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PubMed1993

Comparison of whole, raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, or soybean meal and barley on digestive characteristics and performance of weaned beef steers consuming mature grass hay.

Two experiments were conducted to compare whole, raw soybeans (WSB), extruded soybeans (ESB), and soybean meal+barley (SBM+BAR) as supplemental protein sources for growing beef steers consuming low-quality, mature grass hay (6.5% CP). In Exp. 1, a 23-d digestion study, four ruminally cannulated steers were assigned to the following treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin square design: 1) control, no supplement; 2) 1.5 kg.animal-1.d-1 of WSB; 3) 1.36 kg.animal-1.d-1 of ESB; and 4) 1.48 kg.animal-1.d-1 of 62%:38% SBM+BAR. Apparent DM digestibility was increased by supplementation (P < .10), but NDF digestibility was not changed (P > .10). No differences in digestibility were observed among supplement treatments (P > .10). In situ rate and extent of supplement CP disappearance in Dacron bags did not differ among supplements (P > .10), but extent of DM disappearance was greater for WSB than for ESB (P < .10). In situ rate of forage NDF disappearance was decreased by protein supplementation (P = .10). In Exp. 2, 40 Polled Hereford and Red Angus x Simmental weanling steer calves were stratified by weight (average BW, 250 kg) and allotted randomly to one of two replications of the four treatments used in Exp. 1 (eight pens, five animals per pen). Forage DMI was not affected by treatment (P > .10). Average daily gain and feed efficiency were increased by supplementation (P < .05). Supplement source had no effect on intake or ADG (P > .10), but ESB tended to exhibit better feed efficiency than WSB (P = .10). In conclusion, WSB and ESB seem to be as effective as SBM+BAR protein supplements for growing beef cattle. In addition, WSB and ESB, at the levels used in these experiments, can be incorporated into diets for cattle consuming low-quality roughage without deleterious effects on fiber digestion or subsequent performance.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1998

The feeding value of dry-rolled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle: influence of protein supplementation.

We used 80 medium-framed yearling crossbred heifers (357 kg) in a 110-d trial to evaluate the influence of dietary protein level (11 vs 14%) on the feeding value of dry-rolled (DRC) and steam-flaked corn (SFC). All diets contained 1% urea; cottonseed meal (CSM) was the source of supplemental undegradable intake protein (UIP). Steam flaking corn reduced DMI (9%, P < .10) and increased (P < .01) feed efficiency (14%), dietary NEm (13%), and NEg (15%). Steam flaking increased the NEm by 17% and NEg by 19%. Supplemental CSM decreased (P < .10) feed efficiency (7%) and dietary NEm (4%) and NEg (6%). There were no treatment effects (P > .10) on carcass characteristics. Steam flaking corn increased (P < .05) fecal pH and reduced (P < .01) fecal starch. Supplemental CSM increased (P < .01) fecal pH and reduced (P < .01) fecal starch. Four Holstein steers (413 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate treatment effects on digestive function. Steam flaking corn increased (P < .05) flow of nonammonia N (11%, P < .05) and microbial N (15%, P < .01) to the duodenum. Supplemental CSM increased the flow of microbial N (6%, P < .01), feed N (21%, P < .10), and nonammonia N (12%, P < .05) to the duodenum. The UIP value of CSM was 28% for the DRC diet and 52% for the SFC diet. Steam flaking corn increased (P < .01) ruminal starch digestion (26%) and total tract digestibility of OM (17%), N (15%), starch (19%), and GE (17%). Steam flaking increased the DE value of corn by 21%. Supplemental CSM did not influence (P > .10) postruminal or total tract starch digestion. Supplemental CSM decreased (7%, P < .10) the DE value of the diet. We conclude that increasing the postruminal protein supply of a corn-based finishing diet beyond that provided by urea supplementation, alone, will not enhance starch digestion or the energy value of the diet.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2000

Influence of the stocking density and rearing season on incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens.

Influences of the stocking density and rearing season on the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) were investigated in commercial broiler chickens, which were reared until 63 d after birth. The SDS mortality and total mortality were measured at three different stocking densities of 12, 15, and 18 birds/m2 in rearing seasons of summer, autumn, and winter. At stocking densities of 15 and 12 birds/m2, neither SDS mortality nor total mortality was significantly different throughout the rearing season. However, at 18 birds/m2, SDS mortality significantly increased in summer and winter. The increased SDS mortality was accompanied by a significant increase in total mortality in summer but not in winter. Irrespective of the stocking density, body weight gain and feed intake were lower in summer with no significant change in feed efficiency. The data suggest that stocking density can act as a factor affecting the incidence of SDS in summer and winter, independent of feed efficiency.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effect of a hot environment on performance, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites of pigs treated with porcine somatotropin.

A study was conducted to compare the effects of a single 100-mg recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) implant on performance, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites of 40 finishing pigs exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C) or hot environment (H; 27 to 35 degrees C) for 28 or 35 d. Pigs in H gained at a slower rate (P less than .01) than pigs in TN. Control and rpST-treated pigs gained at similar rates in respective environments. The rpST-treated pigs consumed 13% less feed (P less than .01) than the control pigs in both environments, and pigs in H consumed 19% less feed (P less than .01) than pigs in TN. Feed efficiency for rpST-treated pigs was 15% better (P less than .01) than that for control pigs; environment had no effect on feed efficiency. When slaughtered, pigs treated with rpST had less (P less than .01) leaf fat and less (P less than .01) 10th rib backfat than control pigs. Pigs in H had a lower (P less than .01) final BW and less leaf fat and backfat than pigs in TN. The rpST and H had various effects on blood hormones and metabolites. The results demonstrated that the benefits of this form of rpST treatment achieved under TN were also achieved in H with no interactions between the hormone and environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Characterization of straightbred and crossbred rabbits for milk production and associative traits.

Two hundred twenty-five lactation and litter performance records from 82 does representing four genetic groups and two diets were analyzed to quantify breed, heterosis, reciprocal F1 cross and diet effects for milk production and associative traits. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbred and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Pelleted diets fed to does and litters were either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa diet. Three sire breeds of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbreds. Doe genetic group and diet were important sources of variation (P less than .05) for all traits examined except for litter milk efficiency (litter gain/milk intake) and doe feed efficiency (milk yield/feed intake). The sire breed of litter effect did not influence (P greater than .05) lactational performance of does nor associative preweaning traits. Straightbred NN does were heavier at kindling, yielded more milk, reared a heavier litter by 21 d and were more efficient in converting feed into milk than were straightbred CC does (P less than .01). Significant heterosis was detected for milk production and for litter size and weight at 21 d. Reciprocal differences between crossbred doe groups were observed (P less than .05) for litter milk efficiency and doe feed intake. The 74% alfalfa diet was superior to the commercial control diet for effects on milk production and litter size and weight at 21 d, although doe feed intake was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1996

Dietary copper level affects copper metabolism during lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress in chicks.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of dietary Cu level on Cu metabolism during the acute phase response in broiler chicks with adequate (Experiment 1) or deficient (Experiment 2) Cu. Diets based on cornstarch and isolated soybean protein were used to formulate a basal diet, and basal diet plus either 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg additional Cu as either CuO or CuSO4. Each diet was fed to six pens of five chicks per pen (Experiment 1) or eight pens of five chicks (Experiment 2). Half of the chicks on each diet were injected with Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on alternate days. In Experiment 1, LPS significantly decreased daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency (P < 0.01) and increased the concentration of Cu in blood plasma (P < 0.01). In the uninjected birds, adding 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg Cu as CuO or 15 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 increased the rate of gain over that of chicks fed the basal diet. In the birds challenged with LPS, 10 mg/kg Cu as CuO increased the rate of gain and efficiency compared to those of chicks fed the basal diet. Addition of CuSO4 to the diet of chicks challenged with LPS did not affect gain, intake, or feed efficiency compared to those of chicks fed the basal diet. Ceruloplasmin levels were higher in chicks challenged with LPS than in control chicks (P = 0.03), and this difference tended to be greater in chickens fed CuO than in chickens fed CuSO4 (P = 0.07). In chicks challenged with LPS, feeding CuO at all levels and feeding CuSO4 to give 10 or 15 mg/kg Cu increased ceruloplasmin levels above that of chicks fed the basal diet. Hepatic Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn SOD were not influenced by dietary Cu level or source or LPS. Results of Experiment 2 were similar to those of Experiment 1 except that supplemental CuSO4 and CuO gave similar increases in gain and CuSO4 was more effective at increasing ceruloplasmin levels. Chicks given supplemental Cu had higher ceruloplasmin levels following challenge with LPS than Cu-deficient chicks fed the basal diet. Apparently, Cu requirements are higher for chicks experiencing an acute phase response than for healthy chicks.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗

PubMed1987

Limiting amino acids in an 11% crude protein corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that methionine, isoleucine, valine or nitrogen either singly or in combination are limiting in an 11% crude protein, lysine-tryptophan-threonine-supplemented, corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs. A 16% crude protein diet was used as a positive control in each experiment and all amino acid additions were made, at a minimum, to equal requirements. Average initial weights were 21.3 kg, 23.0 kg and 19.1 kg in Exp. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The experiments averaged 4 wk in duration. In Exp. 1 and 2, neither the addition of glutamic acid as a source of nitrogen, nor methionine to the 11% diet resulted in any improvement (P greater than .20) in rate or efficiency of growth. Addition of the combination of isoleucine and valine to the 11% diet resulted in an increase (P less than .05) in both growth rate and feed efficiency to a level not different (P greater than .20) from that of the pigs consuming the positive control diet. The addition of valine to the 11% crude protein diet with supplemental lysine, tryptophan and threonine (Exp. 3) caused an improvement in daily gain (P less than .05) but not feed efficiency (P greater than .10). Isoleucine addition tended to reduce pig performance. The results of these experiments suggest that an 11% crude protein, corn-soybean meal diet fortified with lysine, tryptophan and threonine is not limiting in sulfur amino acids or nitrogen. Valine may be the only limiting amino acid.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1975

Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction in rats fed varietal cauliflower leaves.

Leaves from a standard, insect-susceptible cauliflower variety and an insect-resistant strain were formulated at either 10 or 25% into semipurified diets for male and female weanling rats. After 3 weeks, relative liver weights, microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450, and activities of hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, and N-methylaniline N-demethylase were determined. Growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency of male rats were not affected by the inclusion of the dried cauliflower leaf in the diet. However, female rats exhibited a depressed feed intake and increased feed efficiency with cauliflower leaf supplemental diets. Relative liver weights increased with increasing percentage of cauliflower leaves in the diet. Hepatic microsomal enzyme response to cauliflower leaf supplementation of the diet was greater in males than in females. Only aniline hydroxylase activity remained unchanged by the test diets. Male rats showed significant increases in N- and O-demethylation with both the 10 and 25% cauliflower diets, and increased values for microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 at the 25% supplemental level. Female rats did not show significant hepatic microsomal induction from cauliflower leaf consumption at the 10% level. However, cytochrome P-450 and the metabolism of aminopyrine and p-nitroanisole were enhanced by consumption of cauliflower leaves at 25% of their diet. None of the parameters tested in this study evidenced a difference between the two cauliflower cultivars fed to either sex.

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase↗

PubMed1975

Methionine replacement value of N-acetylmethionine and homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride for growing rats.

The ability of young growing rats to absorb DL-homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride (HCTL-HCl) and N-acetyl-DL-methionine (NAM) and to use them for growth when fed a methionine-deficient diet was studied. In situ intestinal absorption studies demonstrated that both compounds are readily absorbed. Intestinal half-times were 24 minutes for NDTL-HCl and 44 minutes for NAM. Adding molar equivalents of 0.2 or 0.4% methionine to a 0.2% methionine basal diet fed ad libitum resulted in 28-day gains that were 83.2 and 91.1%, respectively, for NCTL-HCl and 94.6 and 99.8% for NAM of the average gain resulting when DL-methionine was added at equivalent levels. Feed efficiencies were also significantly (P smaller than 0.05) improved over rats fed the basal diet. Increasing the HCTL-HCl addition to 0.6% reduced feed intake and gain but not feed efficiency.

Acetates↗

PubMed1981

Sulfur amino acid requirements of immature Beagle dogs.

The methionine and total sulfur amino acid requirements of growing Beagle dogs were determined using diets containing purified L-amino acids as the sole nitrogen source. In the presence of 0.60% dietary L-cystine, optimal growth, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention were attained in dogs fed diets containing 0.20% or more L-methionine. Two additional experiments revealed that maximal growth, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention occurred in growing dogs fed diets containing 0.20% L-methionine and supplemented with 0.15% or more L-cystine. Therefore, the total sulfur amino acid requirement was estimated to be 0.39% methionine. Cystine, on an isosulfurous basis could effectively supply up to approximately 50% of the total sulfur amino acid requirement. In crystalline amino acid diets, D-methionine, DL-methionine, N-acetyl-L-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were effective in replacing the L-methionine requirement of growing Beagles. N-acetyl-D-methionine, however, was not efficiently utilized as a substitute for dietary methionine.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗

PubMed1994

Lack of interactions between dietary lysine or strain cross and photoschedule for male broiler performance and carcass yield.

The purpose of this study was to test interactions of dietary lysine or strain crosses provided increased lysine with photoschedule on broiler performance and carcass quality. In Experiment 1, treatments were factorially arranged as two lysine levels [control grower and finisher (NRC, 1984) or control grower and finisher plus .15% L-lysine HCl] and two photoschedules [23 h light (L):1 h dark (D) or 14L:10D]. All birds received a control starter feed and dietary treatments were initiated at 22 d of age. In Experiment 2, treatments were factorially arranged as two strain crosses [Peterson x Arbor Acres (PAA) or Ross x Ross (RR)] and two photoschedules (23L or 16L). All birds received standard starter and standard grower and finisher plus .15% L-lysine HCl. There were no lysine by photoschedule or strain cross by photoschedule interactions in this study. The high-lysine diet increased BW, improved feed efficiency, increased lean carcass weight and yield of breast meat, and decreased abdominal fat and yield of thighs. The PAA strain cross had better feed conversion, fewer Grade A carcasses, more back bruises and breast blisters, greater yield of wings and drumsticks, and less yield of breast meat than RR. The 23L had greater BW, better feed efficiency, fewer breast blisters, greater carcass weight (Experiment 1), more abdominal fat (Experiment 2), lower yield of wings (Experiment 1), drumsticks, and thighs, and greater yield of breast meat than the treatments with shorter photoschedules. Increased dietary lysine did not compensate for decreased breast meat yield associated with 14L (Experiment 1).

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of ethanol on maternal and offspring characteristics: comparison of three liquid diet formulations fed during gestation.

Maternal blood alcohol levels, weight gain during pregnancy, parturition time, perinatal mortality, and postnatal growth of offspring were compared in groups of pregnant rats fed one of three ethanol-containing liquid diets (Kahn's formula = BSA diet, Revised Wiener's = RA6 diet, and Lieber-DeCarli's high protein 82C diet = LDA diet). The three ethanol diets all contained the same amount of ethanol-derived energy (36% of total energy), but differed in the amount of energy contributed by protein (17, 30, and 25%), fat (36, 24, and 13%), and carbohydrate (12, 10, and 27%), respectively. The experimental design also included dams that were pair-fed isocaloric ethanol-free versions of the three ethanol diets (designated BSP, RP6, and LDA, respectively) and a group of dams fed a pelleted casein-based solid diet (PC diet). All experimental diets were fed ad libitum from gestational day 7 to delivery. The effect of ethanol exposure in utero was most severe in mothers and offspring fed the BSA diet. The feed efficiency ratio (maternal weight gain/total dietary energy consumed) of this low-protein ethanol diet was less than that of RA6 or LDA diets. The feed efficiency ratio calculated for RA6 and LDA diets was not different from that of PC diet. Compared with rats fed RA6 and LDA diets, the rats that were fed BSA diet exhibited deficient maternal weight gain, greater parturition delay, impaired fetal growth, and increased perinatal mortality among the offspring. BSA dams had the highest blood ethanol levels of all groups fed ethanol diets, and exhibited the least difference in blood ethanol concentrations between the day (2 PM) and night (9 PM) periods of the diurnal cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1994

The effect of dietary protein on performance and immune response in weanling pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge.

A total of 96, 21-d-old, crossbred weanling pigs (average initial weight was 6.0 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments to investigate the effect of dietary protein on performance and immune function of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged and unchallenged pigs. A control diet was formulated to contain 14.7 MJ of DE/kg, 14 g of CP/MJ of DE, and 7 g of lysine/100 g of CP. Diets low and high in protein were formulated by changing protein levels to 60 or 120% of the control diet. On d 7 and 21, pigs were challenged with either a LPS solution or a saline solution. Lymphocyte blastogenesis was measured 2 d after LPS challenges and antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or ovalbumin was measured 3 d after the challenges. Gain and feed consumption were determined 3 d after each LPS injection and at weekly intervals for a total period of 5 wk. Injection of LPS decreased daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and efficiency of protein utilization (P < .05). No interactive effects between LPS challenge and dietary protein were observed for pig performance (P > .10). Daily gain and feed efficiency were improved when protein level was increased from 60 to 100% of the control diet (P < .01). Efficiency of protein utilization for weight gain was lower when the 120% protein diet was fed (P < .01). Antibody response to SRBC or ovalbumin was not affected by treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Effect of dietary boron on growth performance, calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and bone mechanical properties in growing barrows.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary boron (B) on growth performance, bone mechanical properties, and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism in pigs. Thirty-six barrows were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly assigned to receive one of three dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) low-B basal diet (control), 2) basal + 5 mg B/kg diet, and 3) basal + 15 mg B/kg diet. Boron was supplemented as sodium borate. Barrows remained on their respective experimental diets throughout the nursery (35 d) and growing (30 d) phases of production. Blood samples were obtained from each barrow at the end of each phase. Following the 30-d growing period, eight barrows per treatment were transferred to stainless steel metabolism crates. Barrows had an adjustment period of 7 d, followed by a 7-d total collection of urine and feces. All barrows were fed at 90% of the previous ad libitum grower intake of the control animals during the adjustment and collection periods. At the end of the 7-d collection period, barrows were killed and femurs and fibulas were harvested for the assessment of bone mechanical properties. During the nursery phase, ADG and ADFI were increased (P < 0.05) by B supplementation. Boron did not affect (P = 0.34) feed efficiency during the nursery phase. During the growing phase, ADG and ADFI were increased (P < 0.05) by B supplementation. Boron did not affect (P = 0.97) feed efficiency during the growing phase. Boron did not affect (P = 0.44) bone ash percentage, but B supplementation increased (P < 0.05) bone ash P. Ultimate shear force of the fibula was increased (P < 0.05) in barrows supplemented with 15 mg B/kg diet compared to barrows fed diets supplemented with 5 mg B/kg diet. Apparent absorption and retention of Ca and P were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary B. These data indicate that B supplementation to pigs can increase growth and bone strength without greatly affecting Ca and P metabolism.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1975

Use of 1,3-butanediol for lactation and growth in cattle.

These studies have been designed to test whether 1,3-butanediol (BD) alleviates milk fat depression in lactating cows, to observe physiological changes in blood and rumen constituents when BD is fed to cows or growing cattle, and to test the effects of BD on growth rates and feed efficiency in growing cattle. In trials with lactating cows, milk fat percentage and total fat production were higher for cows fed BD than for controls. Feeding BD to either cows or growing cattle had no consistent effect on rumen pH or relative concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids. 1,3-Butanediol feeding had little effect on blood glucose concentrations. Feeding more than 4% BD in diets sometimes caused increased concentrations of blood ketones. In trials where growing cattle were fed 4% BD, rates of gain and feed efficiency were at least as good as and often better than those of cattle fed the same diets without BD. Body composition was not significantly affected. 1,3-Butanediol can be utilized effectively as an energy source for cattle and causes no obvious problems with 4% in diets.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed1995

Effect of corn hybrid and grain processing method on rate of starch disappearance and performance of finishing cattle.

Two trials evaluated the effects of different corn hybrids on in vitro rate of starch disappearance and finishing cattle performance. Hybrids were selected, based on in vitro rate of starch disappearance (A = fastest, B = intermediate, C = slowest). In Trial 1, hybrids A and B were fed as dry-rolled and early-harvested, high-moisture (28%) corn and hybrid C was fed as dry-rolled corn. Cattle fed dry-rolled hybrid A gained faster (P < .10) and more efficiently (P < .10) than cattle fed dry-rolled hybrids B and C. No differences were observed in DMI, quality grade, or fat thickness among hybrids fed dry-rolled. Dry matter intake was lower (P < .10) and feed efficiency was improved (P < .10) for cattle fed corn hybrids A and B as high-moisture corn compared with those same hybrids fed dry-rolled. In Trial 2, hybrids A, B, and C were fed as dry-rolled and early-harvested, high-moisture (29, 28, and 29% moisture, respectively) corn. Performance and carcass measurements were not affected by hybrid fed. Cattle fed high-moisture corn gained faster (P < .10), consumed less DM (P < .01), and were more efficient (P < .01) than cattle fed the same hybrids dry-rolled. Across trials, hybrids, and processing methods, in vitro rate of starch disappearance was correlated with feed efficiency (r2 = .58, P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of the first suck burst to feeding outcomes in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between the number of sucks in the first nutritive suck burst and feeding outcomes in preterm infants. The relationships of morbidity, maturity, and feeding experience to the number of sucks in the first suck burst were also examined. METHODS: A non-experimental study of 95 preterm infants was used. Feeding outcomes included proficiency (percent consumed in first 5 min of feeding), efficiency (volume consumed over total feeding time), consumed (percent consumed over total feeding), and feeding success (proficiency >or=0.3, efficiency >or=1.5 mL/min, and consumed >or=0.8). Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant positive relationships between number of sucks in the first burst and all feeding outcomes-proficiency, efficiency, consumed, and success (r=0.303, 0.365, 0.259, and tau=0.229, P<.01, respectively). The number of sucks in the first burst was also positively correlated to behavior state and feeding experience (tau=0.104 and r=0.220, P<.01, respectively). Feeding experience was the best predictor of feeding outcomes; the number of sucks in the first suck burst also contributed significantly to all feeding outcomes. The findings suggest that as infants gain experience at feeding, the first suck burst could be a useful indicator for how successful a particular feeding might be.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1987

Nutritive value of new cultivars of triticale and wheat for broiler chick diets.

Three experiments were conducted with broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age to evaluate Florida 301 variety of wheat and Beagle 82 variety of triticale. In Experiment 1, a completely randomized design (CRD) was used for five dietary treatments: yellow corn-soy (control), triticale-soy, yellow corn-triticale-soy, wheat-soy and yellow corn-wheat-soy. Diets were balanced to maintain equal levels of sulfur amino acids and lysine and were kept isocaloric (3,124 kcal/kg) using corn oil. In Experiment 2, a CRD was used for 10 dietary treatments. Each grain was substituted partially and totally for corn on both iso and nonisocaloric basis. Animal fat was the supplemental fat source. In Experiment 3, a CRD was used for 8 dietary treatments. Each grain was substituted for corn isocalorically using corn oil, animal fat, or both as supplemental fat sources. Results from these experiments showed that Florida 301 wheat is an excellent cereal grain for broiler chicks as measured by feed efficiency and growth response, which was numerically but not significantly greater than with a corn-soy control diet. Growth response was inconsistent with Beagle 82 triticale throughout the three experiments. However, feed efficiency was better with triticale diets than corn-based diets.

Animal Feed↗