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PubMed1980

Symposium: international challenges and perspectives: internationalism and survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and food products.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a serious world-wide economic disease of livestock and diverse animal species. The closing of borders to infected countries is a frequent aftermath of disease outbreaks. Historically, animals and animal products have been implicated as vehicles for transmission of the disease. Control programs encompass stringent importation policies, vaccination, quarantine, and slaughter. Joint efforts have been instituted successfully in previous control campaigns and would be the logical approach to large-scale eradication schemas.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Key health issues for dairy cattle--new and old.

The objective of this paper is to use available information to evaluate the relative importance of various health issues affecting dairy cattle. In addition to traditional ranking using evaluation methods based on impacts to animal productivity, this paper considers zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns. Traditional production costs rank mastitis, reproductive problems, and lameness as the top dairy cattle diseases. When the other areas of importance are included, the top-ranked diseases change to include salmonella, Johne's disease, bovine viral diarrhea-associated disease, and mastitis. Researchers in the dairy industry may want to reevaluate their criteria for setting research priorities to include zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1990

[Haemophilus somnus--properties and isolation].

An account is given in this paper of characteristic parameters of Haemophilus somnus, the aetiological factor of various cattle diseases. Morphological properties of the pathogen are described together with techniques for isolation and identification. Also discussed are its physiological, biochemical, and antigenic properties as well as its present position in taxonomy and the structure of the outer membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dexamethasone inhibits virus production and the secretory IgA response in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus were treated with dexamethasone to suppress the immune system in an attempt to influence the level of virus recovery from oesophageal pharyngeal (probang) samples. Twelve carrier cattle were assigned to one of three groups: control; 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone; and 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. Groups 2 and 3 were injected intramuscularly three times weekly for 3 weeks with dexamethasone between days 33 and 56 post-infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Cattle in both groups developed a leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The secretory IgA response to FMDV infection was inhibited following, but not during, dexamethasone treatment between days 70 and 98 post-infection (P < 0.05). FMDV recovery from probang samples was reduced between days 40 and 64 post-infection (P < 0.05) during treatment with either 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. Following cessation of dosing with dexamethasone virus recovery returned to control levels. These observations suggest dexamethasone inhibits shedding of FMDV in a reversible manner which may be related to its immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory or physiological actions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle.

Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease causes considerable economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries worldwide. Analyses of 16S rRNA, groESL, and surface proteins have resulted in the recent reclassification of the order Rickettsiales. The genus Anaplasma, of which A. marginale is the type species, now also includes A. bovis, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum, which were previously known as Ehrlichia bovis, E. platys, and the E. phagocytophila group (which causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), respectively. Live and killed vaccines have been used for control of anaplasmosis, and both types of vaccines have advantages and disadvantages. These vaccines have been effective in preventing clinical anaplasmosis in cattle but have not blocked A. marginale infection. Thus, persistently infected cattle serve as a reservoir of infective blood for both mechanical transmission and infection of ticks. Advances in biochemical, immunologic, and molecular technologies during the last decade have been applied to research of A. marginale and related organisms. The recent development of a cell culture system for A. marginale provides a potential source of antigen for the development of improved killed and live vaccines, and the availability of cell culture-derived antigen would eliminate the use of cattle in vaccine production. Increased knowledge of A. marginale antigen repertoires and an improved understanding of bovine cellular and humoral immune responses to A. marginale, combined with the new technologies, should contribute to the development of more effective vaccines for control and prevention of anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma marginale↗
PubMed1983

Role of predominant rumen bacteria in the cause of polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) in cattle.

Rumen contents of 2 heifers with acute polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were compared with rumen contents from a healthy steer fed a fibrous diet. Also examined were (i) the quantitative nature of the predominant rumen microflora, (ii) the distribution of morphologic types of bacteria in the rumen contents, (iii) the extent that morphologic groups produced or degraded thiamine, and (iv) the cumulative effects of metabolic activities of the predominant rumen bacteria concerning the net production or degradation of thiamine. The differences in the frequency of occurrence of particular bacterial morphologic groups, the extent of growth, and the amount of thiamine metabolism in relationship to growth were also evaluated. The cumulative thiamine metabolism of the predominant bacteria associated with the rumen of polioencephalomalacia-affected heifers led to substantial net thiamine destruction, whereas metabolism associated with the rumen of a normal steer led to thiamine production. Polioencephalomalacia may occur as a consequence of alteration of the metabolic activities of the predominant resident ruminal bacteria associated with diseased cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Application of renal microangiography to normal and diseased kidneys of cattle and mice.

Use of microangiography is now essential for the study of microcirculation in various organs. Renal microangiographic studies have been reported in rats, rabbits, dogs, human beings, and mice. However, we could not find any report on use of the technique in cattle, despite high incidence of renal disease in that species. The perfusion technique used in mice was improved over that of our previous report, and was applied to normal and diseased bovine kidneys. For the microangiographic technique, composition of the contrast medium, pressure of the injection, duration of perfusion, and washing of kidneys with heparinized saline solution before perfusion are important. In cattle, 1- to 2-mm-thick sections of the kidneys were generally necessary to observe renal vasculature: arcuate and interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries. In normal bovine kidneys, the angiographic and microangiographic findings were easily recognized as normal, compared with those of normal mice. In affected bovine kidneys, which histologically represented glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, angiography and microangiography revealed corresponding findings.

Angiography↗
PubMed2003

Identification of Enterobacter bacteria as saxitoxin producers in cattle's rumen and surface water from Venezuelan Savannahs.

We have previously shown that a paralytic toxin able to block sodium channels in nerve is associated with a cattle disease known as bovine paraplegic syndrome (BPS) [Toxicon. 31 (1993) 1581]. We have now identified this as saxitoxin (STX) using HPLC by either the methods of [Toxicon. 31 (1993) 1581], or [Toxicon. 25 (1987) 1105]. In recent experiments we were able to collect and cultivate facultative anaerobic bacteria growing on rumen, grass and ponds of corrals with high incidence of BPS; the cultured bacteria produce compounds indistinguishable from STX under both HPLC procedures described above. Two species of the Enterobacter genus (E. asburiae and E. cloacae) and a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, were identified using standard biochemical criteria as well as gas chromatography of bacterial lipids. All these bacteria produced STX in aerobic cultures.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Alteration of host cell phenotype by Theileria annulata and Theileria parva: mining for manipulators in the parasite genomes.

The apicomplexan parasites Theileria annulata and Theileria parva cause severe lymphoproliferative disorders in cattle. Disease pathogenesis is linked to the ability of the parasite to transform the infected host cell (leukocyte) and induce uncontrolled proliferation. It is known that transformation involves parasite dependent perturbation of leukocyte signal transduction pathways that regulate apoptosis, division and gene expression, and there is evidence for the translocation of Theileria DNA binding proteins to the host cell nucleus. However, the parasite factors responsible for the inhibition of host cell apoptosis, or induction of host cell proliferation are unknown. The recent derivation of the complete genome sequence for both T. annulata and T. parva has provided a wealth of information that can be searched to identify molecules with the potential to subvert host cell regulatory pathways. This review summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms used by Theileria parasites to transform the host cell, and highlights recent work that has mined the Theileria genomes to identify candidate manipulators of host cell phenotype.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) in feces from cattle slaughtered in Germany].

In man, EHEC infections may result in severe disease. Cattle and foods derived from this animal species are considered as a source of infection. The presence of VTEC being potential EHEC was studied. For analysis, feces samples were examined which had been taken from 204 heads of cattle slaughtered in various regions of Germany. VTEC could be isolated from 97 animals (47.6%). This indicates a presence of VTEC in slaughtered cattle being 5 times higher than known for Germany so far. The aeaA gene could be demonstrated in a mere 23 out of 667 VTEC isolates. The CVD 419 sequence was present in 55.3% of the VTEC isolates. Ehly was found in 61% of them. Consequently, both markers were unsuitable for the detection of VTEC in faeces samples from cattle and in foods with faecal contamination. The VTEC isolates belonged to 54 different serotypes of E. coli, VTEC 0157 have not been found so far. Some of the VTEC serovars found in this study have already been described as associated with human disease following EHEC infection. The presently available laboratory methods do not permit to exclude a risk for humans from bovine VTEC reliably. For this reason, bovine VTEC should be further on considered as potential EHEC and an infection of humans by such agents be avoided.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Observations on ascites in nine cattle.

Signs of ascites were observed in only nine of 1863 cattle examined over a period of five years. The ascites was most commonly associated with either primary or secondary cardiac disease; cattle with ascites have a poor prognosis because the condition is usually assocaited with terminal disease. Two animals had cor pulmonale with chronic pneumonia, three had cardiomyopathy, one had bacterial endocarditis, two had thrombosis of the caudal vena cava and one had diffuse abdominal epithelioid mesothelioma.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Retrospective study of serum glucose concentration in cattle with mucosal disease.

The clinical and laboratory findings concerning 154 cattle aged 10 weeks to 6 years with mucosal disease were evaluated retrospectively. Upon arrival at the clinic, 86% of the animals had a serum glucose concentration above 4.4 mmol/l. A distinct hyperglycaemia with more than 10 mmol/l was present in 30% of the animals. Significant associations were found between serum glucose level and the degree of dehydration as well as the albumin concentration in the serum. Negative correlation was found between serum glucose and serum sodium levels. In older animals higher glucose levels were found on average. As in humans, stress reactions, for example, due to dehydration, in addition to diabetes mellitus, probably cause hyperglycaemia in cattle suffering from mucosal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Levels of some reproductive diseases in the dairy cattle of Colombia.

Of 4,144 serum samples collected from cows on 113 farms from eight areas of Colombia 3.3% had positive and 8.8% inconclusive titres to Brucella abortus, 21.7, 6.3, 1.6, 0.6 and 0.7% of cows had positive titres to Leptospira serovars hardjo, pomona, canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa respectively. Questionnaires completed on 110 farms revealed that 6, 2.5 and 4.6% of cows had had metritis, aborted or retained their placentas respectively in the previous 12 months. Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus were isolated from 13.7% and 15% of the bulls sampled on 103 farms. Six and two bulls had inconclusive and positive titres to Brucella abortus. Eight and 23 bulls had positive titres to pomona and hardjo. The results were discussed and remedies for control suggested.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

Seroprevalence of Johne's-disease infection in dairy cattle in California, USA.

A total of 1,950 serum samples from dairy cattle in California, USA were tested for the presence of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The sampled animals came from 65 herds and were sampled to reflect the relative numbers and distribution of dairy herds within three geographic regions in the state. Using the manufacturers suggested cut-off for a positive test, 89 animals (4.6%) were positive. The seroprevalence was 6.9% in the northern region of the state, 3.7% in the central region and 5.2% in the southern region. Using the sensitivity and specificity claimed by the manufacturer of the ELISA kit, the true prevalence in California dairy cattle overall was calculated as 9.4% (99% CI, 7.7%, 11.1%) and the true prevalences for the northern, central and southern regions were 14.1% (99% CI, 9.6%, 18.65%), 7.5% (99% CI, 5.6%, 9.4%), and 10.6% (99% CI, 5.9%, 15.6%), respectively.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of ketonemia and associations with herd size, lactation stage, parity, and postparturient diseases in Jordanian dairy cattle.

The prevalence of bovine ketonemia among 1155 dairy cows in various stages of lactation and parity on 25 Jordanian dairy herds was studied. The cross-sectional study was conducted during the spring of 1992. Serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) <0.9 mmol/l, between 0.9 and 1.7 mmol/l, and >1.7 mmol/l were considered to indicate normal, mild and severe ketonemia, respectively. The point prevalences of mild and severe ketonemia were 22% and 3.8%, respectively. The prevalence of ketonemia decreased with increasing herd size. Associations between the prevalence of ketonemia and parity, stage of lactation, metritis, somatic-cell count (SCC) and serum cholesterol levels were not significant (p > 0.05).

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in the Belgian cattle population.

The national bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) seroprevalence (apparent prevalence) in the Belgian cattle population was determined by a serological survey that was conducted from December 1997 to March 1998. In a random sample of herds (N=556, 9.5%), all adult cattle of 24 months of age or older (N=13,317, 0.4%) were tested for the presence of antibodies using a commercially available absorbed ELISA test kit. The PTB median within-herd seroprevalence (proportion of detected animals within the seropositive herds) and the PTB individual-animal seroprevalence (proportion of detected animals) were, respectively, 2.9% (quartiles=1.6-5.6) and 0.87% (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.71-1.03). The PTB herd seroprevalence (proportion of detected herds) was 18% (95% CI=14-21). Assuming a test sensitivity and specificity of 45 and 99% [Sweeney et al., 1995. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 7 (4), 488; Sockett et al., 1992. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (5), 1134], respectively, the median true within-herd prevalence and the true individual-animal were estimated to be 7 and 2%, respectively. The true herd prevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was first estimated according to currently accepted methodology. This calculation revealed that the specificity of the used test has a dramatic effect on the estimation; assuming a test sensitivity of 45% and a true within-herd prevalence of 7%, the true herd prevalence estimation decreased from 36 to 0.8% if the test specificity decreased from 99. 9 to 99%, respectively. This sensitivity analysis showed that the practical limits of the accuracy of the used screening test jeopardize the estimation of the true herd prevalence within reasonable confidence limits, because the within-herd PTB true prevalence was low. For this reason we augmented the herd specificity for herds with larger adult herd size (>5). This was done by increasing the cut-off number of positive cattle required (>/=2) to classify a herd truly positive and including herds with one positive test result if there was historical evidence of PTB (previous diagnosis and/or clinical signs). This approach resulted in an estimated true herd prevalence of M. paratuberculosis infection of 6%. The true herd prevalence for dairy, mixed and beef herds was, respectively, 10, 11 and 3%.

Animals↗