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Results for “Auditory Perception”

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PubMed2003

Hearing of a presence.

Here we describe a patient with epilepsy (secondary to left parieto-temporal brain damage) suffering from the paroxysmal unilateral experience of hearing a person in her near extrapersonal space. The paroxysmal auditory experience was associated with a deficit in spatial auditory perception and other paroxysmal disorders of somatognosia. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the paroxysmal hearing of a person nearby corresponds to an auditory disorder of somatognosia.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[Oto-neuro-surgical approach and accessibility to the cochlear nuclei. Significance in auditory brain stem implant].

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is now used to stimulate the cochlear nucleus to obtain auditory perception in patients with type 2 neurofibromatosis. Only electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus complex, in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, can achieve auditory rehabilitation of these profound bilateral retrocochlear deafness. With 20 standard translabyrinthine approaches, our personal anatomical study propose to describe surgical landmarks of the cochlear nuclear complex and surgical accessibility of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. The root of vestibulocochlear nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle might have surgical significance because of their reliability.

Brain Stem↗

PubMed2004

A neural representation of pitch salience in nonprimary human auditory cortex revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Pitch, one of the primary auditory percepts, is related to the temporal regularity or periodicity of a sound. Previous functional brain imaging work in humans has shown that the level of population neural activity in centers throughout the auditory system is related to the temporal regularity of a sound, suggesting a possible relationship to pitch. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure activation in response to harmonic tone complexes whose temporal regularity was identical, but whose pitch salience (or perceptual pitch strength) differed, across conditions. Cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, and primary auditory cortex did not show significant differences in activation level between conditions. Instead, a correlate of pitch salience was found in the neural activity levels of a small, spatially localized region of nonprimary auditory cortex, overlapping the anterolateral end of Heschl's gyrus. The present data contribute to converging evidence that anterior areas of nonprimary auditory cortex play an important role in processing pitch.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Temporal window of integration in auditory-visual speech perception.

Forty-three normal hearing participants were tested in two experiments, which focused on temporal coincidence in auditory visual (AV) speech perception. In these experiments, audio recordings of/pa/and/ba/were dubbed onto video recordings of /ba/or/ga/, respectively (ApVk, AbVg), to produce the illusory "fusion" percepts /ta/, or /da/ [McGurk, H., & McDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746-747]. In Experiment 1, an identification task using McGurk pairs with asynchronies ranging from -467 ms (auditory lead) to +467 ms was conducted. Fusion responses were prevalent over temporal asynchronies from -30 ms to +170 ms and more robust for audio lags. In Experiment 2, simultaneity judgments for incongruent and congruent audiovisual tokens (AdVd, AtVt) were collected. McGurk pairs were more readily judged as asynchronous than congruent pairs. Characteristics of the temporal window over which simultaneity and fusion responses were maximal were quite similar, suggesting the existence of a 200 ms duration asymmetric bimodal temporal integration window.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1996

Changes in late auditory evoked potentials induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin fragment 4-9 in male controls.

In order to investigate influences of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and corticotropin fragment (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH, 4-9) on auditory perception processes, 10 subjects received either a placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%), CRH (100 micrograms) or ACTH 4-9 (Hoe 427, 300 micrograms) intravenously on different days. Late auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were computed and further analyzed using the brain electric source analysis method. As expected, CRH administration was followed by a rise in plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations, whereas the injection of the ACTH 4-9 fragment did not alter plasma cortisol concentrations. In contrast to these different hormonal responses, both CRH and ACTH 4-9 modulated AEP in a similar manner, differing in quantity rather than in quality. The changes in AEP after the administration of ACTH 4-9 were most likely induced by a direct CNS action, whereas for the CRH effects, an indirect mechanism throughout the release of endogenous ACTH must be considered.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2000

Deficit in sensory motor processing in depression and Alzheimer's disease: a study with EMG and event related potentials.

Event related potentials have been examined in depression and Alzheimer disease like clinical utility. To evaluate the influence of visual and auditory stimuli on the P300 latency we studied 12 patients with major depression, 12 patients with Alzheimer disease and 12 normal subjects. The experimental tasks applied was, first a series of 300 auditory stimuli, 255 (85%), with tones of 1,000 Hz, and considered as the frequent stimulus, whereas 45 (15%) were tones of 2,000 Hz and referred as the rare stimulus. A second series of 300 visual stimuli, 255 (85%) that were black circles on a white background, and considered the frequent stimulus (9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration), whereas 45 (15%) were black squares on a white background and referred as the rare stimulus (9 cm diameter, 200 ms duration) in the centre of a computer screen. The results show an increase of P300 latency in depressive and Alzheimer patients during auditory and visual tasks. Differences were found in reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli in Alzheimer disease. These results are consistent with an impairment in brain function in depressive patients that is associated with cortical hypoactivity and deficits in perceptive, auditory or visual, functions, whereas deterioration in Alzheimer's disease is sensorymotor, according to the slowness latency in the reaction time.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1987

Simulation of sensorineural hearing impairment.

A hearing loss simulation system (HELOS) was designed and constructed to simulate various aspects of sensorineural hearing impairment. The theoretical bases for HELOS were several threshold and suprathreshold auditory phenomena typically exhibited by people with sensorineural hearing losses. In addition to providing differential attenuation of acoustic signals across the frequency range, HELOS simulated loudness recruitment, loudness discomfort thresholds, reduced dynamic range, and reduced frequency selectivity. Three basic audiometric configurations were chosen to investigate the effects of the aforementioned components of a sensorineural hearing impairment on the auditory perception of speech. They were: (1) a sloping high-frequency hearing loss; (2) a flat, severe hearing loss; (3) a severe/profound hearing loss. The battery of tests administered to a group of normal-hearing adults consisted of pure-tone audiometry and PB-word recognition tests, as well as vowel and consonant identification tests. For comparable audiometric configurations, the results from the speech-perception tests were in good agreement with the published results of similar tests administered to persons with sensorineural hearing losses.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Recruitment of fusiform face area associated with listening to degraded speech sounds in auditory-visual speech perception: a PET study.

For the fast and accurate cognition of external information, the human brain seems to integrate information from multi-sensory modalities. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to identify the brain areas related to auditory-visual speech perception. We measured the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of young, normal volunteers during the presentation of dynamic facial movement at vocalization and during a visual control condition (visual noise), both under the two different auditory conditions of normal and degraded speech sounds. The subjects were instructed to listen carefully to the presented speech sound while keeping their eyes open and to say what they heard. The PET data showed that elevation of rCBF in the right fusiform gyrus (known as the "face area") was not significant when the subjects listened to normal speech sound accompanied by a dynamic image of the speaker's face, but was significant when degraded speech sound (filtered with a 500 Hz low-pass filter) was presented with the facial image. The results of the present study confirm the possible involvement of the fusiform face area (FFA) in auditory-visual speech perception, especially when auditory information is degraded, and suggest that visual information is interactively recruited to make up for insufficient auditory information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Speech and melody recognition in binaurally combined acoustic and electric hearing.

Speech recognition in noise and music perception is especially challenging for current cochlear implant users. The present study utilizes the residual acoustic hearing in the nonimplanted ear in five cochlear implant users to elucidate the role of temporal fine structure at low frequencies in auditory perception and to test the hypothesis that combined acoustic and electric hearing produces better performance than either mode alone. The first experiment measured speech recognition in the presence of competing noise. It was found that, although the residual low-frequency (<1000 Hz) acoustic hearing produced essentially no recognition for speech recognition in noise, it significantly enhanced performance when combined with the electric hearing. The second experiment measured melody recognition in the same group of subjects and found that, contrary to the speech recognition result, the low-frequency acoustic hearing produced significantly better performance than the electric hearing. It is hypothesized that listeners with combined acoustic and electric hearing might use the correlation between the salient pitch in low-frequency acoustic hearing and the weak pitch in the envelope to enhance segregation between signal and noise. The present study suggests the importance and urgency of accurately encoding the fine-structure cue in cochlear implants.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1999

Anesthesia and the electrophysiology of auditory consciousness.

Empirical work is reviewed which correlates the presence or absence of various parts of the auditory evoked potential with the disappearance and reemergence of auditory sensation during induction of and recovery from anesthesia. As a result, the hypothesis is generated that the electrophysiological correlate of auditory sensation is whatever neural activity generates the middle latency waves of the auditory evoked potential. This activity occurs from 20 to 80 ms poststimulus in the primary and secondary areas of the auditory cortex. Evidence is presented suggesting that earlier or later waves in the auditory evoked potential do not covary with auditory sensation (as opposed to auditory perception) and it is therefore suggested that they are possibly not the electrophysiological correlates of sensation.

Anesthetics↗

PubMed2006

Functional imaging of the central auditory system using PET.

In the last few decades functional neuroimaging tools have emerged to study the function of the human brain in vivo. These techniques have increased the knowledge of how the brain processes stimuli of different sensory modalities, including auditory processing. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used for nearly 20 years to study changes in cerebral blood flow associated with auditory stimulation in normal and hearing impaired subjects. PET studies gave insight into the neural base of processing basic sound features such as frequency and intensity, but complex stimuli such as speech and music have also been investigated extensively. Knowledge of the normal auditory function of the brain helps us to understand the neural base of hearing deficits and provides ideas for possible treatments. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is replacing PET in many neuroimaging studies nowadays, PET still holds unique advantages and can give us valuable knowledge about the auditory cortex and auditory perception.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Deficits in speech perception predict language learning impairment.

Specific language impairment (SLI) is one of the most common childhood disorders, affecting 7% of children. These children experience difficulties in understanding and producing spoken language despite normal intelligence, normal hearing, and normal opportunities to learn language. The causes of SLI are still hotly debated, ranging from nonlinguistic deficits in auditory perception to high-level deficits in grammar. Here, we show that children with SLI have poorer-than-normal consonant identification when measured in ecologically valid conditions of stationary or fluctuating masking noise. The deficits persisted even in comparison with a younger group of normally developing children who were matched for language skills. This finding points to a fundamental deficit. Information transmission of all phonetic features (voicing, place, and manner) was impaired, although the deficits were strongest for voicing (e.g., difference between/b/and/p/). Children with SLI experienced perfectly normal "release from masking" (better identification in fluctuating than in stationary noise), which indicates a central deficit in feature extraction rather than deficits in low-level, temporal, and spectral auditory capacities. We further showed that speech identification in noise predicted language impairment to a great extent within the group of children with SLI and across all participants. Previous research might have underestimated this important link, possibly because speech perception has typically been investigated in optimal listening conditions using non-speech material. The present study suggests that children with SLI learn language deviantly because they inefficiently extract and manipulate speech features, in particular, voicing. This result offers new directions for the fast diagnosis and remediation of SLI.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Clinical study of butane gas abuse: in comparison with toluene-based solvent and marihuana].

We reported 2 cases of patients who abused butane gas, toluene-based solvent and marihuana. They showed different signs in the each substance, respectively. Butane gas was easier to make visual hallucinations and distorted perception of body form, and was less potent and addictive than toluene-based solvent. Spontaneous laughter and the most amotivational state were characterized by marihuana intoxication. Alteration of auditory perception that simple music sounded wonderful was also experienced. Furthermore, the above symptoms were thought to change by the order of taking the substance. Therefore, it is needed to examine the order of the use of drugs and clarify differences of symptoms in abuse among drugs, respectively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Disorders of auditory identification in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Fifteen patients with probable DAT and 18 matched controls were given tests that required the identification of verbal (phonemes and words) and non verbal (sounds and melodies) stimuli. In all tests, DAT patients made significantly more errors than controls. Errors predominated in non verbal tests in both groups. DAT patients (and, to a lesser degree, control subjects) made almost exclusively acoustic errors in word-identification, while errors in the identification of sounds and melodies could be either semantic or acoustic. Some categories of errors were observed predominantly in DAT patients. These results suggest that, in addition to their cognitive impairment, DAT patients have a specific deficiency of central auditory perception.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Differential characteristics of the middle latency auditory evoked magnetic responses to interstimulus intervals.

OBJECTIVE: The human middle latency auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded with different interstimulus intervals (ISI) to investigate the differential natures of P30m and the P50m, including whether the P50m source was spatially different or not from the P30m source. METHODS: Twenty right-handed healthy subjects participated in the experiment. Auditory magnetic responses were recorded in the 0.5 s ISI (ISI were between 0.4 and 0.6 s) and the 1.5 s ISI conditions (ISI were between 1 and 2 s). Tone bursts were presented to the right ears 880 times consecutively for each condition. The P30m and the P50m responses were investigated, and the dipole source localization was performed. RESULTS: The P50m latency was significantly prolonged, while the P30m latency did not vary in the shorter ISI. Both P50m and P30m amplitudes were significantly reduced in the shorter ISI. The P50m was located significantly more anteriorly than P30m. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the existence of differential characteristic and spatially different magnetic responses in the middle latency range. SIGNIFICANCE: This study has revealed one aspect of the different natures between P30m and P50m, and may provide a key for auditory perceptional processes in humans.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Regeneration of adult budgerigar's hair cells following acoustic trauma.

The functional and structural changes of hair cells of the adult budgerigar following acoustic trauma were examined using auditory brainstem response (ABR), and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Just after exposure to a 1,500-Hz pure tone at 120 dBSPL for 98 h, severe damages and disappearance of short hair cells were observed in the middle region of the basilar papilla. Fourteen days after the exposure, the threshold of ABR recovered to the level before the exposure, and normal short hair cells, which have synapses with nerve endings, were rearranged all over the damaged region of the basilar papilla. These results indicate that the hair cells of the adult budgerigar have capability to regenerate, and to restore the auditory perceptive function following acoustic trauma.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of subchronic d-amphetamine on prepulse and gap inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in rats.

Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex has been used as an animal model for information processing deficits found in some types of schizophrenia. These deficits may be mediated by hypersensitive dopaminergic systems. In the present study, the effects of subchronic d-amphetamine administration [2 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP)] on prepulse and gap inhibition of the startle reflex were compared to the effects of acute amphetamine and saline administration on startle inhibition. Results of three experiments are reported. The first two experiments were used to select prestimulus parameters sensitive to changes in stimulus intensity on the one hand, and prestimulus parameters sensitive to temporal aspects of stimulus processing on the other hand. Because schizophrenics have problems with the temporal sequencing of information, prestimulus inhibition of the startle reflex was expected to be more pronounced when prestimulus processing depended predominantly upon temporal factors. Results supported this hypothesis, although the effects of d-amphetamine were found at near detection threshold duration only. Subchronic amphetamine had no effect on the neuronal mechanisms underlying inhibition of the startle reflex by prestimuli. The results also suggested that a careful selection of duration and intensity of the prestimulus may increase the sensitivity of the prestimulus-startle paradigm for the effects of drugs, for example.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2004

Transient brain responses predict the temporal dynamics of sound detection in humans.

The neural events leading up to the conscious experience of stimulus events have remained elusive. Here we describe stimulation conditions under which activation in human auditory cortex can be used to predict the temporal dynamics of behavioral sound detection. Subjects were presented with auditory stimuli whose energy smoothly increased from a silent to a clearly audible level over either 1, 1.5, or 2 s. Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings were carried out in the passive and active recording conditions. In the active condition, the subjects were instructed to attend to the auditory stimuli and to press a response key when these became audible. In both conditions, the stimuli elicited a prominent transient response whose emergence is unexplainable by changes in stimulus intensity alone. This transient response was larger in amplitude over the right hemisphere and in the active condition. Importantly, behavioral sound detection followed this brain activation with a constant delay of 180 ms, and further the latency variations of the brain response were directly carried over to behavioral reaction times. Thus, noninvasively measured transient events in the human auditory cortex can be used to predict accurately the temporal course of sound detection and may therefore turn out to be useful in clinical settings.

Adult↗