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An endemic area of tularemia and field fever was submitted to a complex surveillance over a period of more than 10 years. In 1977 an epizootic outbreak of tularemia appeared in all four localities studied. The infection rate in small mammals exceeded 10%. F. tularensis was isolated also from different species of ectoparasites. During 1978 the epizootic stopped in 3 foci, but continued to spread in one. Rodenticides (zinc phosphide) were therefore applied in this focus twice annually for 2 1/2 years. Since 1978, tularemia infections disappeared in small mammals as well as in man. The application of rodenticides did not influence the circulation of Leptospira grippotyphosa in small mammals. Their infection rate ranged between 3 and 6%. The reason for this striking difference is seen in the different pathogenesis and transmission of both infections.
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Leptospirosis was first recognized as an occupational disease of sugar plantation workers in Hawaii in 1907. Since then, shifts have been noted in the animal transmission cycles, the occupational groups at risk, and an increasing recognition of cases associated with avocational exposure. Surveys of the small mammal populations indicate rats, mice, and mongooses are the most important vectors in Hawaii. Serologic surveys of workers in high-risk occupations show antibody prevalence rates ranging from 12 to 82 percent. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Hawaii is described, based on 182 cases reported to the Hawaii Department of Health from 1970-1984. The most common infecting serovar was mankarso in the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup; other serovars in the Icterohaemorrhagiae group were also frequently implicated as causing disease. The manifestations of disease noted by physicians in Hawaii are similar to those observed in the continental U.S. Fever, myalgia, and headache were the most common symptoms reported in the majority of cases in Hawaii; jaundice was noted in the records of 24 percent. Recommendations made to interrupt the cycle of transmission and reduce the chances of exposure in occupational settings include the control of rodent populations and vaccination of domestic animals. Personal hygiene among workers is to be encouraged, and the development of prophylactic measures is suggested either by immunization or by chemoprophylaxis.
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Continuous eighth-month deratization was carried out on an industrial swine breeding complex, having great numbers of the black rat (R. rattus). Anticoagulants were chiefly used, maintaining permanent sites of poisonous baits. The lowering of rat numbers was followed up at two-month intervals in the individual productional sectors. Some indices were determined, such as intensiveness, extensiveness, and effectiveness. It was found that each of these indices characterized particular aspects of the deratization process on the complex as a whole and in the various sectors. A suggestion is made to use all indices in combination in assessing the effect of deratization on such complexes, particularly when due attention is to be paid to the epizootic importance of deratization. With regard to the economic effect it has been established that even with uninterrupted process of deratization for a long period of time on the entire area of a swine breeding complex this measure is economically expedient. Great amounts of valuable feed are economized owing to the lower number of rodents.
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