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PubMed2003

Association of hepatocyte growth factor expression with salivary gland tumor differentiation.

To clarify the significance of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression in salivary gland tumors, HGF distribution in tissue sections and HGF concentrations in saliva and serum were examined. Sixty salivary gland adenomas, 61 salivary gland carcinomas and three autopsy fetuses were studied. Hepatocyte growth factor expression was observed in the duct-type luminal cells by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. However, HGF failed to be expressed in acinar cells and myoepithelium of normal salivary gland tissue. Hepatocyte growth factor tended to be expressed more intensely in benign salivary gland tumors than in malignant salivary gland tumors (P < 0.0001). In highly malignant tumors, the expression was limited in some cases. Salivary and serological HGF concentrations of 18 patients, comprised of 12 benign cases and six malignant cases, were analyzed before and after operation by an ELISA system. The concentrations were distinctly elevated after operation, in both saliva and serum, compared to before operation (P < 0.0005). However, there were no significant relationships between HGF concentration and histology, age, gender, size or location. Our findings suggest that HGF may play an important role in the development of salivary ducts of normal salivary tissues and differentiation of ductal structures of their neoplasms, while HGF kinetics in saliva and serum would be less likely to reflect the neoplastic character, benign or malignant.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1992

Low p53 protein expression in salivary gland tumours compared with lung carcinomas.

Fifty-one salivary gland tumours (23 pleomorphic adenomas, 5 Warthin's tumours, 12 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 7 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 3 undifferentiated carcinomas and 1 acinic cell tumour) and 27 lung carcinomas (18 squamous cell carcinomas) were analysed immunohistochemically for the expression of p53 nuclear phosphoprotein. Eight out of 51 (16%) salivary gland tumours were p53 positive. Three of these were benign and 5 malignant. All 3 benign salivary gland tumours were pleomorphic adenomas and expressed only occasional nuclear positivity with less than 1% of tumour cells positive. Of the 5 p53-positive malignant tumours, 3 were mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 2 undifferentiated carcinomas. The malignant salivary gland tumours expressed more than 1% of positive nuclei in every case. Seventeen lung carcinomas were p53 positive (63%). Thirteen of these were squamous cell carcinomas, 3 were adenocarcinomas and 1 small cell lung carcinoma. The results show that mutations of the p53 gene may be infrequent in salivary gland tumours when compared with lung carcinomas. The relatively indolent course of some histological types of malignant salivary gland tumours could be associated with the preservation of the non-mutated p53 gene in most of these tumours. The presence of p53 positivity in some pleomorphic adenomas might, on one hand, suggest that p53 gene alterations are also present in these tumours; on the other hand, the accumulation of the p53 protein in these tumours might also be due to some unknown mechanism, not necessarily related to p53 gene mutation.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1985

[Abnormalities of the salivary glands from the clinical viewpoint].

Malformations of the salivary glands may be an occult cause of sialadenitis, fistulae, tumours, or xerostomia. Diseases of the salivary glands occurring at atypical sites may result from several forms of dystopia of the glands, or from the presence of accessory or aberrant salivary glands, causing considerable problems in differential diagnosis and therapy.

Cysts↗

PubMed2006

Secretion and fluid transport mechanisms in the mammary gland: comparisons with the exocrine pancreas and the salivary gland.

Milk is a complex fluid composed of proteins, sugars, lipids and minerals, in addition to a wide variety of bioactive molecules including vitamins, trace elements and growth factors. The composition of these components reflects the integrated activities of distinct synthetic, secretion and transport processes found in mammary epithelial cells, and mirrors the differing nutritional and developmental requirements of mammalian neonates. Five general pathways have been described for secretion of milk components. With the exception of lipids, which are secreted a unique pathway, milk components are thought to be secreted by adaptations of pathways found in other secretory organs. However little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that constitute these pathways or the physiological mechanisms by which they are regulated. Comparisons of current secretion and transport models in the mammary gland, exocrine pancreas and salivary gland indicate that significant differences exist between the mammary gland and other exocrine organs in how proteins and lipids are packaged and secreted, and how fluid is transported.

Electrolytes↗

PubMed1998

Gingival salivary gland choristoma. A case report.

Gingival salivary gland choristoma is an extremely rare disturbance of glandular development. A review of the literature disclosed only 5 reported cases of this entity and 7 gingival salivary gland tumors or alterations. We present a case of this condition present in a 43-year-old female patient, which was found while reviewing casts for the design of a prosthetic appliance. This case suggests that embryonal pluripotentiality of gingival epithelial cells is retained and that development of salivary glands in gingival tissue is feasible. An additional discussion about its histogenesis is presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Salivary gland of Toxorhynchites splendens Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae): ultrastructural morphology and electrophoretic protein profiles.

The salivary glands of male and female Toxorhynchites splendens have the same morphology, and they are paired organs lying on either side of the esophagus. Each gland is composed of two identical tubular lobes, joined together at the end of the proximal region. In the gland, a salivary duct extends through the length of each lobe. The general cellular architecture of the salivary gland of this mosquito is unique. No secretory cavity was found in any cell, and the salivary materials are secreted from long microvilli and collect in a periductal space surrounding the duct. In addition, a number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a very large nucleus were observed, suggesting a high energy requirement for producing the salivary proteins involved in sugar feeding. The size of the gland is approximately 50 microm in diameter and 1.5 mm in length. These dimensions correlate with high protein content of these salivary glands (2.88+/-0.14 microg/gland pair). Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed that the electrophoretic protein profiles of the male and female salivary glands were identical. No dominant major proteins were found. Compared with Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, the protein profile of T. splendens was similar to that observed in the males of these other species but different to that shown by the females, thus making T. splendens an excellent organism for studying the biochemistry of sugar feeding in mosquitoes.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Prolactin binding in normal human minor salivary gland tissue: an immunohistochemical study.

The breast and salivary gland exhibit some similarities in the biochemical and cellular spheres. There are also some tumors that are common to both organs. The protein hormone prolactin seems to play a role in the health and disease of the mammary gland, and an investigation was launched to see if this hormone exhibited any binding activity in normal human minor salivary gland. With the use of immunohistochemical methods, dose-dependent staining for prolactin binding was demonstrated in the striated and collecting ducts in four of six specimens of normal human minor salivary gland (two males and two females). The hormone concentrations used ranged from 6.25 ng/ml to 500 ng/ml of highly purified rat prolactin. A review of known functions of prolactin in man and other animals is presented, and it was concluded that normal human minor salivary gland tissue possesses binding sites for prolactin, which suggests that prolactin may play a role in the metabolic functioning of the salivary duct cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Insights into a complex group of neoplastic disease: advances in histopathologic classification and molecular pathology of salivary gland cancer.

Cancers of major and minor salivary glands represent a histopathologic challenge in two major respects. The first challenge is the complexity of morphologic features and overlapping of histologic patterns in the different tumor entities many of which are relatively rare. The number of separate tumor entities to be considered in differential diagnosis has greatly increased in the two latest WHO classification systems 12 (Table I). The second challenge is prognostication based on histopathology. The clinical experience is that behavior of some salivary gland carcinomas does not correlate well with their histopathologic classification, and that tumors classified within the same category may exhibit quite different clinical outcomes. However, recent advances in histopathological classification have been combined with new tools in immunohistochemical diagnosis and prognostication including cell-proliferation markers, myoepithelial antigens, matrix metalloproteinases, steroid receptors, growth factors and their receptors. These have improved our possibilities for more specific choices in the treatment of a variety of salivary gland carcinomas. This paper will give an overview on recent developments in histopathological classification, prognostication, and molecular pathology of salivary gland cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

[Minor salivary gland tumors of the nasopharynx].

Minor salivary gland tumors of the nasopharynx are rare. Among them, adenoid cystic carcinoma was most frequently seen. In this paper, 16 cases of minor salivary gland tumor of the nasopharynx admitted to our hospital during the past 27 years are reported. Patients' age ranged from 23 to 74 years with an average of 38.2 years in the women and 45.6 years in the men. Patients with malignant tumor often complained of headache, epistaxis, hearing and sight loss etc. Nasopharyngeal masses were found in all In some cases, paralysis of one or more cranial nerves was demonstrated by neurological examination and destruction of the base of skull by X-ray tomography. Of 16 cases, only 1 had benign mixed tumor and the rest suffered from malignant diseases (2 malignant mixed tumors and 13 adenocarcinomas). Radiotherapy was the main treatment. Some patients received surgical resection plus radiotherapy. 75% of the patients survived over 5 years.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1981

Dermal analogue tumours of major salivary glands.

Monomorphic adenomas of the major salivary glands manifest a histologic spectrum whose diversity rivals that of pleomorphic adenomas. In nearly all forms of monomorphic adenomas there are histologic features which recall stages in the embryonic development of salivary glands and/or adenexae of skin. A close histogenetic relationship between certain monomorphic adenomas and certain adenexal tumours of skin is suggested by the findings of this report. Within the diversity of expression found in monomorphic adenomas are subsets of tumours which are analogous and nearly homologous with dermal appendage tumours, especially the dermal eccrine cylindroma. The analogous relationship is carried further by a proposed diathesis in which patients exhibit histologically similar tumours in their salivary glands and skin.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1992

Basement membrane proteins in salivary gland tumours. Distribution of type IV collagen and laminin.

Immunohistochemical localization of type IV collagen and laminin in normal salivary glands and in salivary gland tumours of various types was studied using rabbit antisera. In normal salivary glands, type IV collagen and laminin were co-localized in basement membranes surrounding acini, ducts, fat cells and peripheral nerves. In salivary gland tumours, three main patterns of co-expression of these basement membrane proteins were distinguished. Linear basement membrane-like staining was detected in duct-cell-derived benign salivary gland tumours and in acinic cell carcinomas. In invasive lesions, however, these basement membrane proteins were distributed in an irregular, interrupted manner, and in many cases they were completely absent. Both benign and malignant salivary gland tumours which have a prominent myoepithelial cell component display a particular deposition of basement membrane molecules adjacent to the modified myoepithelial cells, and at the margins of extracellular matrix deposits within these tumours.

Basement Membrane↗

PubMed2004

Salivary gland neoplasms.

Treatment and cure of salivary gland neoplasms requires surgical intervention in most cases. For parotid neoplasms, the most common surgical procedure performed is the superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation. Postoperative radiation therapy is indicated in high-grade salivary gland malignancies and malignancies with increased risk of locoregional recurrence. Primary radiation, including neutron beam techniques, may play a role in certain histologic types or nonoperative candidates. Chemotherapy has yet to result in improvements in survival or quality of life in the treatment of salivary gland malignancy. Advances in radiation therapy techniques, including intensity-modulated radiation therapy, provide opportunities for reduced morbidity.

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant↗

PubMed1984

Enumeration of T cell subsets with monoclonal antibodies in minor salivary glands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Labial salivary glands of 51 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and those of 25 control patients were examined by the ANAE (acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase) technique to determine the percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (MPS cells). Using monoclonal antibodies (OKT3 for all T cells, OKT4 for helper/inducer T cells, OKT6 for thymocytes, and OKT8 for suppressor/cytotoxic T cells) T cell subsets were enumerated. B-lymphocytes predominated in both series of salivary glands, and the percentages of B and T cells were equal in both series. The absolute cell counts in the salivary glands of rheumatics were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in those of healthy controls. The number of OKT4+ cells was increased in rheumatics, leading to an elevated OKT4+/OKT8+ ratio when compared with that in controls (P less than 0.01). The results suggest that the basic phenomenon behind the B cell hyperactivity noticed in rheumatics might be due to increased activity of T helper cells rather than reduced number of T suppressor cells, which were shown to remain almost unaffected in the salivary glands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Malignant tumors of the salivary glands.

The incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors is influenced by geographic and racial factors. Some etiological aspects and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed. The treatment of salivary gland malignancies is primarily surgical but the extent of the surgery should be dependent on the availability and application of routine postoperative high or supervoltage radiotherapy on a "regional" basis of invasive low-grade and all high-grade malignant tumors.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1995

Tick salivary gland physiology.

The multifunctional, morphologically complex salivary glands are essential to the biological success of ticks and are intricately involved in the transmission of pathogens. They are innervated, and there is convincing evidence that dopamine is a neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction controlling fluid secretion. As feeding progresses, the rate of salivary fluid secretion increases greatly, enabling the ixodid tick to concentrate the bloodmeal by returning excess water and ions to the host. Saliva in feeding ticks is rich in bioactive components and exhibits a range of pharmacological properties. Factors identified in saliva or salivary glands include cement to help anchor the mouthparts to the host, various enzymes and inhibitors, histamine agonists and antagonists, prostaglandins, antihemostatic factors, and immuno-modulating factors. A secretion from the salivary glands allows ticks to absorb water from the air during the lengthy periods off their hosts. The physiology of this remarkable organ provides a striking example of strategies that have evolved to meet the challenge of a unique parasitic life style.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Tumours of the minor (oropharyngeal) salivary glands: a demographic study of 336 cases.

There are 2410 primary epithelial salivary gland tumours in the files of the British Salivary Gland Tumour Panel. Of these tumours, 336 (14%) involved the minor (oropharyngeal) salivary glands, and these were studied in the present investigation. Individual tumours were diagnosed according to the WHO Classification. The percentage of malignant or potentially malignant tumours (46%) was much higher than in major glands (18%), and in some of the less common intraoral sites all the tumours were malignant. The principal sites were the palate (54%), lips (21%) and buccal mucosa (11%), and, in these sites, pleomorphic adenoma was the most common tumour. Monomorphic adenomas accounted for 6% of palatal tumours, but 30% of lip salivary gland tumours. The most common malignant tumour was the adenoid cystic carcinoma. The results are compared with several other large surveys and with tumours of major salivary glands.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2003

Salivary gland involvement in chronic pancreatitis of various etiologies.

OBJECTIVE: Both the pancreas and salivary glands show many histological and functional similarities. Recently, autoimmune pathogenesis has been postulated in some chronic pancreatitis cases. To examine whether a cell-mediated phenomenon involving the pancreas has a secondary effect on the salivary glands, we assessed the frequency of salivary gland dysfunction in patients with chronic pancreatitis of various etiologies. METHODS: Function of the salivary glands was examined by sialochemistry and salivary gland scintigraphy in patients with chronic pancreatitis (n = 33), Sjogren's syndrome (n = 45), and controls (n = 28). Etiologies of chronic pancreatitis were alcoholic (19 cases), idiopathic (seven cases), and autoimmune (seven cases). RESULTS: Concentrations of Na+, amylase, and beta2-microglobulin in saliva were investigated. In submandibular and parotid gland scintigraphy, time-activity curves were generated, and the ratios of peak count density and washout were calculated. Concentrations of Na+ in saliva of patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and of beta2-microglobulin in saliva of patients with idiopathic and autoimmune chronic pancreatitis were significantly elevated than those of the control group. In submandibular and parotid gland scintigraphy, the peak count density ratio of patients with all chronic pancreatitis and washout ratio of patients with alcoholic and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary gland function was frequently impaired in the course of chronic pancreatitis of various etiologies. Salivary gland dysfunction might be the result of a common pathophysiological effect of alcohol in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and the aggressive immune mechanism against the pancreatic and the salivary ducts in patients with autoimmune and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Expression of deltaNp63 in salivary gland tumours].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of deltaNp63 in human salivary gland tumor and analyze its role in the malignant salivary gland tumors. METHODS: Collecting the samples from 68 cases of pathologically proven salivary gland tumours and investigating the microscopic sections with HE stain and immunohistochemical-SP stain. RESULTS: It was found that the expression of deltaNp63 is gradually increased in the malignant tumours, the myoepithelial cells and the basal cells of the salivary gland tumors are positive, and the expression of deltaNp63 is correlated directly with benign and malignant tumor. CONCLUSION: deltaNp63 plays an important role in salivary gland tumours. deltaNp63 possesses some special activity that is characteristic of oncogene. p63 is a sensitive and highly specific marker of myoepithelial cells in salivary gland tumours and an additional marker for defining myoepithelial histogenesis. p63 is of definite clinical value in falicitating diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗