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PubMed1996

Brief reactive psychosis induced by sensitivity training: similarities between sensitivity training and brainwashing situations.

Sensitivity training (ST), which originated in the USA during the late 1940s, has been used as part of training seminars in Japanese corporations since the late 1950s. The possibility of negative psychiatric effects of ST, and especially its role in inducing psychiatric symptoms, is yet to be clarified. A case of a 41-year-old male company worker whose brief psychosis was induced by a sensitivity training seminar held by the company he worked for is presented. In reviewing the psychopathology of the case with records from the ST seminar, we found similarities between the patient's ST seminar and brainwashing situations. Specifically, the patient experienced severe conflict (of thought process) between his Christian beliefs and being labeled a coward at the seminar. We conclude that monitoring of the ST programs is crucial in order to ensure the psychological safety of ST participants in Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Plasma K+ changes during intense exercise in endurance-trained and sprint-trained subjects.

Active muscle releases K+, and the plasma K+ concentration is consequently raised during exercise. K+ is removed by the Na,K pump, and training may influence the number of pumps. The plasma K+ concentration was therefore studied in five endurance-trained (ET) and six sprint-trained (ST) subjects during and after 1 min of exhausting treadmill running. Non-exhausting bouts of exercise at either lower speed or of shorter duration were also carried out. Blood samples were taken from a catheter in the femoral vein before and at frequent intervals after exercise. The pre-exercise venous plasma [K+] was (mean +/- SEM) 3.68 +/- 0.10 mmol l-1 (ET) and 3.88 +/- 0.06 mmol l-1 (ST). One minute of exhausting exercise was sustained at 5.27 +/- 0.08 m s-1 (ET) and 5.59 +/- 0.06 m s-1 (ST) and caused the plasma K+ concentration to rise by 4.4 +/- 0.3 (ET) and 4.7 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1 (ST; ns) respectively. Three minutes after exercise the K+ concentration was 0.48 +/- 0.08 mmol l-1 (ST) and 0.50 +/- 0.07 mmol l-1 (ST) below the pre-exercise value. During the following 6 min of recovery, the value was unchanged for the ET subjects, while a 0.32 +/- 0.06 mmol l-1 rise was seen for the ST subjects. Exercise at reduced intensity or of reduced duration resulted in smaller changes in the K+ concentration both during exercise and in the post-exercise recovery, and for each subject the lowest post-exercise K+ concentration was therefore inversely related to the peak K+ concentration during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Training-overtraining: performance, and hormone levels, after a defined increase in training volume versus intensity in experienced middle- and long-distance runners.

Performance and hormones were determined in eight middle- and nine long-distance runners after an increase in training volume (ITV, February 1989) or intensity (ITI, February 1990). Seven runners participated in both studies. The objective was to cause an overtraining syndrome. The mean training volume of 85.9 km week-1 increased within 3 weeks to 176.6 km week-1 during ITV and 96-98% of training volume was performed as long-distance runs at mean(s.d.) 67(8)% of maximum capacity. Speed endurance, high-speed and interval runs averaging 9 km week-1 increased within 3 weeks to 22.7 km during ITI, and the total volume increased from 61.6 to 84.7 km. A plateau in endurance performance and decrease in maximum performance occurred during ITV, probably due to overtraining, with performance incompetence over months. Nocturnal catecholamine excretion decreased markedly (47-53%), contrary to exercise-related plasma catecholamine responses, which increased. Resting and exercise-related cortisol and aldosterone levels decreased. Improvement in endurance and maximum performance occurred during ITI indicating a failure to cause an overtraining syndrome in ITI. Decrease in noctural catecholamine excretion was clearly lower (9-26%), exercise-related catecholamine responses showed a significant decrease, cortisol and aldosterone levels remained almost constant, exercise-related prolactin levels decreased slightly. There were no differences in insulin, C-peptide, free testosterone, somatotropic hormone (STH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The decrease in nocturnal catecholamine excretion during ITV might indicate a decrease in intrinsic sympathetic activity in exhausted sportsmen. But it remains open whether this reflected a central nervous system incompetence.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists.

To study the cumulative effects of exercise stress and subsequent recovery on performance changes and fatigue indicators, the training of eight endurance cyclists was systematically controlled and monitored for a 6-wk period. Subjects completed 2 wk of normal (N), intensified (ITP), and recovery training. A significant decline in maximal power output (N = 338 +/- 17 W, ITP = 319 +/- 17 W) and a significant increase in time to complete a simulated time trial (N = 59.4 +/- 1.9 min, ITP = 65.3 +/- 2.6 min) occurred after ITP in conjunction with a 29% increase in global mood disturbance. The decline in performance was associated with a 9.3% reduction in maximal heart rate, a 5% reduction in maximal oxygen uptake, and an 8.6% increase in perception of effort. Despite the large reductions in performance, no changes were observed in substrate utilization, cycling efficiency, and lactate, plasma urea, ammonia, and catecholamine concentrations. These findings indicate that a state of overreaching can already be induced after 7 days of intensified training with limited recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effect of endurance training on Q-T interval and cardiac electrical stability in boys aged 10 to 14. Ventricular arrhythmias in trained boys.

In 30 highly trained boys aged 10-14 the prevalence of ventricular ectopic beats and Q-T interval duration were studied. In trained boys ECG Holter monitoring showed a higher even though not significantly different prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias than in 30 age-matched untrained controls. Ventricular ectopy was on the contrary lower than in a group of 30 adult athletes. Q-T corrected (Q-Tc) interval in the trained boys was longer than in the sedentary controls (p less than 0.001), while it was as long as in the adult athletes. No correlation was found between the degree of severity of ventricular ectopic beats and Q-Tc interval duration, heart rate or echocardiographic dimensional and functional findings. The clinical and prognostic importance of complex ventricular arrhythmias detected in healthy athletes remains to be elucidated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Training vs. body image: does training improve subjective appearance ratings?

The purpose of this study was to determine if a short-term exercise program (6 weeks) could improve subjective physical appearance ratings. Twenty-five previously sedentary adult men (aged 18-40 years) were randomly assigned to one of 3 training groups: cardiovascular, strength, or control. Subjects participating in an exercise group trained for an average of 34 minutes, 3 times per week. All subjects were pre- and posttested to determine body composition, strength, and cardiovascular fitness. Subjects were also digitally photographed from 4 angles. The photographs were rated by the subjects and by a panel of 6 judges using an analog scale. There was no significant difference in the groups by trials interaction effect for pre- and post-Vo(2)max, percent fat, total lean tissue, percent limb fat, percent trunk fat, lean trunk tissue, or lean limb tissue. The subjects rated themselves higher than the panel, with average scores of 4.74 vs. 3.46, 4.26 vs. 3.10, and 4.61 vs. 3.49 for the cardiovascular, strength, and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The men of the panel rated the subjects significantly higher than did the women, with average scores of 4.61 vs. 2.31, 4.13 vs. 2.06, and 4.53 vs. 2.18 for the cardiovascular, resistance, and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). This study showed that a 6-week training program did not change self-rated or panel-rated appearance scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of the training status on the hormonal response and recovery from high-intensity isokinetic exercise: comparisons between endurance-trained athletes and sedentary subjects.

AIM: Aims of the study were: to determine the differences in the mechanical, hormonal and lactate responses to a high-intensity isokinetic exercise in two groups of endurance-trained athletes (EA, n = 11) and sedentary subjects (SED, n = 11); to evaluate the relationships between the hormonal and lactate responses; to evaluate the effects of the training status on the pituitary responsiveness to the exercise. METHODS: EA and SED completed, for each leg, 4 sets of 20 maximal concentric contractions of the knee extensor muscle groups at 180 degrees s-1 angular velocity. Blood and saliva for hormonal and lactate determinations were sampled before, immediately after the test and during the subsequent recovery of 2 hours. RESULTS: The exercise was completed by all subjects and elicited significant mechanical and biochemical responses both in EA and in SED subjects. No differences were found between the two groups both in the mechanical performances and in the increases of lactate and hormones of the pituitary-adrenal axis or in the comparison of the slopes of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone recovery after the peak. The correlation analyses showed significant positive relationships between lactate peak values and percentages of change for ACTH (r2 = 0.16, P < 0.05), salivary cortisol (r2 = 0.42, P < 0.01), and serum cortisol (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The adrenocortical activation was found, in this particular setting, at least partly dependent on the muscular lactate production, while no effect of the training status on the pituitary responsiveness to exercise was evident, as it was indirectly confirmed by no abnormalities in the rates of hormonal recovery after the exercise session.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1991

Physical training programs and their effects on aerobic capacity and coronary risk profile in sedentary individuals. Design of a long-term exercise training program.

Currently the prevalent perception is that regular exercise training, besides increasing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure and plasma lipid fractions. This is the basis for recommending exercise training for health maintenance and as a part of any prevention program for middle aged and older individuals. The purpose of this work was first, to review whether a basis exists for these recommendations and if so, to secondly design an exercise training program adjusted to these groups. Its parameters should be efficient enough to cause improvements in VO2max and risk profile, yet prevent cardial and orthopedic problems. The structure and the results of exercise programs in 27 experimental studies (n = 1153) were reviewed. The findings indicate that significant changes in VO2max, apart from individuals having least favourable values initially, do not necessarily effect simultaneous improvements in either blood pressure or plasma lipid fractions. Results strongly indicate the permanent benefits of participating in a long-term exercise program. This program should therefore provide a very useful and natural addition to the accepted dietary and pharmacological therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Selection of optimal training exercise and training schedule for patients with ischemic heart disease at the early periods after aortocoronary bypass].

The study was undertaken to examine 70 patients with coronary heart disease who had undergone aortocoronary bypass. Spirobicycle ergometric testing was performed in all patients in the early postoperative period, coupled with recording hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac and stroke indices, heart rate, and Q-Z interval, by employing tetrapolar rheoplethysmography. According to the results of threshold exercise, the patients were divided into three groups: those having threshold exercise intensities of 100, 75, and 50 W, respectively. The purpose of the study was to choose the optimal training pulse and training exercise in the early postoperative period of rehabilitation. Using various procedures for determining the training pulse from the threshold of anaerobic exchange, from 70% maximal oxygen uptake and from hemodynamic findings demonstrated that hemodynamic monitoring is the most informative tool since in the early postoperative periods of aortocoronary bypass, the results of threshold exercise are largely determined by the myocardial contractility that is associated with the overall body dysadaptation and, accordingly, the cardiopulmonary system and with the impact of the surgery itself involving extracorporeal circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Lower thermic effect of a meal post-exercise in aerobically trained and resistance-trained subjects.

Despite the abundance of literature concerning the thermic effect of a test meal (TEM) at rest in trained and untrained subjects, there is little information available concerning the TEM post-exercise. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to examine the metabolic response to a 763-kcal meal prior to 30 min of exercise at 50% VO2max, in aerobically trained (AT, N = 8), resistance-trained (RT, N = 8), and untrained (UT, N = 8) subjects. Mean (+/- SEM) VO2max was 60.7 +/- 2.3 ml.kg-1.min-1, 52.9 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 51.1 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1, for the AT, RT, and UT groups, respectively. Mean (+/- SEM) percent fat was 13.7 +/- 1.2, 12.7 +/- 1.9, and 16.9 +/- 1.4 for the AT, RT, and UT groups, respectively. Post-exercise VO2 was measured by indirect calorimetry every half hour, on two nonconsecutive days (post-absorptive (PA) post-exercise and post-prandial (PP) post-exercise) for 3 h. The total TEM (post-exercise PP VO2 minus post-exercise PA VO2) was 4.86 +/- 1.62, 5.22 +/- 1.80, and 9.36 +/- 5.08 I for the AT, RT, and UT groups, respectively. The TEM post-exercise was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) for the AT and RT groups compared with the UT group. Respiratory exchange ratio (R) differed significantly only during the PA post-exercise condition, with the AT group exhibiting significantly lower (P less than 0.01) values compared with the RT and UT groups. PA post-exercise R for the RT group was not significantly different (P = 0.09) from the UT group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Outpatient rehabilitative training in patients with cardiovascular disease: emphasis on training method.

As our ability to evaluate cardiovascular patients expands and direct oxygen consumption measurements are available, exercise prescriptions can be better individualized for each patient. By using basic principles of frequency and duration and specifically basing intensity and progression on percent of maximum oxygen consumption, protocols using various modes of exercise may be defined so that each patient entering cardiovascular training programs will gradually progress. This methodology discussion presents concise progressions for both phase II monitored and phase II nonmonitored medically supervised exercise training. The phase II monitored protocol consists of levels 1 through 6 and is designed to be completed within a minimum of six 1-hour sessions. The phase II nonmonitored protocol consists of levels 7 through 12 and is designed to be completed within 12 weeks. The ultimate goal is for each patient to safely progress to a training level that can be maintained safely and effectively by the patient. A total of 192 patients enrolled in our phase II programs have safely completed both components and are in long-term maintenance programs.

Cardiac Rehabilitation↗
PubMed1993

Effect of endurance physical training on cardio-respiratory system reactive features (mechanisms of training load cumulation influence)

The results of a series of experiments carried out under heavy physical loads during the training of 96 elite cyclists, rowers and swimmers were based on the following: (1) complex analysis of dynamics of sensitivity, stability and speed of responses of cardio-respiratory system (CRS) to hypoxia, CO2-H+ ionic irritants; (2) neurogenic (working) response stimuli; (3) range of changes in ventilatory, circulatory and metabolic responses and their dynamic characteristics. It was demonstrated that sensitivity, stability and speed of responses to shifts in respiratory homeostasis changed during each physical load and in the process of training. The nature and the extent of changes are connected with the intensity of the load as well as its type and duration. After training, we observed changes in the sensitivity, stability and response speed of CRS to shifts in respiratory homeostasis; we also noted that the total reactivity changes revealed the same direction of change as the above mentioned CRS physiological reactivity parameters. It was also observed that the dynamics of reactivity changes to hypoxia, CO2-H+ irritants and neurogenic CRS response are connected to the dynamics of peak of CRS response to physical load and to its stability and response speed. These results indicate the existence of certain mechanisms which regulate the setting up of the functional capacity in athletes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

Life skill training: psychoeducational training as mental health treatment.

Fifty-four patients of a Veterans Administration Medical Center were assigned to either a life-skill training program that emphasized psychoeducational instruction and skill building or to a group counseling control condition. Subjects assigned to life-skill training were provided with 28 hours of instruction in interpersonal communication, purpose in life problem solving, and physical fitness/health maintenance. Control subjects received equal time engaged in psychiatric treatment that emphasized the analysis and exploration of personal problems, but with no direct coping skill training. Significant differences between the two groups were found on measures of interpersonal communication and meaningful purpose in life. Both groups received lower staff ratings on psychopathological behavior and demonstrated improvement on ratings of health and physical fitness upon completion of treatment. Twelve- and 24-month follow-up data that include rehospitalization rates are presented for each group.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Principles of teaching in a structured training programme, the rotations, and the surgical training plan.

The present paper is divided into two parts. In the first part it summarises the essentials of transfer of knowledge and personality from trainer to trainee. The training capacity of a programme should be identified first since the number of residents in training has implications on the structure of the programme. The capacity is limited by the number of surgical "resident cases", which should at least amount to 70 per year and resident. For the future, more emphasis should be laid on the acquirement of methods of self-teaching and continuous self-education, in order to provide the trainees with the ability to cope with changes during their later career more easily. In part two the organisation of rotations as well as the structured surgical training plan are discussed. Teaching can be organised either as a gradual exposure to more and more complex procedures or as a sequence of speciality rotations. Structured teaching of theoretical contents should accompany practical teaching and in academic programmes a scientific rotation should be integrated. The ongoing subspecialisation is currently exceeding the limits of complete coverage during a six-year-programme.

Certification↗
PubMed1984

Plasma catecholamines, beta-adrenergic receptors, and isoproterenol sensitivity in endurance trained and non-endurance trained volunteers.

Six male non-endurance trained subjects (S) and six marathon runners (M) underwent graded treadmill exercise (T) and isoproterenol stimulation (I; 2 and 4 microgram X min-1). beta-adrenergic receptor density was additionally determined as the amount of 3H-Dihydroalprenolol (DHA) specifically bound on intact polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Heart rate, VO2 uptake, lactate, plasma noradrenaline, and adrenaline were estimated during T. Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, as well as lactate, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and glycerol levels in the blood were determined during I. M showed the known training-dependent responses during T, such as lower heart rates, lactate levels, and plasma catecholamines at identical work loads, as well as higher VO2 max than S. I-induced cardiac output increase was quite similar in both groups. Stroke volume, however, increased significantly in M and stayed constant in S. Lactate decreased (S), glucose increased significantly (M), glycerol increased similarly in both groups, FFA rise was less marked in S. I-induced stroke volume response (I) may be indicative of a more economic regulation of heart work in M than S. Lactate decrease and less marked FFA increase, as observed in S, may be the result of a somewhat higher cardiac energy demand, dependent on less economic heart work. Higher DHA-binding as observed in M, as well as stroke volume response and glucose increase, may be indicators of a training-dependent rise in sensitivity to catecholamines. The unsolved question is, however, to what extent beta-receptor responses in intact blood cells are significant for receptor behavior in other organs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Porcine transfer study: virtual reality simulator training compared with porcine training in endovascular novices.

PURPOSE: To compare the learning of endovascular interventional skills by training on pig models versus virtual reality simulators. METHODS: Twelve endovascular novices participated in a study consisting of a pig laboratory (P-Lab) and a virtual reality laboratory (VR-Lab). Subjects were stratified by experience and randomized into four training groups. Following 1 hr of didactic instruction, all attempted an iliac artery stenosis (IAS) revascularization in both laboratories. Onsite proctors evaluated performances using task-specific checklists and global rating scales, yielding a Total Score. Participants completed two training sessions of 3 hr each, using their group's assigned method (P-Lab x 2, P-Lab + VR-Lab, VR-Lab + P-Lab, or VR-Lab x 2) and were re-evaluated in both laboratories. A panel of two highly experienced interventional radiologists performed assessments from video recordings. ANCOVA analysis of Total Score against years of surgical, interventional radiology (IR) experience and cumulative number of P-Lab or VR-Lab sessions was conducted. Inter-rater reliability (IRR) was determined by comparing proctored scores with the video assessors in only the VR-Lab. RESULTS: VR-Lab sessions improved the VR-Lab Total Score (beta = 3.029, p = 0.0015) and P-Lab Total Score (beta = 1.814, p = 0.0452). P-Lab sessions increased the P-Lab Total Score (beta = 4.074, p < 0.0001) but had no effect on the VR-Lab Total Score. In the general statistical model, both P-Lab sessions (beta = 2.552, p = 0.0010) and VR-Lab sessions (beta = 2.435, p = 0.0032) significantly improved Total Score. Neither previous surgical experience nor IR experience predicted Total Score. VR-Lab scores were consistently higher than the P-Lab scores (Delta = 6.659, p < 0.0001). VR-Lab IRR was substantial (r = 0.649, p < 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular skills learned in the virtual environment may be transferable to the real catheterization laboratory as modeled in the P-Lab.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Digital slide training portal. Training slides available on the Internet from the German division of the IAP].

Alternatively to sending glass slides via mail order, the German division of the IAP established a digital slide training portal on the Internet. Following the principle of virtual microscopy, histology slides were scanned completely in high resolution, stored on a server, and can be accessed over the Internet. The slide training portal can be used with current Internet browsers without additional plugins. Working on digital slides with the virtual microscope is easy but flexible. Loading a detail image using image streaming technologies takes about 500 ms with the German research network (DFN) and about 3 s with DSL. The digital slide training portal of the German IAP provides a clear choice and is always available for every member. Despite the little experience some users had with the Internet and diagnostics at the monitor, image quality and usability were rated as good.

Germany↗