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PubMed1997

[Tissue and body fluid distribution of antibacterial agents in pregnant and lactating women].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the placental transfer and milk excretion of antibacterial agents. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in pregnant and lactating women. The concentrations of 13 agents in tissue and body fluid were determined by bioassay or high performance liquid chromatography method. RESULTS: The results showed that metronidazole, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and ampicillin crossed blood-placental barrier well, the ratio of fetal tissue or amniotic fluid/maternal serum drug concentration was higher than those of the other agents. The penetration of penicillins (except ampicillin) and cephalosporins was poor, but the drug concentrations were still reached therapeutic levels in the most tissues and body fluids. The placental transfer of amikacin, clindamycin and erythromycin was slightly higher than beta-lactams. The drug concentrations in breast milk was low, except metronidazole and erythromycin, the breast milk levels of the two drugs were more than 100% of maternal serum levels. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study and the consideration of possible adverse effects which may affect both the mother and the developing fetus as well as antibacterial activities of the drugs, the indications and reasonable use of the agents in pregnant and lactating period were recommended.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1958

The distribution of methylpentynol and of methylpentynol carbamate in tissues and body fluids of cats.

A method is described for the estimation of methylpentynol and methylpentynol carbamate in body fluids and tissues. After intravenous administration, the distribution of these drugs throughout the body was found to be similar to that of ethanol. They entered cells, and crossed the blood-brain barrier and the placenta. They were excreted or secreted into the saliva, milk, gastric secretion, aqueous and vitreous humour, amniotic liquor, bile and urine. Methylpentynol was found in the expired air. Calculation of the volume of distribution and measurement of concentration in the tissues showed that both drugs were only slowly metabolized or excreted, suggesting the possibility that blood concentrations might rise cumulatively over a period of days.

Amnion↗
PubMed1985

Effects of calcium entry blockers on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal function and hemodynamics, salt and water excretion and body fluid composition.

The renal effects of the calcium entry-blocking drugs diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil and nitrendipine are reviewed. Although nifedipine stimulates plasma renin activity on a short-term basis, none of the calcium entry blockers produces a clinically significant sustained effect on any of the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Although all of the calcium entry blockers effectively lower blood pressure, none adversely affects renal function; glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow are maintained. Diltiazem may increase glomerular filtration rate via attenuation of the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II or norepinephrine. Although diltiazem and nifedipine increase salt and water excretion on a short-term basis, none of the calcium entry blockers produces a clinically significant sustained effect on salt and water excretion; serum electrolytes, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, body fluid composition and body weight are unchanged. Thus, calcium entry blockers can be expected to assume a prominent role in the treatment of hypertension because of their ability to lower blood pressure while preserving renal perfusion and function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of cefotaxime in body fluids and tissues: a review.

Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity. Concentrations of cefotaxime in serum and urine are sufficient for clinical efficacy. This report reviews the available data on the penetration of cefotaxime into other body fluids and tissues. Therapeutic doses of cefotaxime result in significant levels in bile (20 micrograms/ml), in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis (5-10 micrograms/ml), in pleural fluid (2-7 micrograms/ml), and in otitis media exudate (2-10 micrograms/ml). Lower levels of cefotaxime are obtained in uninflamed aqueous humor (1 microgram/ml), in breast milk (0.1-0.5 microgram/ml), and in cerebrospinal fluid of patients without meningitis (0.2 microgram/ml). Cefotaxime levels in tissues are generally well within the range required for clinical efficacy--i.e., 2-5 micrograms/g, with some higher levels reported in testis, prostate, ureter, skin, and gallbladder wall. Drug levels of less than 2 micrograms/g have been reported in fat, muscle, and uterus. All body fluids and tissues, including bone and skin, are penetrated easily by therapeutic doses of cefotaxime.

Aqueous Humor↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids.

This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of the Bactec blood culture system for culturing sterile body fluids, in comparison with traditional culture methods. A total of 906 specimens were cultured using both conventional media and the Bactec detection system. Differences in numbers of isolates determined by each system were compared. Clinically significant microorganisms were isolated from 15.3% (139) of 906 specimens by both the Bactec system and conventional culture, whereas for 8.8% (80) of the specimens a positive culture was obtained by Bactec only. Of the 80 specimens in which growth was detected only in the Bactec blood culture system, 11.0% were comprised of cerebrospinal fluid, 9.9% peritoneal fluid, 4.9% pleural fluid, 4.5% synovial fluid and 9.1% bone marrow materials. Strains of Brucella melitensis, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rothia dentocariosa were cultured only by the Bactec system. In conclusion, the Bactec blood culture system might be advantageous for isolation of fastidious microorganisms such as Brucella, especially from cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluid specimens.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Physiologic mechanisms effecting circulatory and body fluid losses in weightlessness as shown by mathematical modeling.

The mechanisms causing large body water losses in weightlessness are not clear. It has long been considered that a central volume expansion drives the physiologic adaptation to a reduced total blood volume, with normal blood composition eventually regained. However, inflight venous pressure measures suggest that central volume expansion in weightlessness may be very transient, or that considerable cardiovascular adaptation to fluid shifts occurs on the ground while astronauts wait in the semi-supine pre-launch position. If a central volume stimulus does not persist, other mechanisms must drive the adaptation of circulation to a reduced blood volume and account for body fluid losses. Recent results from the SLS-1 mission suggest that body fluid volumes do not simply decline to new equilibria but that they decrease to a low point, then undergo some recovery. Similar "under-shoots" of body fluid volumes have also been shown in computer simulations, providing confidence in the validity of the model. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms which could explain the loss of body fluids in weightlessness and how a cardiovascular preadaptation countermeasure we previously tested ameliorated body fluid losses. It is assumed that the physiology of head down tilt (HDT) provides a reasonably accurate analog of weightless exposure.

Blood Viscosity↗
PubMed2006

High levels of hepatitis B virus DNA in body fluids from chronic carriers.

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem. Transmission is mainly blood-borne, although the route of infection during horizontal transmission in childhood is unclear. Nosocomial outbreaks of HBV have been widely reported, but have mainly focused on blood-borne transmission. There is limited knowledge of the viral load levels in other body fluids. In the present study, chronic HBV carriers were tested for the presence of HBV DNA in serum, saliva, nasopharyngeal fluid, urine and tears by means of qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Twenty-five patients who were positive for HBV DNA with both PCRs were included. Low titres in real-time PCR corresponded with weak bands in the qualitative assay. HBV DNA was found in two urine samples, 10 saliva samples, five nasopharyngeal swabs and in tear fluid from four patients. One highly viraemic HBeAg-positive carrier with serum HBV DNA levels of 7 x 10(9) genome copies had high copy numbers detected in both saliva and nasopharyngeal fluid. These results demonstrate that highly viraemic HBV carriers may have high titres of HBV DNA in other body fluids. This has particular importance for infection control programmes and regulations, underlining the importance of aiming towards regular HBV DNA testing and thus infectivity assessment of chronic carriers in order to prevent transmission.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Analysis of succinylcholine in tissues and body fluids by ion-pair extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine (SCh) has been identified and quantitated in biological material using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bisquaternary ammonium compound SCh is extracted from tissue homogenates or body fluids into dichloromethane as an ion pair with hexanitrodiphenylamine (DPA). The evaporated ion pair residue is demethylated with sodium benzenethiolate to form the corresponding tertiary amine which is identified and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a glass capillary column coated with SE 52. In the quantitative analysis deuterated SCh is used as internal standard. The instrument is focussed on m/z 58 for demethylated SCh and m/z 62 or 64 for the internal standard. Concentrations as low as 5 ng SCh iodide/g tissue or body fluid are easily detected.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to blood or body fluids: management for health care.

Health care workers are at risk of exposure to blood and body fluids from their patients through needlestick injuries or contamination of mucous membranes - a slash of blood in the eye, for example. Exposure to blood /body fluids is now the second biggest cause of occupational injury among NHS workers (UNISON, 2003). The first example of a case of occupational exposure of a health care worker to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and subsequent seroconversion following a needlestick injury was reported in the 1980s. This incident raised awareness of the risk that health care workers face when they are exposed to blood-borne viruses, in particular hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies and observations on Lewis grouping of body fluids and stains.

Leb positive individuals may phenotypically express both Lea and Leb in their secreted body fluids. Therefore, the interpretation of a Le(a + ,b-), non-secretor result is dependent on the absence of Leb. This study emphasises the importance of accurate procedure and biased selection of antisera such that Leb is preferentially detected in comparison with Lea. The relationship of the ABO group to the expression of Le is discussed in conjunction with the selection of samples for testing antisera and inclusion as control standards.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed2005

[Study on electrochemical mechanism of coronary stent used austenitic stainless steel in flowing artificial body fluid].

The electrochemical mechanism of austenitic stainless steel (SUS316L and SUS317L) coronary stents in flowing artificial body fluid has been investigated with electrochemical technologies. The results indicated that the flowing medium coursed the samples' pitting potential Eb shift negatively, increased the pitting corrosion sensitivity, accelerated its anodic dissolution, but had little effects on repassivated potential. The flowing environment had great effects on cathodic process. The oxygen reaction on the samples' surface became faster as the cathodic process was not controlled by oxygen diffusion but by mixed diffusion and electrochemical process. With the increase of velocity of solution, the pitting corrosion becomes liable to occur under this circumstance.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Effect of solid/solution ratio on apatite formation from CaSiO3 ceramics in simulated body fluid.

The effect of the solid/solution (S/S) ratio on apatite formation from CaSiO3 ceramics in simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated. CaSiO3 ceramics with a Ca/Si ratio of 0.91 were prepared by sintering CaSiO3 powder coprecipitated from ethanol solutions of Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O and Si(OC2H5)4 using NH4OH as the precipitant. These ceramics were reacted with SBF at S/S ratios of 1.0, 2.5 and 8.3 mg/ml at 36.5 degrees C for various times. Formation of apatite was observed at all the S/S ratios after soaking for 1 day. The amount and microstructure of the apatite obtained at a S/S ratio of 8.3 mg/ml, however, differed largely from the product formed at the other two S/S ratios. The apatite formed at S/S = 8.3 mg/ml was of smaller particle size, formed in smaller amount and with less preferred orientation of the (001) of apatite crystals compared with those formed at S/S = 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml. An increase of Ca and decrease of the P components occurred in the soaked SBF at S/S = 8.3 mg/ml, the changes being much more marked than with the other two S/S ratios. These differences in the concentration changes in SBF at different S/S ratios are attributed to the difference in the apatite formation from the CaSiO3 ceramics.

Apatites↗
PubMed2005

Theoretical analysis of calcium phosphate precipitation in simulated body fluid.

The driving force and nucleation rate of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) precipitation in simulated body fluid (SBF) were analyzed based on the classical crystallization theory. SBF supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (HA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) was carefully calculated, considering all the association/dissociation reactions of related ion groups in SBF. The nucleation rates of Ca-P were calculated based on a kinetics model of heterogeneous nucleation. The analysis indicates that the nucleation rate of OCP is substantially higher than that of HA, while HA is most thermodynamically stable in SBF. The difference in nucleation rates between HA and OCP reduces with increasing pH in SBF. The HA nucleation rate is comparable with that of OCP when the pH value approaches 10. DCPD precipitation is thermodynamically impossible in normal SBF, unless calcium and phosphate ion concentrations of SBF increase. In such case, DCPD precipitation is the most likely because of its highest nucleation rates among Ca-P phases. We examined the influences of different SBF recipes, interfacial energies, contact angle and molecular volumes, and found that the parameter variations do not have significant impacts on analysis results. The effects of carbonate incorporation and calcium deficiency in HA were also estimated with available data. Generally, such apatite precipitations are more kinetically favorable than HA.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2005

Comparative study of apatite formation on CaSiO3 ceramics in simulated body fluids with different carbonate concentrations.

Apatite formation on CaSiO3 ceramics was investigated using two different simulated body fluids (SBF) proposed by Kokubo (1990) and Tas (2000) and three sample/SBF (S/S) ratios (1.0, 2.5 and 8.3 mg/ml) at 36.5 degrees C for 1-25 days. The CaSiO3 ceramic was prepared by firing coprecipitated gel with Ca/Si = 0.91 at 1400 degrees C. The bulk density was 2.14 g/cm3 and the relative density about 76%. The two SBF solutions contain different concentrations of HCO3- and Cl- ions, the concentrations of which are closer to human blood plasma in the Tas SBF formulation than in the Kokubo formulation. The pH values in the former solution are also more realistic. The CaSiO3 ceramics show apatite formation in SBF (Kokubo) after soaking for only 1 day at all S/S ratios whereas different phases were formed at each S/S ratio in SBF (Tas). The crystalline phases formed were mainly apatite at S/S = 1.0 mg/ml, carbonate-type apatite at 2.5 mg/ml and calcite at 8.3 mg/ml. At higher S/S ratios the increase in the Ca concentration became higher while the P concentration became lower in the reacted SBF. These changes in SBF concentrations and increasing pH occurred at higher S/S ratios, producing more favorable conditions in the SBF for the formation of carbonate bearing phases, finally leading to the formation of calcite instead of apatite in the higher HCO3- ion concentration SBF (Tas). Apatite is, however, formed in the lower HCO3- ion concentration SBF (Kokubo) even though the Ca and P concentrations change in a similar manner to SBF (Tas).

Apatites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Angiotensin as neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in central control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

Stimulation of central angiotensin receptors promotes, among others, drinking behaviour, stimulation of natriuresis and increased release of vasopressin. Angiotensin (ANG II)-containing pathways in the lamina terminalis and the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, brain areas involved in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis, have been described. All these areas express predominantly AT1 receptors. The drinking response and the vasopressin release to centrally administered ANG II are mediated by AT1 receptors, while AT2 receptors exert inhibitory effects. Evidence for the involvement of the catecholaminergic and angiotensinergic pathways in the PVN and SON in mediating the ANG II-induced release of vasopressin is presented. ANG II is released in the PVN upon local osmotic stimulation and water deprivation. Finally, we present evidence that activation of central angiotensinergic receptors, water deprivation, or hypertonicity induce transcription of immediate-early genes and expression of the respective proteins in the lamina terminalis and in the PVN and SON. The summarized data implicate ANG II as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter in central control of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

Angiotensin II↗