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PubMed1978

Cerebral cysticercosis.

Twenty cases of cysticerosis involving the central nervous system were seen during a 6-year period. Twelve patients presented with symptom and signs of raised intracranial pressure, 6 with seizures and 1 each with subacute meningitis and psychosis. The diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis was established by brain biopsy in 8 patients, at autopsy in 3, and by biopsy of a subcutaneous nodule in 7. It was presumed on the basis of typical intracranial calcification in 1 case and soft tissue calcification in another. The protean clinical manifestations of this condition and the diagnostic difficulties it raises are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Seroepidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Swaziland.

A cross-sectional study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Swaziland using a serodiagnostic ELISA for parasite antigen is described. The seroprevalence and the levels of parasite antigen were compared in the sera of cattle from different geographical localities, and from areas of high or low population density. Cattle from the Lowveldt region, which has a hot and dry climate relative to the other areas investigated, exhibited significantly higher serum antigen levels. Seroprevalence was also higher in the Lowveldt but this difference was not found to be significant. Within the Lowveldt, antigen levels were found to be slightly elevated in cattle from more highly populated areas. It is suggested that either human behaviour and/or practices in animal husbandry, or increased susceptibility of cattle to reinfection at certain times of the year, may enhance transmission in the Lowveldt since climatic conditions in this region are not conducive to transmission.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cross reactions in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis and cysticercosis by a cerebrospinal fluid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 3 groups of patients (suspected cysticercosis patients, myelopathy patients, and neurological patients) and assayed for antibodies to Cysticercus cellulosae and schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the myelopathy and neurological patients there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between seropositivity for the two diseases. Samples which were positive in both assays were tested by inhibition assay with the heterologous antigen to determine the specificity of the reaction. In one of 5 cases the reaction to cysticercus antigen was completely inhibited by addition of schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the reverse assay there was minimal inhibition by cysticercus antigen.

Antibodies, Helminth↗

PubMed1982

Cysticercosis cerebri involving the lateral ventricle.

Cysticercosis cerebri involving the lateral ventricle is very rare. Two cases with such localization are presented. One of the patients, with occlusion of the foramen of Monro, was successfully treated by operation. A larval form in the lateral ventricle was revealed incidentally at autopsy in the second patient after rupture of a large basilar artery aneurysm.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Spinal cysticercosis.

A case with cysticercosis cysts in the spinal subarachnoid space with unique myelographic features is discussed. One of the cysts moved within the spinal subarachnoid space during the myelographic examination. Recognition of the possibility that mobility of the cyst may occur between the time of the myelographic study and laminectomy is important for the surgeon.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Cerebral cysticercosis presenting as mass lesion.

Four cases of cerebral cysticercosis that presented as brain tumor are reported. The diagnosis of these lesions was possible only after the operation. The clinical manifestations of these patients are discussed. The findings on computed tomography scanning as well as the possibilities for differential diagnosis are presented. All the patients were operated on and the diagnosis confirmed histologically. The difficulties encountered at the operations and the alternative methods for the treatment of these lesions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Cerebral cysticercosis.

We studied 143 cases of cerebral cysticercosis over a 30-year period. In 46 there was hydrocephalus due to cysts obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, with signs of hydrocephalus and cerebellar dysfunction. In 97 there were cysts in the cerebral parenchyma, causing symptoms of intracranial hypertension alone in 22 cases, with additional neurological deficits in the remainder. Before 1980 diagnosis was made by pneumoencephalography and ventriculography, but since then it has mostly been done by computed tomography. In 28 cases scanned, typical abnormalities were present in 25. Complement fixation tests were positive in serum in 74% of cases and in cerebrospinal fluid in 73%, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test was positive in serum in 90% and in cerebrospinal fluid in 92%. Treatment of cases with hydrocephalus was by removal of the cysts at craniotomy, with placement of a shunt where necessary. Intracranial hypertension caused by parenchymal cysts was treated with steroids and osmotic agents, if possible. In resistant cases subtemporal decompression was needed, unilateral in 55 cases and bilateral in eight. Mortality in the acute stage was 11%, with a further 20% at follow up.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed1991

Isolation and purification of a diagnostic antigen for bovine cysticercosis by hydrophobic chromatography.

An ammonium sulfate fraction of Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid (ThFAS) was further fractionated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, using alkylagarose and omega-amino alkylagarose columns, in an effort to isolate and purify a specific diagnostic antigen in the ThFAS preparation. The less than 12 kDa antigen was found to have an affinity for immobilized alkanes with chain length of six carbons or greater. The antigen was recovered in an ethylene glycol eluate from a hexylagarose column then analyzed by Western blot; it reacted with bovine and human cysticercosis infection sera and with specific monoclonal antibodies but not with control sera or fascioliasis infection sera. When the eluate was used as coating antigen in a plate ELISA assay no false positive reactions were seen in sera from cattle infected with Fasciola hepatica; false positive reactions were observed for the unfractionated ThFAS antigen preparation.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Subcutaneous cysticercosis.

A case of subcutaneous cysticercosis is presented, and 35 other cases from the literature are reviewed. Patients usually have multiple subcutaneous nodules that are firm, mobile, and sometimes painful, occurring mainly on the trunk and extremities. Diagnosis is made by biopsy; however, radiologic and immunologic studies can be helpful in the diagnosis and work-up. Treatment options include surgery, praziquantel, and albendazole.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Cerebral cysticercosis: clinical and pathological observations with emphasis on the encephalitic type.

This paper describes clinical and pathological features in 20 cases of cerebral cysticercosis. Ten of them had clinical features suggestive of occupying lesions. In five patients (4 children and 1 adult) the disease manifested itself with headache, fever, convulsions and rapidly deteriorating level of consciousness. The onset of the disease in these patients was acute, the course short and the outcome fatal. Postmortem examination of their brains revealed cysticercus cellulosae. The pathology and pathogenesis of this rare encephalitic form of neurocysticercosis are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using fractionated antigens.

The sensitivity and specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis was evaluated in experimentally and naturally infected pigs, using T. solium larval scoleces and its fractionated 1st and 2nd peaks on Sephadex G-200 as antigens. First peak antigen gave maximum sensitivity and highest antibody titres. The overall sensitivity of this test was found to be 91.5, 95.8 and 70.8% with scolex, 1st and 2nd peak antigens, respectively. False positive reactions occurred in 9.09% of uninfected pigs with scolex and 1st peak antigens and cross-reactions occurred in 25% of Taenia hydatigena-infected animals using scolex and 2nd peak antigens. No cross-reaction was observed using 1st peak antigen. The specificity of the test was 92.3, 96.2 and 92.3% with scolex, 1st and 2nd peak antigens, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The prevalence of cysticercosis and hydatidosis in Ethiopian sheep.

Five hundred and sixty sheep, slaughtered at an Addis Ababa abattoir, were examined for cysticercosis and hydatidosis. The prevalence of the metacestodes of Taenia hydatigena was 37.1% and that of Echinococcus granulosus 16.4%. In addition, the age and sex prevalences of hydatid cysts, their organ distribution and the ratio of fertile cysts were determined.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation of a 'dipstick' immunoassay to detect cysticercosis in experimentally infected cattle.

A 'dipstick' immunoassay for bovine cysticercosis, using an antigen isolated from Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid, was evaluated in cattle experimentally infected with Taenia saginata. The assay correctly identified six out of seven infected cattle, including an animal in which only 12 living cysticerci were found. Cattle became seropositive as early as 3 weeks post-infection. A false-negative reaction was found for one very lightly infected animal, from which only four living cysticerci were recovered at necropsy. The assay was also used to detect circulating antibodies in experimentally infected cattle before and after therapeutic treatment with anthelminthics. The results suggest that praziquantel-treated animals gradually revert to being seronegative after the cysticerci are killed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Epidemiologic observations on porcine cysticercosis in a rural community of Michoacan State, Mexico.

The prevalence of and risk factors for Taenia solium infection (cysticercosis) in pigs were studied in a rural community in Michoacan State, Mexico. Visual inspection of the tongues of 216 pigs revealed cysticerci in 14 (6.5%). The prevalence was slightly higher in male (10/105) than female pigs (4/110) (P = 0.06) and increased with age (P less than 0.05). The most important risk factors for infection in pigs were access to human feces at a public washing area (P = 0.004), the presence of an indoor latrine (P = 0.05) and indiscriminate disposal of human feces around the pig owner's household (P less than 0.1). Effective and long-lasting control of the transmission of T. solium from humans to pigs must include measures to deny pigs access to human feces, a change which is likely to be resisted because of the traditional and functional aspects of established pig-rearing practices.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Immunization of pigs against Taenia solium cysticercosis: factors related to effective protection.

Fifty-six (56) pigs were immunized against Taenia solium cysticercosis with antigens from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes, in a variety of protocols, and then challenged orally with Taenia solium proglottids or eggs. Results of immunization (expressed as individual parasite loads) ranged from significant reduction of parasite loads (host protection) to clear increase (parasite facilitation) in apparent relation to the immunogen dose, adjuvant employed and genetic background of the pigs. In all trials, however, immunized pigs harboured more damaged cysticerci than controls, indicating that immunization does induce some restrictions to parasite these are eventually overwhelmed by other parasite-promoting factors. Western blots in immunized-protected pigs indicated antigens of 242, 234, 118, 77, 55 and 45 kDa as possibly being involved in immunological protection.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenyan cattle by antibody and antigen ELISA.

Sera from calves, either experimentally or naturally infected with Taenia saginata, were screened for an antibody response to T. saginata, and for parasite antigen, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). An antibody response was detected by 3 weeks post infection (p.i.), rose to a peak at 10-12 weeks p.i., and was still in evidence 1 year p.i. Parasite antigen was first detected 4-7 weeks p.i. and persisted until the end of the experiment, over 1 year p.i. In the experimentally infected animals, cattle with 14 or more live cysticerci had detectable levels of parasite antigen in their sera at slaughter, while animals with live cyst burdens ranging from 0 to 4 were negative. Furthermore, levels of circulating antigen were positively correlated with live cysticercus burden in the experimental animals. In naturally infected cattle, 83% (5/6) of those with 30 or more live cysts, and 22% (5/23) of those with 1-29 live cysts, could be detected by the ELISA for parasite antigen, although no significant correlation between antigen level and live cyst burden could be detected. Antibody levels were not found to be associated with cyst burdens in either experimentally or naturally infected cattle. In slaughterhouse cattle, the antigen assay was almost three times as sensitive as meat inspection. However, there was no agreement between cattle found positive at meat inspection and those found positive by the antigen detection ELISA. One possible reason is that the ELISA only detects live cysts, while lesions left by dead cysts are more noticeable at meat inspection. The mouse monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection ELISA is of value for the diagnosis of naturally occurring, viable, T. saginata cysticercosis in live cattle and has an immediate application for field based epidemiological studies designed to determine prevalence.

Abattoirs↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The computed tomographic spectrum of cerebral cysticercosis.

The main findings observed in computed tomography (CT) of the brain of 116 patients with cerebral cysticercosis are reviewed. Calcifications, cysts, nodules, hydrocephalus and inflammatory reactions are better detected by CT than through the use of any of the conventional neuroradiologic procedures, and surgical cases are more properly selected.

Brain Diseases↗

PubMed2004

Orbital cysticercosis-associated scleral indentation presenting with pseudo-retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To report a clinical picture similar to retinal detachment caused by orbital myocysticercosis-associated scleral indentation. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Of the 49 cases of orbital myocysticercosis, four eyes of four patients had pseudoretinal detachment presentations that are detailed. RESULTS: Of the four patients with pseudoretinal detachment, three were found to have orbital myocysticerci in lateral and one in inferior recti muscles, mechanically indenting the eyeball, causing scleral indentation, evidenced by ultrasonography or computed tomography. Associated signs of myocysticercosis were orbital inflammation, restricted ocular motility or proptosis. In 2 to 10 days, the cysts traveled forward and came to lie in a sub-Tenon position. Three cysts were removed surgically and one extruded spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting with a clinical picture similar to retinal detachment in the presence of symptoms and signs of orbital cysticercosis, with a history of exposure to an endemic area, should be considered to have orbital myocysticerci causing scleral indentation.

Adolescent↗