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PubMed2006

Cultivation of garden vegetables in Peoria Pool sediments from the Illinois River: a case study in trace element accumulation and dietary exposures.

This case study was conducted to evaluate the use of reclaimed lake sediment as a growth media for vegetable production and to estimate whether accumulation of micronutrients and heavy metals in the vegetables would impact human nutrition or health, respectively. Five plant species, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), pepper (Capsicum annum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), were grown in pots containing either reclaimed sediment from the Illinois River or a reference soil. Edible and vegetative tissues from the plants were analyzed for 19 elements, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. Tomato and pepper grown in sediment showed significantly greater biomass and yield as compared to plants from the reference soil. Elemental analysis of the tissues revealed that Zn and Mo were the only elements that were significantly greater in sediment-grown plants on a consistent basis. While significant, Zn concentrations were no more than 3-fold higher than those in plants from the reference soil. The same trend was observed for Mo, except for bean tissues, which showed a 10-fold greater concentration in sediment-grown plants. The projected dietary intake of Cu, Mo, and Zn from consumption of sediment-grown vegetable tissues was significantly higher than for soil-grown plants, although the contribution to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for these elements was substantial only for Mo. Intake of sediment-grown beans would have provided 500% of the dietary Mo RDA. While this is below the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) value for this element, there is no evidence to indicate that there would be a nutritional or therapeutic benefit from the consumption of bean containing this level of Mo. The dietary exposures to Cd and Pb would have been below the pertinent limits for all age and gender groups with the exception of the cumulative dietary Cd exposure to the 1-3 year age group. The results from this study suggest that this reclaimed sediment can be utilized for the production of vegetables intended for human consumption. The results from this case study also suggest that sediment material with similar physicochemical characteristics and elemental concentrations that fall within the pertinent regulatory guidelines should also be a suitable and safe medium for vegetable production.

Brassica↗

PubMed2006

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables.

Metal contaminants in garden and allotment soils could possibly affect human health through a variety of pathways. This study focused on the potential pathway of consumption of vegetables grown on contaminated soil. Five cultivars each of six common vegetables were grown in a control and in a soil spiked with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Highly significant differences in metal content were evident between cultivars of a number of vegetables for several of the contaminants. Carrot and pea cultivars exhibited significant differences in accumulated concentrations of Cd and Cu with carrot cultivars also exhibiting significant differences in Zn. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing one vegetable to another, legumes (Leguminosae) tending to be low accumulators, root vegetables (Umbelliferae and Liliaceae) tending to be moderate accumulators and leafy vegetables (Compositae and Chenopodiaceae) being high accumulators.

Apiaceae↗

PubMed2005

Differences in fruit and vegetable intake among categories of dietary supplement users.

BACKGROUND: People who choose to take dietary supplements are often classified as having a healthful lifestyle; however, it is probable that several health behavior patterns exist among users. OBJECTIVE: Data from the North Carolina Strategies to Improve Diet, Exercise, and Screening study (N = 727) were used to identify and describe five different categories of dietary supplement use and evaluate how these categories are associated with both quantity and quality of fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN: Five nonoverlapping dietary supplement use categories were created and descriptive demographic statistics were compared. Least-squares means were calculated for knowledge and fruit and vegetable quality and quantity measures. Logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios to examine associations among the dietary supplement use categories and the fruit and vegetable measures, using nonusers as the reference category. RESULTS: Demographic profiles and dietary intake varied among the dietary supplement categories. People reporting both a multivitamin/multimineral and a single supplement (Multi Plus category) and any nonvitamin/nonmineral products (Herbals category) were more likely to be consuming more vegetables and higher-quality fruits and vegetables than those not taking any dietary supplements (Nonusers category), whereas people taking multivitamins/multiminerals only (Multis category) had patterns that were more consistently similar to those not taking any dietary supplements (Nonusers). CONCLUSIONS: Study participants exhibited dietary supplement use patterns that were associated with differences in fruit and vegetable consumption. Simply characterizing people as users and nonusers will not capture critical demographic and dietary differences and will likely further cloud investigations of diet-disease relationships.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Increasing fruit and vegetable intake by changing environments, policy and pricing: restaurant-based research, strategies, and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Restaurants are among the most important and promising venues for environmental, policy, and pricing initiatives to increase fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake. This article reviews restaurant-based environmental, policy and pricing strategies for increasing intake of fruits and vegetables and identifies promising strategies, research needs, and innovative opportunities for the future. METHODS: The strategies, examples, and research reported here were identified through an extensive search of published journal articles, government documents, the internet, and inquiries to leaders in the field. Recommendations were expanded based on discussion by participants in the CDC/ACS-sponsored Fruit and Vegetable, Environment Policy and Pricing Workshop held in September of 2002. RESULTS: Six separate types of restaurant-based interventions were identified: increased availability, increased access, reduced prices and coupons, catering policies, point-of-purchase (POP) information, and promotion and communication. Combination approaches have also been implemented. Evaluation data on these interventions show some significant impact on healthful diets, particularly with point-of-purchase information. However, most published reports emphasize low-fat eating, and there is a need to translate and evaluate interventions focused on increasing fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Several models for changing environments, policy and pricing to increase fruit and vegetable availability, access, attractiveness and consumption in restaurants have been tested and found to have some promise. There is a need to evaluate fruit and vegetable-specific strategies; to obtain data from industry; to disseminate promising programs; and to enhance public-private partnerships and collaboration to expand on current knowledge.

Commerce↗

PubMed2006

Fruit and vegetable intake: Few adolescent girls meet national guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To examine longitudinal changes in daily fruit and vegetable consumption among black and white adolescent girls and calculate the percent of girls who met the Healthy People 2010 recommendations. METHODS: Girls (1186 black and 1126 white) who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth Health Study (NGHS) were included if they had completed a 3-day food diary for at least one of six annual assessments visits, beginning at ages 11 or 12. Mixed models estimated the association of visit and race with (a) average daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and (b) the probability of meeting intake recommendations on one or more out of 3 days. RESULTS: For girls of both races, fruit and vegetable consumption increased with age; white girls showed a greater increase in fruit and nutrient-rich vegetable intake than black girls. Across visits, girls consumed considerably fewer than the recommended daily servings of fruits (1.0-1.5), vegetables (1.7-2.5), or nutrient-rich vegetables (0.25). Most girls (95%) failed to meet Healthy People 2010 recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Public health efforts are needed to meet Healthy People 2010 objectives.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

5 a day fruit and vegetable intervention improves consumption in a low income population.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the Michigan Farmers' Market Nutrition Program in one Michigan county to determine its effect on fruit and vegetable consumption behavior. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were selected from WIC and Community Action Agency populations: 564 low income women completed the pretest; 455 completed the posttest. Attrition rate was 19.3%. INTERVENTION: Subjects were assigned to one of 4 interventions: education about the use, storage and nutritional value of fruits and vegetables, distribution of farmers' market coupons, both education and coupons, or no intervention. DESIGN: Education-only and coupon and education groups were randomly assigned; clinic appointment timing determined assignment to no-intervention and coupon-only groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A self-administered questionnaire before and after intervention measured attitudes about fruit and vegetable consumption and intake of fruits and vegetables. WIC records documented redemption of coupons. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Data analysis included 2-way multivariate analysis of covariance, univariate analysis of covariance, logistic regression, and covariance structure modeling. RESULTS: Both the education interventions and the coupon interventions had positive effects. Coupons had a direct effect on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption behavior but no effect on attitudes. Education had a direct effect on attitudes and seemed to exert an effect on consumption behavior through attitudes. The maximum impact of the intervention was achieved through a combination of education and coupons. APPLICATIONS: This study demonstrated that a low-income population may be more likely to increase its fruit and vegetable consumption behavior when incentives such as coupons improve affordability.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Changes in vegetable and fruit consumption and awareness among US adults: results of the 1991 and 1997 5 A Day for Better Health Program surveys.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess population-based changes in vegetable and fruit consumption and psychosocial correlates. DESIGN: Two nationally representative random digit dial surveys conducted in 1991 and 1997; respondents were queried regarding consumption of and attitudes and knowledge about vegetables and fruit. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Respondents were 2,755 and 2,544 adults (in 1991 and 1997, respectively) older than 18 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Vegetable and fruit consumption and message awareness were measured using weighted-only and regression model-adjusted analyses to assess changes. RESULTS: Mean vegetable and fruit consumption was significantly (P=.007) higher in 1997 than in 1991 using weighted-only analyses, but remained significant only for Hispanic (P=.03) and nonsmoker (P=.004) subgroups when adjusted for demographic shifts. Significantly higher percentages were found in the model-adjusted analyses for those consuming 5 or more (daily servings (23.4% to 25.8%), message awareness (7.7% to 19.2%), and knowledge of the 5 A Day Program (2.0% to 17.8%). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: A significantly positive change in vegetable and fruit consumption occurred between 1991 and 1997 according to traditional methods of survey data analysis, but null findings resulted when the data were adjusted for demographic shifts. Nutrition professionals should continue targeting specific demographic subgroups with tailored interventions to move all Americans toward achievement of dietary guidelines for vegetable and fruit consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among women participating in WIC.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this analysis was to assess to what extent sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics predict consumption of fruits and vegetables in women served by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). DESIGN: Baseline survey data were analyzed for women enrolled in the Maryland WIC 5 A Day Promotion Program, a study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. Sociodemographic variables included age, race, education, marital status, working status, pregnancy status, and smoking status. Psychosocial variables included self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, social support, and perceived barriers to consuming 5 or more servings daily of fruits and vegetables. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Analyses are based on 3,122 women enrolled at 15 WIC sites in Baltimore and 6 counties in Maryland. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Because psychosocial characteristics were measured on different scales and varied in dispersion, we standardized scores for these variables. Multiple regression analyses were then performed to assess contributions of the sociodemographic variables and the standardized psychosocial variable scores to the variance in consumption of fruits and vegetables. RESULTS: Sociodemographic variables were not powerful predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption. In contrast, an increase of 1 standard deviation in self-efficacy resulted in a mean increase of 0.76 servings, and an increase of 1 standard deviation in perceived barriers resulted in a decrease of 0.50 servings. About 21% of the variance in consumption was explained by all of the variables examined. APPLICATIONS: Dietitians and intervention programs should focus on increasing clients' self-efficacy, positive attitudes, and knowledge relating to fruits and vegetables while trying to reduce perceived barriers to consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Innovative newsletter interventions improve fruit and vegetable consumption in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of computer-tailored newsletter interventions in improving the number and variety of fruits and vegetables eaten by adults. DESIGN: The 4-group randomized trial with pre- and postintervention measures consisted of a control group and 3 intervention groups receiving nontailored newsletters, computer-tailored newsletters, or tailored newsletters with tailored goal-setting information. Intervention groups received 1 newsletter each month for 4 months. SUBJECTS: Baseline surveys were completed by 710 health maintenance organization clients. Postintervention surveys administered 6 months after baseline were completed by 573 participants (80.8%). INTERVENTION: All newsletters contained strategies for improving fruit and vegetable consumption. Tailored newsletters used computer algorithms to match a person's baseline survey information with the most relevant newsletter messages for promoting dietary change. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily intake and weekly variety of fruits and vegetables were measured using a food frequency questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Analysis of covariance and Tukey's honestly significant difference test were used to assess differences in the number and variety of fruits and vegetables consumed among intervention groups. RESULTS: For persons completing postintervention surveys (n = 573), all 3 newsletter groups had significantly higher daily intake and variety scores compared with the control group. Although there was a trend of improved intake and variety with each added newsletter element, there were no significant differences at follow-up among the newsletter groups. CONCLUSIONS: Newsletters can be effective in improving the fruit and vegetable consumption of adults. In this study, a computer-tailoring system did not significantly enhance the effect of the nutrition newsletters on fruit and vegetable intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Multielement concentrations in vegetable species grown in two typical agricultural areas of Greece.

The multielement (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn) levels in various common vegetables and surface soils collected from two typical growing areas of north-western Greece are presented. The results are representative and indicate metal concentration levels in vegetables grown in Greek areas under similar conditions. The content of the metals is generally at the same levels or even lower than that reported for vegetables consumed in several countries and species grown in other agricultural and industrial Greek areas. Enhanced levels of metals observed in certain vegetable species could be related to their concentration in the corresponding soils. The results of the present study indicate that the mean intake of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb and Se) by adults due to consumption of vegetables from the two sites, for an average consumption, pattern, generally is well below the allowable daily intakes. On the other hand, the contribution of the vegetables to the recommended amounts of the essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) is satisfactory and higher than previously reported.

Food Analysis↗

PubMed1998

Dietary intake of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via vegetables grown in an industrial Greek area.

In order to assess the importance of vegetables cultivated in industrialized regions in Greece as a dietary factor, the daily intake of trace elements and PAHs via vegetables were estimated. Intake estimations were based on vegetable availability data and analyses of vegetable contaminants. The mean daily intake of potentially toxic elements ranged between 1.7% (for As) and 23.6% (for Pb) the provisional tolerable daily intakes for adults. Vegetables were found to contribute significantly to the recommended daily intake of essential elements, such as Cr and Mn. The intakes of Cr, Pb, Zn, Co and Hg were highest in spring, whereas the intakes of As and Se were highest in winter. The daily intake of PAHs via vegetables was in general low. The potential doses of carcinogenic PAHs was at the lower range of estimates worldwide.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Using a hierarchical approach to investigate residual auditory cognition in persistent vegetative state.

Persistent vegetative state is arguably one of the least understood and most ethically troublesome neurological conditions in modern medicine. The term describes a rare disorder in which patients who emerge from coma appear to be awake, but show no signs of awareness. In recent years, a number of studies have demonstrated an important role for functional neuroimaging in the identification of residual cognitive function in patients meeting the clinical criteria for persistent vegetative state. Such studies, when successful, may be particularly useful where there is a concern about the accuracy of the diagnosis and the possibility that residual cognitive function has remained undetected. Unfortunately, functional neuroimaging in persistent vegetative state is extremely complex and subject to numerous methodological, clinical and theoretical difficulties. In this chapter, we argue that in order to most effectively define the degree and extent of preserved cognitive function in persistent vegetative state, a hierarchical approach to cognition is required. To illustrate this point, a series of functional neuroimaging paradigms in the auditory domain are described, which systematically increase in complexity in terms of the auditory and/or linguistic processes required and, therefore, the degree of preserved cognition that can be inferred from "normal" patterns of activation in persistent vegetative patients. Preliminary results in a small series of patients provide a strong basis for the systematic study of possible residual cognitive function in persistent vegetative state.

Auditory Perception↗

PubMed2000

Research on factors allowing a risk assessment of spore-forming pathogenic bacteria in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables: a FAIR collaborative project.

Vegetables are frequent ingredients of cooked chilled foods and are frequently contaminated with spore-forming bacteria (SFB). Therefore, risk assessment studies have been carried out, including the following: hazard identification and characterisation--from an extensive literature review and expertise of the participants, B. cereus and C. botulinum were identified as the main hazards; exposure assessment--consisting of determination of the prevalence of hazardous SFB in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables and in unprocessed vegetables, and identification of SFB representative of the bacterial community in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables, determination of heat-resistance parameters and factors affecting heat resistance of SFB, determination of the growth kinetics of SFB in vegetable substrate and of the influence of controlling factors, validation of previous work in complex food systems and by challenge testing and information about process and storage conditions of cooked chilled foods containing vegetables. The paper illustrates some original results obtained in the course of the project. The results and information collected from scientific literature or from the expertise of the participants are integrated into the microbial risk assessment, using both a Bayesian belief network approach and a process risk model approach, previously applied to other foodborne hazards.

Bacillus cereus↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua from a vegetable processing plant by RAPD and REA.

The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in a vegetable processing plant was investigated over a 23-month period. Frozen ready-to-eat vegetable samples, well as the plant environment, were sampled. The molecular subtyping techniques, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Restriction Endonuclease Analyses (REA), were performed to help investigate the origin and routes of Listeria dissemination. The low and sporadic incidence of L. monocytogenes made it impossible to establish an epidemiological sequence in the processing plant, though a case of cross-contamination between tomato and ratatouille was detected. Listeria innocua subtyping, however, allowed us to determine the prevalence of several strains in vegetables, and their presence on machinery samples suggested the possibility of cross-contamination during processing. The low incidence of L. monocytogenes indicated that the risk of listeriosis transmission by vegetable consumption is low. On the other hand, the isolation of the same strain of L. innocua in several surveys pointed out the risk of colonisation on surfaces and machinery. The persistence of Listeria spp. is a cause for concern as can lead to future contamination of vegetables processed in the plant and to a possible increased risk for health. Therefore, periodic controls for the presence of Listeria spp. and a further review of the cleaning and disinfection procedures used in frozen vegetable plants are recommended.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2002

Daily ingestion of 232Th, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in vegetables by inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro City.

The concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 232Th, 238U, 210Pb, 226Ra and 238Ra were determined in the vegetables (leafy vegetables, fruit, root, bean and rice) and derived products (sugar, coffee, manioc flour, wheat flour, corn flour and pasta) consumed most by the adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro City. A total of 88 samples from 26 different vegetables and derived products were analyzed. The highest contribution to radionuclide intake arises from bean, wheat flour, manioc flour, carrot, rice, tomato and potato consumption. The estimated daily intakes due to the consumption of vegetables and derived products are 1.9 mBq of 232Th (0.47 microg), 2.0 mBq of 238U (0.17 microg), 19 mBq of 236Ra, 26 mBq of 210Pb and 47 mBq of 228Ra. The estimated annual effective dose due to the ingestion of vegetables and their derived products with the long-lived natural radionuclides is 14.5 microSv. Taking into account literature data for water and milk from Rio de Janeiro the dose value increases to 29 microSv, with vegetables and derived products responsible for 50% of the dose and water for 48%. 210Pb (62%) and 228Ra (24%) were found to be the main sources for internal irradiation.

Brazil↗

PubMed1997

Consumption of fruit and vegetables: how to motivate the population to change their behavior.

This study reports the discrepancy between two methods to assess fruit and vegetable consumption in a Dutch adult population (N = 367). The consumption of fruit and vegetables was assessed by using a food frequency method (the number of grams of fruit and vegetables subjects ate every day) and by assessing subjects' own estimates of their fruit and vegetable intake. Besides the behavior, intention and determinants were measured using a theoretical model including attitude, self-efficacy and social influence to eat fruit and vegetables. Results showed that there were large differences between the self-rated and estimated objective consumption of fruit and vegetables. Subjects rated their own intake as much higher than their estimated actual intake. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses showed that the determinants predicted the self-rated consumption much better than the estimated consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Vegetable and fruit intake and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain.

A case-control study on women was carried out in Barcelona, Spain, to investigate the relationship of lung cancer with the intake of vegetables, fruits and some foods of animal origin. The study included 103 cases and 206 controls matched by age and residence. Diet intake was assessed by means of a food frequency questionnaire. A reduction in risk, adjusted for smoking habit, was found for the intake of yellow/orange vegetables (mainly carrots) and tomatoes. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest versus lowest tertile of intake were 0.37 (0.19-0.74) for yellow/orange vegetables and 0.45 (0.22-0.91) for tomatoes; both had a significant inverse trend. A tendency to a reduction in risk of lung cancer with increased intake was observed for all vegetables, leafy green vegetables, dark green vegetables and cruciferous, but these associations did not reach statistical significance. No association with lung cancer was found for the intake of fruits or foods of animal origin rich in retinol. Similar patterns were observed for women who never smoked and when the analysis was restricted to adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

Assessment of the transfer of 137Cs in three types of vegetables consumed in Hong Kong.

A dynamic food chain model has been built for the modeling of the transfer of 137Cs in three types of vegetables consumed in Hong Kong, namely, white flowering cabbage (Brassica chinensis), head lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and celery (Apium graveolens). Some parameters have been estimated from the experimental data obtained in this work. The experimental data include the transfer factors of 137Cs from soil to the different vegetable species which are determined through high resolution gamma spectrometry, maximum crop biomasses for the vegetable species, the dry-to-fresh ratios for the vegetable species, the bulk density of soil layers and the average concentration of 137Cs in air. The derived parameters include the deposition rate and the root uptake rate, information for tillage, the logistic growth model and radionuclide concentrations in vegetables. The dynamic food chain model is solved by the Birchall-James algorithm to give the 137Cs concentration in subsurface soil, from the 0.1-25 cm soil layer, and the 137Cs concentration in harvested and unwashed vegetables. As validation of the model and parameters, the concentrations obtained experimentally and from the model are compared and are found to be in good agreement.

Apiaceae↗