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PubMed1991

Effect of the cardioprotective agent stobadine on reproduction in rats.

The cardioprotective drug stobadine in the form of dipalmitate salt DP 1031 was evaluated for its effects on perinatal and postnatal development in the rat. Doses of 5, 15 and 50 mg/kg/day representing approximately 1, 3, and 10 times the anticipated maximum daily human therapeutic dose were administered to rats orally in aqueous suspension. Treatment of pregnant rats with stobadine continuously from day 15 of gestation through parturition and lactation had no adverse effects on reproductive parameters of dams or on survival and development of F1 offspring at any dose used. There were only signs of slight maternal toxicity at 50 mg/kg/day, which consisted of sedated behaviour, reduced liver weight and reversible histopathological changes in kidney tissue. (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 24).

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[The effect of Oestrophan Spofa (synthetic analog of prostaglandin F2 alpha) added to the insemination dose on pregnancy and fertility in sows].

Laboratory trials were conducted to study the effect of various concentrations of cloprostenol on the motility and morphological changes of the acrosomes of boar spermatozoa. As found, a cloprostenol concentration of 250 ng per ml of semen to 2500 ng per ml of diluted semen has no adverse effect on the motility of spermatozoa and on the morphological changes of their acrosomes. The concentration of 5000 ng of cloprostenol (in the Oestrophan Spofa product) per 1 ml of diluted semen negatively influences the motility of spermatozoa. An insemination dose of 100 ml of diluted sperm treated with 500 ng of cloprostenol was used for the artificial insemination of 152 sows; 166 sows of the same farm inseminated with untreated semen were used as controls. No gilts were included in the trial. Out of the 152 test sows, 113 conceived after the first insemination, i.e. 74.35%, and the average litter size was 10.04 piglets. In the control group, 125 sows delivered their litters, i.e. 75.30% of the total number, the average litter size being 9.96 piglets. Comparing the reproduction parameters of the experimental and control groups it can be said that the treatment of an insemination dose with 500 ng of cloprostenol immediately before insemination had no influence on the pregnancy rate and on the size of litters.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Reproductive toxicity studies of ademetionine.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine sulphate-p-toluene sulphonate (ademetionine, SAMe), a donor of methyl groups, was examined for effects upon embryofoetal toxicity following both premating treatment and treatment during pregnancy and for peri- and post-natal toxicity in the rat at dosages of 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/d SAMe ion by subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Embryofoetal toxicity was also examined in the New Zealand White rabbit at dosages of 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/d SAMe by intravenous administration. Treatment was considered to be without adverse effect upon any of the reproductive parameters examined on either F0 or on the untreated F1 generations. There was no indication that treatment adversely affected the litter parameters including the incidences of malformations, anomalies and skeletal variants. Some slight changes in the activity of the F1 females derived from F0 animals given 400 mg/kg/d were considered to be of minimal importance. In contrast to the above, adverse effects upon the parents were noted at 400 mg/kg/d including local tissue reaction at the injection sites and retardation of body weight gain. In the intravenous studies some rigidity and dyspnoea were noted following administration. Following subcutaneous premating treatment there was also evidence of histopathological change to the kidney of the female rat. Increased water consumption was noted in this latter study and amongst females rearing offspring in the embryo foetal toxicity study in which the compound was administered intravenously. At the lower dosages administered to the rat some local tissue reaction was evident as was some retardation of body weight gain, minimal at the lowest intravenous dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1987

The use of Markov chains to detect subtle variation in reproductive cycling.

Certain reproductive parameters in animals are particularly sensitive endpoints in toxicological experiments. Measured changes in one of these endpoints, estrous cycling in the rat, can reflect aberration in the underlying hormonal environment or end organ response. This article proposes the use of Markov chains to measure subtle changes in estrous cycling not readily detectable by standard methods of analysis.

Aging↗

PubMed1982

Possible effects of prostaglandin (PGE2) on hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The effect of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) administered in a dose of 500 micrograms/kg body weight/day for 15 days to adult monkeys is reported. It altered the functional integrity of the testis and accessory sex organs as reflected by the changes in the estimations of the alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase in the testis, sialic acids in caput and cauda epididymis, citric acid in the seminal vesicles, and fructose in the prostate and seminal vesicles. Histologically, PGE2 produced a marked decrease in the sperm count and an increase in the number of and size of exfoliated granulocytes was observed, which might have been due to the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on gonadotrophin release. The alterations induced in the electroencephalograph also suggest an involvement of hypothalamic mechanisms for gonadotrophin release, for which certain plausible explanations have been provided. The results suggest that the changes in reproductive parameters might be a consequence of endocrinological and functional disturbance induced by PGE2 and there is a strong likelihood of involvement of hypothalamo-pituitary integration in this complex.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1980

[Aminoacetonitrile and fetogenesis of the rat. II. Malformations of organ systems (author's transl)].

We investigated the action of the lathyrogenic compound aminoacetonitrile (300 mg/kg body weight) on fetogenesis of the Wistar rat. In a 1st section we dealt with influence on the outer body shape and common reproductive parameters (WENDLER and coworkers 1980). This 2nd section describes toxic effects on internal organs and malformations on organ systems detected by free-hand razor blade technique. Especially, we observed cardial ectopia, rupture of the ascendant aorta, situs inversus, hydrocephalia, hydronephroses, and dystopic kidneys. Enlargement of heart atria, and main thoracic veins, dilatations of salivary gland ducts and bronchial tree are considered to be nonspecific toxic effects of aminoacetonitrile.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1980

[Practical quality assurance in x-ray diagnosis (author's transl)].

The reproduction parameters of an radiographic are presented by those details of the various visualised objects which are important for diagnosis. These parameters determine the required technical quality. The following factors are suitable for assessing the technical quality of the radiographs: medium optical density, contrast, resolution, peak voltage, exposure time and exposure dose. The physician himself is expected to maintain a close watch on the quality of his x-ray examinations. The following measures are conductive to this end: 1. comparison of the current patient radiographs with the standard x-ray visualisations as seen in routine practice 2. control of the processing technique with test films, and 3. checking on the proper functioning of the x-ray equipment by means of a small phantom. Over and above this, the x-ray equipment should be checked for its efficiency status in yearly intervals by means of measurements effected with a standard phantom by an external institution.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

[Effects of dehydrocholic acid (Biliton) on metabolism and liver function in cows].

Dehydrocholic acid (Biliton) was given to 9 cows with a predisposition for the fat mobilization syndrome in daily doses of 5.5 g each. This was done two weeks after parturition and the results were compared with those from 9 untreated cows. Five other cows suffering from ketosis or indigestion symptoms were treated too. Decreased concentrations of liver lipids, free fatty acids (FFA), bilirubin, beta-OH-butyrate and urea as well as increased glucose in blood plasma indicated a favourable action of Dehydrocholic acid on metabolism and liver function. We did not observe a significant influence on milk and reproduction parameters. The use of Dehydrocholic acid is recommended for use in liver disturbances.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Use of GnRH to stimulate the reproductive function in domestic ruminants].

Therapeutic effects of GnRH or its analogs have been tested in various physiological and pathological situations in domestic ruminants. Without any previous selection based on clinical observations, these treatments have a low efficiency to improve reproductive parameters. When used to induce ovulation in anoestrous females, GnRH or its analogs are less efficient than progestagen treatments associated with PMSG. On the contrary, GnRH can be used in females bearing follicular cysts or for the treatment of repeat breeders. Association of GnRH or its analogs to superovulation treatments is a new field of investigation. Additional experiments are necessary to show if it is possible to improve the response of superovulated females with such treatments.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal goitrogen treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the mouse.

Male rats made hypothyroid during neonatal life show unprecedented increases in adult testis size and daily sperm production (DSP). To determine if this effect was unique to the rat or could also be demonstrated in other species, we examined the effects of neonatal treatment with the reversible goitrogen 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) on adult testis size and function in the mouse. Male Swiss-Webster mice were untreated (control) or given PTU by adding 0.1% (w/v) to their mother's water from birth to day 25 postpartum. All pups were then weaned and given no further treatment. Sertoli cell proliferation was examined using tritiated thymidine autoradiography in some control and treated mice at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days, while the remainder were killed at 90 days to determine a variety of reproductive parameters. Neonatal PTU treatment decreased growth; body weight of treated mice at 4 weeks of age was 57% less than controls. Treated mice grew rapidly following cessation of PTU treatment, although their weights never equalled controls, remaining 17% smaller at 90 days of age. At 90 days of age, testis weight and DSP were increased by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, in PTU-treated mice compared to controls. Despite the increased testis weight and function, serum testosterone concentrations were not different in control and treated mice. Testicular and epididymal histology in treated mice was similar to controls, while epididymal sperm in treated mice were motile and morphologically normal. Sertoli cell proliferation was altered in treated mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Evaluation of environmental factors on the fertility of heifers].

The investigations had the aim to find out the environmental influences upon the fertility performance of 8100 heifers in a big heifers farm. The different reproductive parameters were evaluated by the help of biostatistical methods. The evaluation of the different influences showed no effect in the relation of fertility and nutrition and fertility and seasonality. The check up by the help of the regression analysis and the analysis of variance informed about significant influences by the number of animals per group, by the keeping conditions and by the induction of ovulation. The induction of ovulation by GnRH is able to terminize the time of ovulation. Therefore it is possible to concretisize the insemination time followed by an increasing conception rate.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with clinical mastitis incidence in French dairy herds during late gestation and early lactation.

A prospective epidemiological survey was conducted in dairy herds in Brittany (France), concerning 139 herd-years. The data were divided into ten 14 herd-year groups (deciles) and three of these were compared using discrimination by barycentric analysis to study herd late gestation and early lactation variables associated with the annual incidence of herd clinical mastitis in the first 60 days of gestation (CMAI). The first decile included herd-years with low CMAI (o to 4.6%), the second decile, herd-years with medium CMAI (11.6 to 14.3%) and the last decile, herd-years with high CMAI (26.3 to 45.5%). Herd data included diet components, milk yield and reproduction parameters, clinical diseases, body condition score, body dirtiness score and circulating biochemical and hematological markers. The high CMAI group had the following characteristics: 1) lower percentages of dried cows supplemented with vitamins 'ADE'; 2) higher levels of plasma ceruloplasmin and higher gamma glutamyl transferase activities (GGT) in the late gestation period; 3) higher percentages of winter calvings (December, January, February). Clinical mastitis risk could be controlled by supplementations with vitamins A, D and E in the late gestation period, because of the potential relationship between oxidative stress and mastitis. Higher GGT activities would be associated with Fasciolasis via common climatic risk factors (rainfall, humidity) for both mastitis and liver flukes. Winter calving and clinical mastitis would be associated with unfavourable hygiene conditions and stress at calving related to high animal density and bad weather conditions. Ceruloplasmin could be a specific predictor for mastitis risk through nutritional, immune and genetic interrelated factors.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

[The social parameters of family reproduction in Saguenay (1842-1911)].

"The family files in the population network files of the Saguenay [Canada] are used here to isolate the social parameters of family reproduction in the region between 1842 and 1911, which corresponds to the period of population settlement. Particular attention is paid to a) the kinship tie as a support of rural society, as studied through several forms of coresidence, b) the inequalities accompanying the transmission of land and the establishment of children, and c) literacy as an indicator of social differentiation. It was observed that, despite disparities created between elder and younger sons and between boys and girls, family reproduction pursued an egalitarian course. This orientation was to be compromised, however, by the tensions and constraints accompanying the saturation of arable lands around 1920 to 1930." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Agriculture↗

PubMed1999

Postmenopausal weight status, body composition and body fat distribution in relation to parameters of menstrual and reproductive history.

OBJECTIVES: In the present study the association between menstrual and reproductive history patterns and weight status, fat distribution and body composition during postmenopause was tested. METHODS: In 106 healthy postmenopausal women ranging in age from 48 to 58 years (x = 53.7 year) the weight status was classified according to the recommendations of the WHO. Additionally body composition was estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and fat distribution was calculated using the fat distribution index. Weight status, body composition and fat distribution were correlated with self-reported parameters of menstrual and reproductive history (age at menarche, average cycle length, number of births, age at first and last birth, average pregnancy weight gain, age at menopause). RESULTS: It was shown that number of births, age at first birth and pregnancy weight gain were related significantly to the postmenopausal weight status, body composition and fat distribution. CONCLUSION: An early first birth a low number of births and a high weight gain during pregnancies can be assumed as risk factors for overweight, a higher amount of adipose tissue, android fat patterning and therefore for the development of the metabolic syndrome during postmenopause. In contrast no adverse effect of menstrual and reproductive parameters on postmenopausal bone mass was found.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1986

Effects of fenvalerate on biochemical parameters, survival, and reproduction of Daphnia magna.

Daphnia magna were exposed to fenvalerate at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.03 micrograms/liter for 21 days. On Days 7 and 21 of exposure, levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and lipid were measured, and the results were related to survival and reproduction during the 21-day test period. Survival was not significantly (alpha = 0.05) affected by the 21-day exposure; however, reproduction was reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. On Day 7, protein, RNA, ADP, caloric equivalents, and glycogen were also significantly reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. Thus, these biochemical parameters identified the same no observable effect concentration (NOEC) as did reproduction. Variables derived from biochemical parameters were related to reduced protein growth and reproduction. Decreases in protein/RNA and glycogen/lipid ratios and increases in ADP/DNA, ADP/ATP, protein/RNA/DNA, and lipid/DNA ratios were observed at Day 7 for those daphnia exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate. The only derived variable that reflected the reduced protein growth at Day 7 in daphnia exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate was the glycogen/lipid ratio. Biochemical determinations at Day 21 indicated that the organisms exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate were not different from controls, whereas those exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter were still affected.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Potential parameters of male reproductive toxicity: reproductive performance, histopathology and sperm evaluation in SD rats given nitrazepam.

The present study was designed to elucidate the correlation between findings from reproductive performance testing and those from histopathological examination of the testis and sperm analysis in rats given a benzodiazepine derivative, nitrazepam, for 2 and 4 weeks. The mechanisms of toxicological action of nitrazepam on the male reproductive organs were also investigated. Nitrazepam was given orally to Sprague-Dawley male rats (6-week-old) at a daily dose of 80 mg/kg for 2 weeks or at daily doses of 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Treated males were mated to examine reproductive performance with untreated females after each dosing period, and after 4 and 9 week of recovery periods. Necropsy was performed for histopathological examination of the testis and epididymis and for sperm analysis after each dosing period and the final mating trial (total of 11 weeks recovery). In the findings from reproductive performance testing, significant decrease in the fertility index was observed in the 80 mg/kg group even after 2 weeks dosing and thereafter until 4 weeks recovery, though the mating index did not significantly differ from that of controls through the experiment. In the histopathological examination and sperm analysis, testicular signs of toxicity, decrease in number of sperm heads in the testis and increase in number of sperm with abnormal heads in the seminiferous tubules were noted in the 80 mg/kg group after 2 weeks dosing and in the 40 and 80 mg/kg groups after 4 weeks dosing. Concentrations of plasma testosterone and content of testis testosterone in nitrazepam-treated groups were not significantly different from those of controls. Plasma FSH concentration was significantly elevated in the 80 mg/kg group through the experiment, although significant elevation of plasma LH was observed only after 2 weeks dosing. These results indicate that histopathological examination is the most reliable approach to detect male reproductive adverse effects induced by nitrazepam rather than using parameters from mating trials. The four-week-dosing period is appropriate for their detection. Hypospermatogenesis induced by nitrazepam is suggested to be caused by direct action of nitrazepam on germ cells and/or Sertoli cells rather than by indirect action through inhibition of testosterone secretion.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Towards a single embryo transfer: predictive value of uterine and embryological parameters in assisted reproduction outcome].

OBJECTIVE: The transfer of a single embryo would avoid obstetrical and neonatal complications due to multiple pregnancies. We studied the clinical value of both uterine and embryological parameters to define precise conditions allowing a single embryo transfer without decreasing pregnancy rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endometrial parameters expressed by a uterine score together with biological criteria of 131 in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection attempts were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-two day-3 embryos were replaced through 131 transfers. Fifty-seven pregnancies were induced and 16 twins were obtained. The clinical pregnancy rate was 35.9% and the embryonic implantation rate 24.0%. After the transfer of two embryos, successful implantation was determined by the occurrence of top-quality embryos and simultaneously by a receptive endometrium. The uterine pulsatility index was significantly decreased for twin compared to singleton pregnancies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study confirms that a uterine score constitutes a powerful tool for evaluating the uterine receptivity. This parameter has to be taken into account as well as the embryonic quality, in order to optimise the success rate. Young patients with at least two top-quality embryos available, a high uterine score and a low pulsatility index, have a high risk of multiple births and are suitable for a single-embryo transfer.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether. A three-generation study of isomer beta effects on reproductive and developmental parameters in rats.

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) is widely used as a solvent in numerous commercial products. Its chemical synthesis leads to the formation of two isomers: alpha and beta, the latter being usually present in the range of 0.5-1.5%. Isomer alpha has been shown to be of low toxicity. Isomer beta raises concerns as to its reproductive and developmental effects. We evaluated the reproductive and developmental toxicity of two different commercial mixes of PGME (Mix A: 99% isomer alpha and 0.5% isomer beta, Mix B: 98.5% isomer alpha and 1.5% isomer beta) on Sprague-Dawley rats. The use of two mixes allowed us to differentiate between isomer alpha and isomer beta effects. Male and female rats were exposed through drinking water to mixes A or B during a gametogenesis cycle (64 days for males and 15 days for females) to 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15% (v/v) of each mix. These animals (F0) and the three following generations (F1, F2 and F3) were followed. We observed a statistically significant decrease in the number of pups in isomer alpha-treated animals of generation F1 and a nondose-related variation of the sex ratio in F1 and F2 generations after PGME mix B treatment. The most important effect observed was a decrease in testicular and epididymal sperm counts in relation to PGME isomer beta in acute daily exposure, on the first parental generation. The effect evidenced on sex ratio needs further work in order to assay the potential persistent effects of PGME exposure.

Animals↗