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PubMed1979

Polycythemia, viscosity and blood flow in working and non-working skeletal muscle in the dog.

The relationship between hematocrit and blood flow in the vasodilated working and non-working skeletal muscle at different perfusion pressures was studied. After acutely induced polycythemia in the flow decreased by 35% in the non-working muscle which was proportional to the increase of viscosity measured in vitro. In the working muscle there was only a small non-significant decrease of flow after polycythemia indicating flow improvement at increased hematocrit by rhythmic muscle contractions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Differential work assignments of social work practitioners in hospitals.

This article reports the results of a survey concerning the differential assignment of tasks to social workers with bachelor of social work (BSW) and master of social work (MSW) degrees by social work directors in Canadian hospitals. It also provides data relative to the variation in amount of supervision provided to workers in those settings where both BSW-level and MSW-level workers perform the same tasks. It is intended that this study will yield useful information to assist the profession in defining the appropriate assignment of tasks to hospital social workers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some problems of night and shift work: Is the physiological cost of long-lasting standard work the same at night as in daytime?

Physiological reactions to long-lasting physical work performed at different times of day were measured in 20 healthy men. Circadian variations in physiologic variables have been shown which indicated higher physiological cost, of night work. The conclusions providing the base for establishing the criteria and guiding principles for shift work are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is associated with low mortality in men, but little is known about the association in women, different age groups, and everyday activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between levels of physical activity during work, leisure time, cycling to work, and sports participation and all-cause mortality. DESIGN: Prospective study to assess different types of physical activity associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination. Mean follow-up from examination was 14.5 years. SETTING: Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 13,375 women and 17,265 men, 20 to 93 years of age, who were randomly selected. Physical activity was assessed by self-report, and health status, including blood pressure, total cholesterol level, triglyceride levels, body mass index, smoking, and educational level, was evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2,881 women and 5,668 men died. Compared with the sedentary, age- and sex-adjusted mortality rates in leisure time physical activity groups 2 to 4 were 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.71), 0.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.66), and 0.53 (95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.68), respectively, with no difference between sexes and age groups. Within the moderately and highly active persons, sports participants experienced only half the mortality of nonparticipants. Bicycling to work decreased risk of mortality in approximately 40% after multivariate adjustment, including leisure time physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Leisure time physical activity was inversely associated with all-cause mortality in both men and women in all age groups. Benefit was found from moderate leisure time physical activity, with further benefit from sports activity and bicycling as transportation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reliability and validity of Functional Capacity Evaluation methods: a systematic review with reference to Blankenship system, Ergos work simulator, Ergo-Kit and Isernhagen work system.

OBJECTIVES: Functional Capacity Evaluation methods (FCE) claim to measure the functional physical ability of a person to perform work-related tasks. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review the literature on the reliability and validity of four FCEs: the Blankenship system (BS), the ERGOS work simulator (EWS), the Ergo-Kit (EK) and the Isernhagen work system (IWS). METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in five databases (CINAHL, Medline, Embase, OSH-ROM and Picarta) using the following keywords and their synonyms: functional capacity evaluation, reliability and validity. The search strategy was performed for relevance in titles and abstracts, and the databases were limited to literature published between 1980 and April 2004. Two independent reviewers applied the inclusion criteria to select all relevant articles and evaluated the methodological quality of all included articles. RESULTS: The search resulted in 77 potential relevant references but only 12 papers were identified for inclusion and assessed for their methodological quality. The interrater reliability and predictive validity of the IWS were evaluated as good while the procedure used in the intrarater reliability (test-retest) studies was not rigorous enough to allow any conclusion. The concurrent validity of the EWS and EK was not demonstrated while no study was found on their reliability. No study was found on the reliability and validity of the BS. CONCLUSIONS: More rigorous studies are needed to demonstrate the reliability and the validity of FCE methods, especially the BS, EWS and EK.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

[Social work and health care = clinical social work competence and profile in an area that is hard to survey].

From the very beginning professional social work has been involved in health care. However, in our post modern society this area of competence has to be improved, and in order to compete with new health professions, a clear distinction has to be made. This is shown in important points of modern social work: Society perspective (health behaviour and public health circumstances), WHO perspective (health promotion) and psycho-social perspective (health care in social services). Health care under most difficult conditions asks for specialised competence that is to be developed in Germany as "Klinische Sozialarbeit" referring to international clinical social work standards.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptation to permanent night work: the number of consecutive work nights and motivated choice.

To study the effects of different patterns of days on and days off duty within a permanent night shift schedule, we studied two groups of female permanent night nurses, one (n = 42) working 'many' nights in a row, and the other (n = 36) working 'few' nights in a row. The groups were matched for several important moderating variables. All nurses were interviewed individually, and they answered several questionnaires. A MANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in subjective health between the two groups. Nor was any difference found for satisfaction measures. The many-night group however seemed to put more effort into dealing with their schedule; they used more active coping, had a higher cigarette consumption, and engaged more in sport. They also stayed one hour less in bed during the day after the last night shift. It is concluded that neither schedule was a clear threat to subjective health because the acceptance of permanent night work was the result of a motivated choice and because social support was high. The differences between the two schedules were not large enough to suggest that one of them should be favoured over the other.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of work-rest schedules with respect to the effects of postural workload in standing work.

The influence of four work-rest schedules (60-min shift-15-min break, 45-15, 30-15, 30-30) on acute effects of physical workload in the back and legs due to standing work was investigated in 12 poultry inspectors. Subjective discomfort in the legs and back, and swelling in the distal lower leg were significantly affected, with the 60-15 schedule leading to a higher postural load as compared with the other schedules. No effect on spinal shrinkage was found. It was concluded that the 60-15 schedule should be avoided. An optimal work-rest schedule considering visco-elastic deformation of the spine would probably involve frequent short breaks, whereas longer breaks would seem more effective considering leg swelling.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Social Work Admission Assessment Tool for identifying patients in need of comprehensive social work evaluation.

Early identification of patients who need a social work evaluation is integral to effective discharge planning. This article describes the development and application of the Social Work Admission Assessment Tool (SWAAT), a six-item scale that identifies patients with complicated discharge needs who require a social work evaluation. It addresses ambulation, mental status, living situation, current social services, self-perceived need for additional services, and need for assistance in going home. Based on their scores, patients are categorized as having low, intermediate, or high need. A greater proportion of high-need patients were discharged with services and had prolonged hospitalizations (p = .0001). The SWAAT is a comprehensive needs assessment tool that may facilitate discharge planning and improve quality of care.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Ensuring the stability of welfare-to-work exits: the importance of recipient knowledge about work incentives.

Welfare reform policies assume that recipients will increase work efforts if they are offered improved income and support services incentives. Yet, based on personal interviews with 60 welfare recipients, this study found that recipients often do not understand the incentives provided. This results both from a lack of knowledge about existing incentives and from confusion about eligibility rules and benefit calculations. Such knowledge deficits do not appear to be the result of lack of interest in working, but rather stem from the complexity of incentives. To improve recipient responsiveness and well-being, work incentives need to be simplified and strategies developed for better dissemination of information to recipients. Caseworkers must play a vital role in such efforts, because they often are the key to ensuring that recipients gain access to available benefits.

Case Management↗
PubMed2002

Does social work oppress evangelical christians? A "new class" analysis of society and social work.

This article argues that social work, informed by "new class" ideology, oppresses Evangelical Christians. The article discusses the rise of the "new class," along with its attendant ideology, which sanctions and legitimizes discrimination against Evangelicals and other people of faith. The role of social work, a "new class" profession, in the oppression of Evangelicals is profiled, and its inability to extend tolerance to this population is traced to its "new class" ideology, which inhibits it from functioning in accordance with its professed values and ethics. Consequently, the article suggests that social work is losing touch with numerous ethnic and religious minority groups, and unless the profession deconstructs the ideology that informs it, it will be unable to provide services to or facilitate dialogue among the increasingly diverse populations of North America.

Christianity↗
PubMed2003

The changing organization of work and the safety and health of working people: a commentary.

Recent trends in the organization of work may affect worker health through a variety of pathways--by increasing the risk of stress-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders, by increasing exposure to hazardous substances and violence on the job, or by affecting occupational health services and training programs. Much remains to be learned about the nature of changes in work organization, and how they affect worker health and safety. While available evidence is limited, such evidence suggests that recent trends in work organization may be increasing the risk of occupational illnesses. In a groundbreaking publication, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has provided a concise summary of available knowledge and a detailed agenda for research and development.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Issues in the development of social work information systems: the case of hospital social work departments.

Information systems have been proposed as a valuable resource for promoting the efficient and effective operation of hospital social service departments. However, the development and implementation process must overcome the tensions inherent to collection and utilization of structured information by social work practitioners. These include the need for quantified data about qualitative phenomena, compatibility with existing work routines, compatibility with norms and perceptions of information needs at different levels, and potential versus actual utilization of the data. The authors examine these issues and present strategies for dealing with them, in the context of a project to develop a country-wide information system for social work departments in general hospitals in Israel.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMed1998

[A survey on return to work and fitness for work in Japan: the systems provided in corporate regulations and their application].

We conducted a survey to evaluate the current situation and the application of systems for return to work (RTW) and fitness for work (FFW) in Japanese companies. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 351 occupational health (OH) physicians listed in the membership directory of the Japan Society for Occupational Health published in 1990. The item of information sought were the size and industrial type of the company, the organization of OH staff, the process of assessment of RTW, the provision for sick leave in corporate regulations, the FFW criteria, and job training systems for RTW. Of the 145 companies from which questionnaire replies were received from OH physicians (response rate: 41%), 123 (85%) were manufacturing industries. When classified according to the number of employees, 41 (28%) had 3000 or more, 66 (46%) had between 1000 and 2999, 26 (18%) had 999 or fewer and 12 (8%) were unknown. 144 companies (99%) had provisions on temporary retirement in their corporate regulations. As for who makes compensation during temporary retirement, 66 (48%) and 61 (44%) companies answered "both company and health insurance society" and "health insurance society alone," respectively. 136 companies (94%) carried out assessment of RTW, and involved OH professionals and other related staff in the process of assessment. In the majority of cases, the OH physicians were in charge of the decision-making process on RTW and were authorized to make the final decision. In the companies with 3000 or more employees, the cases of longer-term sick leave were assessed in a more complete process than those of shorter-term sick leave. 119 companies (88%) conducted on additional health examination to assess the employee's FFW. Sixty-four companies (47%) had standardized criteria on FFW. One hundred and eighteen companies (83%) had job training systems for employees' RTW, and they mainly introduced restricting one's job and/or reducing one's work-load. It was suggested that complete systems for RTW and FFW were more available among companies with 3000 or more employees than among companies with 2999 or fewer employees.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2001

[Work in the life of adolescents: various determinant factors for the early participation in the work market].

This study aims at clarifying determinant factors which impel adolescents to work through the comprehension of their reality and of the damages to health caused by the work process. It is a qualitative study based on the historical materialism and on the dialectic hermeneutics methodology. Empirical data were collected from an educational/mediating institution which qualified students for the labor market in Cascavel-PR, Brazil by means of documental analysis and semi-structured interviews. The determinant factors leading to work at an early age were: poverty, social inequality, income concentration, market demand, educational provision, educational standards, family constitution, determinations by the production system and the need for adolescents to have their own income.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Return-to-work interventions for low back pain: a descriptive review of contents and concepts of working mechanisms.

Low back pain is a major medical and social problem associated with disability, work absenteeism and high costs. Given the impact of the problem, there is a need for effective treatment interventions in occupational healthcare that aim at the prevention of chronic disability and the realisation of return to work. These so-called return-to-work (RTW) interventions are becoming increasingly popular. As well as questions concerning the effectiveness of RTW interventions, there are also important questions on the actual content and underlying concepts of these multifactorial intervention strategies. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature on the content and underlying concepts of RTW interventions for low back pain. A systematic literature search identified 14 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of 19 RTW interventions. The content and concepts of these RTW interventions are described, compared and discussed in this review. Further, the contents of the RTW interventions are classified by the use of predefined components (physical exercises, education, behavioural treatments and ergonomic measures). The identified RTW interventions varied with respect to the disciplines involved, the target population and the number and duration of sessions. The classification showed that physical exercises were a component of most of the selected interventions, followed by education, behavioural treatments and ergonomic measures. The most prevalent combination of components was the combination of physical exercises, behavioural treatment and education. However, the types of physical exercises, behavioural treatment and education varied widely among the RTW interventions. The described concepts for the physical exercises were an increase of muscle strength, coordination, range of motion of the spine and cardiovascular fitness, and a decrease of muscle tension. Education as a part of RTW interventions is believed to increase the understanding of patients regarding their disorder and treatment. Behavioural treatments were mainly based on the gate control theory of pain (psychophysiological processes are involved in pain perception) and/or the operant conditioning hypothesis (pain behaviour is determined by its consequences). No concepts were described for ergonomic measures. Finally, the plausibility of the described concepts is discussed. Future RCTs on this topic should evaluate the underlying concepts of the RTW intervention in addition to its effectiveness.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1975

[Role of A.A Ukhtomskiĭ in the development of the problems of work, working capacity and fatigue (peculiarities and characteristics of these states in various age periods)].

The data of research which has been carried out for years, are summarized. They are presented in a succession conforming to the A.A. Ukhtomsky views on the gradual enlargement of amplitude of muscles contraction, on capacity for work, and on fatigue. In the early postnatal period the phenomenon of gradual enlargement of amplitude of muscles contraction does not yet exist. It only appears after realizaiton of standing posture, when skeletal muscles transit from the type of tonic activity to the phasic--tetanic type. This phenomenon is due to that the first contractions induce hyperrelaxation which leads to the subsequent higher amplitude of contraction. The steady state of work capacity of neuromuscular system without any changes of amplitude, in the conditions of undisturbed circulation in the organism as a whole, can be maintained in all the periods of age for a long time without any signs of fatigue. This phenomenon takes place during the intervals between the contraction activity, the anabolic process having ample time to be completed. Such a form of work capacity is called stability. If the anabolic processes are unable to be completed during the intervals between the contractions, their amplitude gradually decreases reflecting the beginning of fatigue. The contractile activity which is going on during the fatigue state, is called endurance.

Age Factors↗