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Results for “Screening”

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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Alcohol abuse screening instruments: normative test data collected from a first DWI offender screening program.

OBJECTIVE: A variety of instruments are used by Driving While Impaired (DWI) screening programs nationwide to assess offenders for alcohol- or drug-related problems. This study presents normative data from five standardized instruments administered by a DWI screening program: the MAC scale of the MMPI, the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI), the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) and the Skinner's Trauma Scale (STS). METHOD: The population under study were 2,317 first DWI offenders who completed screening evaluations in 1989-91. The sample included 24% women; the racial distribution was 46% Hispanic, 43% non-Hispanic white, 8% Native American and 3% other races. A statistical model was developed to determine associations among scores on the various instruments and age, gender, ethnicity, education, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and validity measures on the MMPI-2 (L and K scale scores) RESULTS: There were significant differences in test scores among the ethnic- and gender-specific client groups. Test scores were significantly higher among men than women for the MAST, the D1 and D2 scales of the AUI, the MAC, and the STS. Correlations among the instruments were generally low, and the percentage of persons who scored above instrument cut-points varied significantly. The MAST identified the highest percentage of persons as alcoholic. MMPI profile validity was the most significant independent variable associated with test scores. Persons with scores in the valid range had higher mean scores on each of the instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of instruments used in the DWI assessment can greatly influence the percentage of offenders assessed as having alcohol-related problems.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1991

Cervical cancer screening: who is not screened and why?

BACKGROUND: The decline in death rates from cervical cancer in the United States has been widely attributed to the use of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for early detection of cervical cancer. METHODS: Pap smear screening rates, beliefs about appropriate screening intervals and factors affecting screening were examined using 1987 National Health Interview Survey data. RESULTS: Results indicate that through age 69, Blacks are screened at similar or higher rates than Whites. Hispanics, particularly those speaking only or mostly Spanish, are least likely to have received a Pap smear within the last three years. Of women who had never heard of or never had a Pap smear, nearly 80 percent reported contact with a medical practitioner in the past two years, while more than 90 percent reported a contact in the past five years. Overall, the most frequently reported reason for not having a recent Pap smear was procrastinating or not believing it was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, in developing screening programs, Hispanics, particularly Spanish speakers, must be targeted. In addition, educational programs should target unscreened women who forego the test due to underestimating its importance, procrastination, or because their medical care provider did not suggest the procedure. Women must be intensively educated that Pap smears should be scheduled routinely to detect asymptomatic cervical cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Opportunistic screening for genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis in sexually active population of Amsterdam. II. Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening women].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost effectiveness of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) screening of young women visiting general practitioners. DESIGN: Economic model analysis. METHODS: Data on the health care needs for CT complications were derived from various sources; costing was done using estimated cost prices, charges and the friction cost method; epidemiological data were derived from a pilot study among 22 general practices in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The analyses were carried out assuming screening with ligase chain reaction test of a urine sample and treatment of identified cases of infection with single-dose azitromycin. The model intervention consisted of screening all heterosexually active women aged 15-19, 15-24, 15-29, or 15-34 years (strategies 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Cost effectiveness was presented in net direct and indirect costs per woman cured and per major outcome averted (pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, infertility and pneumonia of newborns). RESULTS: The first two strategies were cost saving. For the third strategy net costs per woman cured and per major outcome averted were almost 110.- Dutch guilders (DFL) and over DFL 300, respectively. The last strategy costs over DFL 320 per woman cured and over DFL 910 per major outcome averted. The cost effectiveness was sensitive to the assumed probability of progression of CT infection to PID. CONCLUSION: Universal implementation of the screening programme investigated in Amsterdam for women aged 15-24 years would result in approximately equal savings and costs. Screening of all 15-29-year-old women would require a net investment of DFL 350,000.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. 3. Selected diseases of the genitourinary system.

Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, an objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet to be proposed for the primary care physician. This is the third in a series of four articles which will critically examine the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults will be proposed in the concluding article of this series.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Prostate specific antigen testing and digital rectal examination before and during a randomized trial of screening for prostate cancer: European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, Rotterdam.

PURPOSE: Worldwide 2 large-scale randomized screening trials for prostate cancer have been initiated. Determining prostate specific antigen (PSA) involves a simple test that may influence the outcome of these trials if frequently done in the control arm or before study enrollment. We quantified PSA and digital rectal examination before and during the screening trial in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trial participants were administered study intake questionnaires on tests done before study participation. Data on PSA from the regional general practice laboratory were correlated with participant data. Various sources were used to quantify PSA tests and digital rectal examinations in the general population. RESULTS: Of men 55 to 74 years old 45% underwent digital rectal examination at 1 time and 13% reported that PSA was tested before trial participation. Each rate increased with age. No statistically significant effect of former PSA testing or digital rectal examination on the cancer detection rate was identified. The rate of PSA determination after initial screening and/or randomization in the control arm was 2-fold that in the screening arm (76 versus 33/1,000 person-years). PSA determination initially decreased in the screening arm but increased rapidly after some time. The number of PSA determinations in the general population was estimated to be 45/1,000 person-years at ages 55 to 69 years. CONCLUSIONS: PSA testing was moderate in the control arm but if different men undergo this test each year, the contamination rate may become rather high. In the final analysis of mortality PSA testing should be considered.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 2: Selected endocrine, metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.

Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, there has been a lag in development of a sound scientific basis for efforts in this area. No objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet been proposed for the primary care physician. This is the second in a series of four articles which will critically examine the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults will be proposed in the concluding article of this series.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Screening for disability in a community: the 'ten questions' screen for children, in Bondo, Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Although the need for early identification and interventions of disabilities is evident, the current state of routine screening practice in Kenya needs intensive training of screeners before more rigorous techniques are introduced. OBJECTIVE: To compare the precision and practical utility of the 'ten questions' and EARC screens among the 2- 9 year olds in a community setting. METHOD: In this analytical comparative cross-sectional survey of two disabilities screening methods. multiphase sampling and multistage data collection procedures were employed. Quantitative research utilizing structured interview checklist was used for data collection. It described the prevalence rates of different types of disabilities using both methods. It analyzed the precision and practical utility of the two methods in a community setting. RESULTS: 64 of the 399 children under study were disabled (50.5% male and 49.5% female). The 'ten questions' picks up only those problems that are of great concern to families. EARC services are a more definite case defining process of measuring the existence and degree of disability in children. It screens the children who are severely disabled leaving out the mildly disabled and medical conditions which, when left untreated, could lead to possible disablement. CONCLUSION: Parents need to be sensitized about symptoms requiring the ten questions that can be used to screen out the potentially disabled children and the Education Assessment and Resource Centres (EARC) be used to diagnose the type and degree of the disability and refer the ill children for treatment. The basic needs of disabled children could be met in the community and do not require highly specialized personnel. They need to be localized and accessible.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Cancer screening beliefs and reactions to an innovative colorectal cancer screening kit among Chinese worksite population.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the relationships between cancer screening beliefs (perceived pros, cons, and susceptibility) and reactions (acceptance, self-efficacy, intention to purchase) to an innovative home-administered kit (HAK) for fecal occult blood test (FOBT) among Chinese worksite population. METHODS: A total of 450 Chinese people aged 40 and older were recruited from ten worksites in Taiwan (2002), with response rate of 83% (375/450). RESULTS: All the belief scales of cancer screening in general showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alphas >0.70). Perceived benefits and barriers towards cancer screening were significantly correlated with the acceptance, self-efficacy, and order intention towards the FOBT-HAK (p-values <0.001). Perceived susceptibility of cancer was associated with intention to purchase. After taking gender into consideration, the regression analyses showed similar relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Screening beliefs were significantly associated with reactions toward the innovative FOBT-HAK. Intervention programs addressing these beliefs could potentially promote positive reactions to innovative CRC screening strategies.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing PAP smear cytology, aided visual inspection, screening colposcopy, cervicography and HPV testing as optional screening tools in Latin America. Study design and baseline data of the LAMS study.

OBJECTIVES: This is a European Commission (EC)-funded ongoing study known as the LAMS (Latin American Screening) study, where PAP smear/liquid-based cytology and screening colposcopy were compared with i) three optional screening tools [visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), or Lugol's iodine (VILI), cervicography] and with ii) Hybrid Capture II from a) conventional samples and from b) self-samples, in women at different risk for cervical cancer in Brazil and Argentina. STUDY DESIGN: During 2002-2003, a cohort of 12,107 women attending four clinics: Campinas (CA), Sao Paulo (SP), Porto Alegre (PA) and Buenos Aires (BA), were interviewed for risk factors, and examined using the 8 diagnostic arms. Colposcopy was performed for women positive in any test and for 5% of women with baseline PAP-negative and 20% of HCII-negatives. All high-grade lesions (CIN2/3) were treated, and low-grade CIN are prospectively followed-up. RESULTS: Of the 12,107 women, the following baseline data are available: epidemiological data (n=11,996), conventional PAP smears (n=10,363), LBC, SurePATH (n=320), LBC, DNA-Citoliq (n=1,346), VIA (n=12.067), VILI (n=3,061), cervicography (n=279), screening colposcopy (n=3,437), HCII conventional (n=4,710), HCII self-sampling (n=246) and cervical biopsies (n=1,524). The four sub-cohorts differ significantly in all their baseline data on the implicated risk factors of cervical cancer, consonant with their origin from regions with different cancer incidence. Around 95% of all PAP smears were negative, with slight variations in the prevalence of LSIL and HSIL between the four centers. Significant differences were found in the detection rates of abnormal findings in VIA, VILI and colposcopy between the four centers (p=0.0001). The prevalence of HPV was practically identical (16.5-18.8%) in all four cohorts (p=0.486), with no differences in the relative viral loads. Biopsy results were different depending on whether the women underwent screening colposcopy (BA) or elective colposcopy (others). CONCLUSION: Four cohorts with significantly different baseline data are available, and prospective follow-up of these women permits analysis of whether variations in cervical cancer incidence in these regions is due to i) different natural history of the precursor lesions, or ii) due to different levels of exposure to the known risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Development of Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS): a Thai version for screening postpartum depression.

To validate a Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) for screening postpartum depressive disorder in Songkhla Thai population, a screening test was conducted. A Thai version of the PDSS was developed using back translation and pre-tested on a prospective cohort of 400 postpartum women at 6-8 weeks from November 2003 to September 2004 in a university hospital, Southern Thailand. The diagnosis of postpartum depression was determined using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for minor and major depressive disorders. The alpha reliability for the total PDSS was 0.9. The recommended cut-off scores of 51for screening major or minor depressive disorders and of 90 for screening major depressive disorder Area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.8 for major and minor depressive disorders and 0.9 for major depressive disorder In conclusion, this is a useful and beneficial instrument as there is no other Thai version validated instrument for postpartum depression.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Rates of recall for thorough examination and surgical biopsy following mammographic screening. Experience with the screening program in Florence].

The authors evaluate the recall and biopsy rates during three years of mammographic screening. Recalls (373/25970 = 1.4%) were more frequent at the first (2.3%) than at subsequent screening rounds (1.2%) whereas the predictive value for cancer increased at further screening (11.7 vs 21.7%). Recalls are less frequent in older women, particularly at further screening (40-49 vs 50-59 vs 60-70: 1.7 vs 1.1 vs 0.9%) whereas predictive value is higher (14.8 vs 16.5 vs 36.5%). The presence of mammographic abnormalities accounts for the majority of recalls (1.3%) whereas subjective symptoms other than pain are a less frequent cause of recall (0.2%) although as predictive (22.7 vs 20.4%). Calls for biopsy were limited to cases with suspicion for cancer and this allowed a low biopsy rate (75 = 0.3%) and a high predictive value (92%). The observed results have greatly improved with respect to the past years, due to a higher specificity of recall criteria and to the systematic use of all modern tests (high frequency US, fine-needle aspiration cytology, either manual or US-guided or stereotaxic) at the time of diagnostic assessment. All screening programs, particularly the new ones, should monitor recall and biopsy rates and predictive values as they are indicators of efficiency.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Screening of donor blood for anti-HIV. Experiences from blood donor screening 1986-1988].

During the period 1986-1988, approximately 1,200,000 portions of blood were anti-HIV screened in Denmark. A total of 19 donors were found to be anti-HIV positive and no increase in the frequency of anti-HIV blood donors has been observed during this period. At a subsequent interview, nine out of these 19 donors (47%) were shown to have risk factors for HIV infection. During the same period, a total of 12 cases of transfusion-associated HIV infection were found at follow-up control of recipients of blood from previous donations from donors demonstrated to be positive after 1986. Four of the cases were demonstrated to be positive by blood donor screening and eight in other ways. Finally, five cases of transfusion-associated HIV infection in recipients have been reported where no positive donor could be identified. One case of HIV infection could be attributed to transfusion with screened anti-HIV negative blood. On the basis of information from blood donor screening, it is concluded that the risk that a screened anti-HIV negative blood portion in Denmark can transmit HIV infection is less than one per 400,000.

Blood Banks↗

PubMed1989

[Risk-benefit analysis for mass screening of breast cancer utilizing mammography as a screening test].

Incidence of breast cancers in Japanese women is increasing steadily. Mass screening of breast cancer was started in Japan under auspices of Adult Health Promotion Act of the Japanese Government from 1987. As the first screening method, the palpation of breasts is employed at present, but it is expected to be replaced by the mammography. In this report, the risk-benefit analysis is presented between risk of breast carcinogenesis due to radiation and benefit of mass screening of breast cancer. The benefit of mass screening is taken as the net elongation of average life expectancy of women due to survival from breast cancers. The risk of mammography is taken as the net loss of average life expectancy of women due to breast carcinogenesis. In the latter, the latency time and plateau period of radiation carcinogenesis were taken into consideration in the calculation. The results show that the ages at which the benefit and risk become equal are between 30 and 35 years old when dose equivalent of mammography is between 10 and 20 mSv, that are conventionally used. However, the critical age will be reduced to 20 years old if the dose equivalent becomes 1 mSv. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that a low dose mammographic system should be developed in order to achieve 1 mSv for the mass screening of breast cancer of Japanese women. In author's opinion, this is quite feasible by employing a new digital radiography with imaging plate.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Addressing unanswered questions about population cholesterol screenings: the Model Systems for Blood Cholesterol Screening Program.

Elevated blood cholesterol is one of the three major modifiable risk factors for heart disease. Almost 60% of adults in the United States have an elevated blood cholesterol level, yet most adults are unaware of their level. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and other organizations have now recommended that all adults be tested to assess their blood cholesterol level. New portable blood cholesterol analyzers have recently been designed and are being promoted widely for cholesterol screening. However, there are many unanswered questions about the reliability of these devices and about the usefulness of mass cholesterol screening programs. The Model Systems for Blood Cholesterol Screening Program, an NHLBI-funded effort consisting of three research projects designed to provide a systematic evaluation of these devices and of mass cholesterol screening, is described. This research will contribute to a data base from which recommendations regarding public cholesterol screening will be made.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Visual field screening and the development of a new screening program.

The diagnosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma requires diligent and careful screening. Intraocular pressure measures and disc evaluations, when used in isolation, give unacceptably high numbers of false positives and false negatives, while full visual field analysis, as conducted with kinetic or full threshold static perimetry, takes too long for routine use. Screening of the visual field may offer a viable alternative. The effect of changing certain parameters of a visual field screening test are evaluated. These include the location of the stimuli, the number of stimuli and their suprathreshold increment. The results of an optimized visual field screening test are then evaluated with respect to the theoretical predictions. The results indicate that high levels of sensitivity and specificity can be achieved with visual field screening tests which are short enough to be included as part of the routine optometric examination.

Glaucoma, Open-Angle↗

PubMed1988

Labeling of participants in high blood pressure screening programs. Implications for blood cholesterol screenings.

Screening programs have expanded to identify the many persons who are unaware of their high blood cholesterol level and thus are at an increased risk for coronary heart disease. These programs bring both potential benefits and potential risks to the participant. One potential risk is that of iatrogenic effects of learning one's risk status, often referred to as the "labeling phenomenon." Research that has addressed the labeling phenomenon in blood pressure screening programs has important implications for blood cholesterol screenings. Detrimental effects on screening participants are possible, but they can be attenuated by careful attention to characteristics of the debriefing and counseling that should be included in screening protocols.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1983

A screening primer: basic principles, criteria, and pitfalls of screening with comments on colorectal carcinoma.

In this manuscript, a short review is provided of the basic principles of screening, emphasizing some of the methodologic problems attendant on any screening test, in short, a "screening primer." My analysis of the "core" data supporting efforts to screen for colorectal cancer leads to the conclusion that the utility and efficacy of screening for colorectal cancer awaits proof.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Mass-screening for ovarian cancer by transvaginal ultrasonography--study on tumor markers at the second screening].

Examination of tumor markers (CAMPAS) at the second screening in our mass-screening for ovarian cancer was evaluated. CAMPAS has been performed in 866 women with enlarged ovaries over 30mm in size among 20,242 who received the first screening by transvaginal ultrasonography. In those with semi-malignant and malignant ovarian tumor (ovarian cancer), their serum levels of CA125, CEA, CA19-9, AFP and L-LDH were also measured (Combination Assay) and CA125, CEA, CA19-9, AFP, CA602, CA54 and CA61 antigens in removed tumor tissues were studied by immunoperoxidase staining (Tumor Assay). The results were as follows: 1) Ten of the 866 women were positive for CAMPAS, however, only one of them was found to have ovarian cancer. 2) Of the 20,242 women, six were found to have ovarian cancer: all in stage I and all detected among these 866 women. 3) Of the 6 women with ovarian cancer, three had high serum levels in the Combination Assay, and 4 had positive finding in the Tumor Assay, but of the 4 women with a positive Tumor Assay, one had different kinds of tumor markers in serum and one did not have a high serum level. Thus, CAMPAS was not useful as the second screening method in our mass-screening system for ovarian cancer.

Adult↗