the other hand, they point out the potentiality of the excimer formation imaging technique to study membrane behavior and dynamics of pyrene-labeled lipids, with a particular insight into their aggregative properties.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and quality of life after head and neck cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of body image reintegration as it relates to quality of life in the surgical head and neck cancer patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To illustrate the course of body image reintegration after head and neck cancer surgery, the results of two major studies are presented. In the first study, a cohort sample of 75 adults about to undergo disfigurative surgery for head and neck cancer was examined to determine levels of anxiety before and after the procedure. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before and after surgery on postoperative days 4 through 6. In the large study, from which the cohort sample was derived, 117 adults about to undergo disfigurative surgery were investigated to determine the relationship between coping with surgical disfigurement/dysfunction and length of hospital stay. The Ways of Coping Checklist was administered before surgery. Disfigurement/dysfunction, as measured by the Disfigurement/Dysfunction Scale, and postoperative coping behaviors, as measured by the Coping Behaviors Score, were accounted for in both samples. Self-care and resocialization behaviors were observed and measured on postoperative days 4 through 6. RESULTS: In the cohort study, anticipation of disfigurative facial surgery was associated with extremely high levels of anxiety. In the large sample, coping effectiveness was diminished. The degree of surgical deficit ranged from mild to severe disfigurement and dysfunction. Preoperative coping effectiveness predicted postoperative coping behavior. It was concluded that body image reintegration was characterized by self-care, resocialization, and reduced anxiety. Further, that these components, when taken together, constitute assimilation of the surgical defect into self. CONCLUSIONS: Body image reintegration is critical to subsequent quality of life after head and neck cancer surgery. When disfigurement/dysfunction is associated with treatment, quality of life may be profoundly and adversely affected. Findings from the studies presented indicate a significant correlation between postoperative self-care and reduction in level of anxiety. The implications of this findings are important to care during the early period after surgery and to long-term follow-up after hospital discharge.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Commodified kin: death, mourning, and competing claims on the bodies of organ donors in the United States.

A pronounced disjunction characterizes symbolic constructions of the cadaveric donor body in the United States, where procurement professionals and surviving donor kin vie with one another in their desires to honor this unusual category of the dead. Of special concern is the medicalized commodification of donor bodies, a process that shapes both their social worth and emotional value. Among professionals, metaphorical thinking is key: death and body fragmentation are cloaked in ecological imagery that stresses renewal and rebirth. Such objectification also obscures the origins of transplantable organs, renders individual donors anonymous, and silences kin who mourn their dead. In response, donor kin have grown increasingly assertive, generating alternative public mortuary forms that exclude professional mediators. In so doing, they challenge the medical assumption that anonymity is central to transplantation's continued success. Through donor quilts and Web cemeteries, they proclaim the personal identities of donors who, at times, may speak beyond the grave, offering critiques of donation as socio-medical process in the United States.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1997

Mouse gastrulation: the formation of a mammalian body plan.

The process of gastrulation is a pivotal step in the formation of the vertebrate body plan. The primary function of gastrulation is the correct placement of precursor tissues for subsequent morphogenesis. There is now mounting evidence that the body plan is established through inductive interactions between germ layer tissues and by the global patterning activity emanating from embryonic organizers. An increasing number of mouse mutants have been described that have gastrulation defects, providing important insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate this complex process. In this review, we explore the mouse embryo before and during gastrulation, highlighting its similarities with other vertebrate embryos and its unique characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Rod-shaped filamentous inclusions and other ultrastructural features in a cerebellar astrocytoma.

A biopsy specimen of a cerebellar astrocytoma from a 14-year-old girl was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically the tumor showed a mixture of loose and compact areas with numerous Rosenthal fibers. By electron microscopy most tumor cells contained, besides the usual organelles, large amounts of 70 to 100 A thick filaments. Classical Rosenthal fibers were also identified. In addition many cell bodies and processes were sprinkled with fragments of Rosenthal fiber material. Ordered filamentous arrays (so-called Hirano bodies) were seen in a number of tumor astrocytes. They are considered to be a nonspecific arrangement of filament units largely devoid of cytopathologic significance. Other ultrastructural features of some tumor cells were inchoate forms of the granulated bodies of conventional histology, paired cisternal elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and honeycomb-like profiles of transversely cut cylindrical units of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubular bodies were numerous in the endothelial cells of the tumor vessels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Giant osmiophilic lamellated bodies after temporary ischemia of the rat lung.

Following temporary ischemia of the rat lung an atelectasis was observed after resorption of the extravasate. To determine whether changes in osmiophilic lamellated bodies (OLB) precede and perhaps cause the atelectasis the upper lobe of the right lung was in eight white Wistar-rats subjected to temporary ischemia of 10 minutes. The two axial diameters of the intracellular OLB and their precursors were measured on electron micrographs 10 minutes, 60 minutes, 1 day and 2 days after cessation of the ischemia. The mean diameters were compared by statistical methods. Already after 10 minutes the usual elliptic cut surfaces of OLB were found to be more circular presumably because of swelling caused by an osmotic insufficiency of their membranes. After 2 days, the mean diameter of OLB had doubled, while shape and structure stayed normal. At the same time, the small precursor stages were missing. Consequently, we assume that formation of new OLB--represented by small non-lamallated osmiophilic bodies--and the incorporation of lipids into existing lamellar bodies are processes independent of each other. After a short, temporary ischemia only the formation of new osmiophilic bodies seems to be interrupted and this is associated with a quick growth of existing OLB. However, apparently these cannot be excreted in due time. The result could be lack of surfactant, which would account for the postischemic atelectasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of the type I and type II voltage-gated sodium channels in the gerbil cerebellum.

In this study, we investigated the distribution of the type I and type II Na+ channels in the gerbil cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Strong uniform staining for type I was observed in the granular layer, whereas there was little evidence of concentrated labeling in the cell bodies and processes of Purkinje cells. The most intense staining for type II was observed in the cell bodies and dendrites of Purkinje cells, with a strong signal in the molecular layer. This localization study has shown clearly that the type I and type II Na+ channel subunits have differential distribution in the gerbil cerebellum, for the first time. The present study may provide useful data for the future investigations to understand the roles of voltage-gated sodium channels in neurological pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Induction of an illusory shadow person.

Stimulation of a site on the brain's left hemisphere prompts the creepy feeling that somebody is close by. The strange sensation that somebody is nearby when no one is actually present has been described by psychiatric and neurological patients, as well as by healthy subjects, but it is not understood how the illusion is triggered by the brain. Here we describe the repeated induction of this sensation in a patient who was undergoing presurgical evaluation for epilepsy treatment, as a result of focal electrical stimulation of the left temporoparietal junction: the illusory person closely 'shadowed' changes in the patient's body position and posture. These perceptions may have been due to a disturbance in the multisensory processing of body and self at the temporoparietal junction.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the autonomic nerve terminals in the lamina propria mucosae of the rat large intestine.

The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the autonomic nerve terminals in the lamina propria mucosae of the rat large intestine was studied by scanning electron microscopy using the KOH-collagenase digestion method as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Observations showed unmyelinated nerves in the lamina propria mucosae as well developed just above the muscularis mucosae and forming a two-dimensional irregular network by anastomosing with one another. Each nerve in the network consisted of axons and Schwann cells. The axons were about 0.1 micron in diameter and had local swellings (about 0.2-0.5 microns diameter) along their course. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of synaptic vesicles in these varicosities. Although some of the axons left the Schwann cell processes to run separately, most of them twined around or were embedded in the Schwann cell bodies or processes. Blind ends of axons were only occasionally observed in the nerve network. These findings suggest that the network of the unmyelinated nerves itself represents a terminal apparatus acting upon the muscular and glandular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Proteasome inhibition induces inclusion bodies associated with intermediate filaments and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in a variety of biological processes. Inclusion bodies associated with intermediate filaments (IFs) and ubiquitin are observed in various diseases; however, the precise mechanisms of formation and the pathological significance of inclusion bodies have not been fully understood. We examined the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the structure of IF using anti-cytokeratin antibodies or transfection of green fluorescent protein-fused cytokeratin 18 in a hepatoma cell line, Huh7. Intracellular organelles were visualized by immunofluorescent and electron microscopies. Proteasome inhibitors induced IF inclusions associated with ubiquitin. Electron microscopic examination revealed inclusion bodies surrounded by filamentous structures. Autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes were frequently observed, and the organization of the Golgi apparatus was disrupted in these cells. After the removal of the proteasome inhibitors, the IF network and organization of the Golgi apparatus were restored. The IF inclusions could be induced by inhibition of the proteasome function. IF inclusions induced fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and might inhibit the function of this important station of membrane traffic. The IF inclusions disappeared by restoring proteasome function, and autophagy and lysosomal degradation might be, at least in part, associated with the elimination of inclusion bodies.

Autophagy↗
PubMed2000

Cajal bodies: the first 100 years.

Cajal bodies are small nuclear organelles first described nearly 100 years ago by Ramón y Cajal in vertebrate neural tissues. They have since been found in a variety of animal and plant nuclei, suggesting that they are involved in basic cellular processes. Cajal bodies contain a marker protein of unknown function, p80-coilin, and many components involved in transcription and processing of nuclear RNAs. Among these are the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases and factors required for transcribing and processing their respective nuclear transcripts: mRNA, rRNA, and pol III transcripts. A model is discussed in which Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. A parallel is drawn to the nucleolus and the preassembly of ribosomes, which are unitary particles involved in translation of proteins.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1998

Localization of p75 neurotrophin receptor in the retina of the adult SD rat: an immunocytochemical study at light and electron microscopic levels.

The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR), or p75, is a 75-kDa cell surface glycoprotein that binds all neurotrophins with similar affinity and is thought to help to ensure the specificity of each neurotrophin. In order to better understand the role of p75 and how it is involved in the neurotrophic effects in the retina, we have examined its cellular localization in the adult rat retina by immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopic levels. The similarity between the staining pattern of p75 and that of the distribution of Müller cell processes, as marked by antibodies against S-100 and vimentin, suggests that p75 may be on the Müller cell processes and not on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as previously reported. The failure to detect p75 immunoreactivity on Fluoro-Gold retrogradely labeled RGCs in the radially sectioned retinae also indicates that it is not expressed on RGCs. The results from the light microscopic immunohistochemical studies are supported at the ultrastructural level, showing that p75-immunopositive staining is localized on Muller cell processes and not on RGC bodies. Muller cell processes not only form the inner limiting membrane but also partially wrap around the RGC bodies. Our results lead us to conclude that the previously reported immunopositive staining of p75 on RGCs might belong to the surrounding Miller cell processes. Thus, the pathway of neurotrophic effects on RGCs might be, at least partially, through a glial-neuronal pathway rather than on RGCs directly.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

In situ proteolytic digestion of inclusion body polypeptides occurs as a cascade process.

Misfolded proteins undergo a preferent degradation ruled by the housekeeping bacterial proteolytic system, but upon precipitation as inclusion bodies their stability dramatically increases. The susceptibility of aggregated polypeptides to proteolytic attack remains essentially unexplored in bacteria and also in eukaryotic cells. We have studied here the in vitro proteolysis of beta-galactosidase fusion proteins by trypsin treatment of purified inclusion bodies. A cascade digestion process similar to that occurring in vivo has been observed in the insoluble fraction of the digestion reaction. This suggests that major protease target sites are not either lost or newly generated by protein precipitation and that the digestion occurs in situ probably on solvent-exposed surfaces of inclusion bodies. In addition, the sequence of the proteolytic attack is influenced by protein determinants other than amino acid sequence, the early digestion steps having a dramatic influence on the further cleavage susceptibility of the intermediate degradation fragments. These observations indicate unexpected conformational changes of inclusion body proteins during their site-limited digestion, that could promote protein release from aggregates, thus partially accounting for the plasticity of in vivo protein precipitation and solubilization in bacteria.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1988

Trabeculectomy with resection of ciliary processes in glaucoma following scleral buckling.

We report a case of glaucoma following scleral buckling that required filtering trabeculectomy. Despite anterior entry to the anterior chamber, swollen ciliary processes were incarcerated in the sclerostomy site, blocking aqueous flow. Resection of the occluding ciliary processes resulted in restoration of aqueous flow through the sclerostomy. This case demonstrates that anterior rotation of the ciliary body and processes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma following scleral buckling operation.

Aged↗