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PubMed1999

Deprivation and dental caries status of 5-year-old children in Scotland.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the dental caries status of 5-year-old children in Scotland and deprivation, as assessed by the Carstairs score and its DEPCAT categories, which are composite descriptors of socio-economic status. METHODS: Anonymous records, including postcode sector of residence, from the 1995/96 Scottish Health Board's Dental Epidemiological Programme 5-year-old survey were linked though a multi-stage process to their corresponding Carstairs scores and DEPCAT categories. The data were analysed to investigate the relationship between d3t, mt, ft, d3mft, proportion 'free' of caries experience and socio-economic status for Scotland. RESULTS: When analysed by DEPCAT the mean d3mft ranged from 1.48 for children resident in the most affluent postcode areas (DEPCAT 1) to 4.87 for those in DEPCAT 7. The mean d3mft from the 1995/96 survey of 5-year-old children in Scotland was 2.93. For the percentage 'free' of caries experience (d3mft = 0) the findings in this study ranged from 62.4% (DEPCAT 1) to 19.8% (DEPCAT 7). The d3t and mt components of d3mft and mean d3mft showed a strong positive association with increasing deprivation. The proportion of 5-year-olds experiencing decay was also significantly associated with a more deprived Carstairs score. The f component showed no association with deprivation. The Care Index (ft/d3mft x 100%) ranged from 10.8% (DEPCAT 1) to 2.9% (DEPCAT 7). CONCLUSIONS: There was a striking association between increasing deprivation and increasing caries experience. Children from the most deprived areas had significantly more untreated decay and missing teeth. In a population with low levels of restorative intervention, no association was found between deprivation and the amount of restorative care received by Scottish 5-year-old children.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2000

The oral health status in Mahonisi: a community with very low levels of dental caries.

The oral health status and treatment needs of the community at Mahonisi were determined in order to plan a health care programme. The caries experience, occlusal status, fluorosis prevalence and prosthetic status and needs were determined according to the WHO pathfinder methodology (1987). The dmft for the 4- 5- and 6-year-old children was 0.33 and 0.67 respectively. The DMFT ranged from 0 in the 12- and 15-year-old children to 4.2 in the 65-years-and-older age group. Among the 12-, 15- and 18-year-old pupils 73% had good occlusions, 18% had slight and 9% more serious anomalies. Of the 152 subjects examined for fluorosis only 2 exhibited very mild dental fluorosis. No soft-tissue lesions were seen in the adult sample, but 10 cases were seen in the schoolchildren. No edentulous person was seen, but 4 people needed extraction of all their remaining teeth. A need for 7 partial dentures was recorded. The simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) ranged from 1.45 in the 4- 5-year-old children to 4.47 in the oldest group. The zero DMFT scores for the 12- and 15-year-old children are exceptional and need to be further investigated. It is recommended that the teachers in the pre-school and some of the primary school be trained to provide oral hygiene instruction to the children.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The dental component of the integrated program of preventing chronic noninfectious diseases in the Latvian SSR. I. Epidemiologic study of dental caries and periodontal diseases in the whole population of the Latvian SSR].

The frequency and severity of dental caries and periodontal diseases among the population of the Latvian SSR, as well as the risk factors which contribute to the development of these morbid processes were studied. It was found that dental caries are present in 98 per cent of pupils aged 12 years, the CFE index (Caries Filling Extraction Index) representing 6.7. Among adolescent aged 15 years, a healthy periodontium and a good hygienic state of the oral cavity were found only in 2 per cent. Taking into account the high frequency of these diseases, the primary prophylaxis programme of dental caries and periodontopathies was included as a component in the integrated WHO programme of prevention and control of noninfectious chronic diseases in the Latvian SSR.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

[Prevalence of dental caries in children in a basic health zone. 5 years later].

OBJECTIVE: To find the state of dental health among the school population five years after the first study, performed in 1991. DESIGN: An epidemiological observation cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: 820 school-children coming from seven local schools and belonging to first (5-7 years old), fifth (9-12) and eighth (13-16) grade Primary Education in the academic year 1995-1996. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A dentist checked the children, following WHO norms. The prevalence of caries was studied (95.86 at 6 years old). The CAOD Index rose from 1.22 in boys and 1.84 in girls in first grade to 13.94 in boys and 13.81 in girls in eighth grade. The CAOS rose from 1.55 in boys and 2.55 in girls in first grade to 19.98 in boys and 20.15 in girls in the eighth grade. The CEOD fell from 5.19 in boys and 5.69 in girls in first grade to 1.32 in boys and 0.97 in girls in eighth grade. The index of restoration of permanent teeth was 5.50% in boys and 9.85% in girls in the eighth grade. 40.97% of 13 or 14-year olds suffered tooth-ache. 40.32% of eighth-graders brushed their teeth occasionally. CONCLUSIONS: The indices of caries, which were higher than in other areas of Spain, remained the same or even increased slightly five years later, which makes it urgent to take preventive measures in the schools.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Dental caries in 12-year-old children and the effectiveness of dental services in Salford, UK in 1960, 1988 and 1997.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dental health of 12-year-old children and the effectiveness of dental services in 1997 and compare the results with studies carried out in 1960 and 1988. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Analytical survey using a one in five random sample of children in all seven secondary schools in Salford UK. Standard clinical criteria were used. SETTING: Clinical examinations were carried out in school. PARTICIPANTS: 65 boys and 49 girls were examined. OUTCOME MEASURES: Caries experience expressed as DMFT, Restorative Index and Care Index. RESULTS: The boys and girls both had a mean DMFT of 1.65. (95% confidence intervals were 1.18-2.12 for the boys and 1.16-2.14 for the girls.) This compared with means of 2.34 (1.85-2.83) for boys and 3.40 (2.63-4.17) for girls in 1988, and 6.04 (5.65-6.43) and 6.54 (6.09-7.00), respectively in 1960. The prevalence of caries fell least in first permanent molar teeth. The Care Index for the boys was 22.0 in 1960, 51.4 in 1988 and 31.5 in 1997. The pattern was similar for the girls for whom the values were 19.5, 48.6 and 32.2 respectively. The boys' Restorative Index scores (modified to include fissure sealants) were 25.7 in 1960, 58.5 in 1988 and 57.1 in 1997. The girls' scores were 23.9, 53.7 and 58.0. CONCLUSIONS: Caries has declined considerably in Salford since 1960. More of the total disease was concentrated in first permanent molar teeth in 1997. Indices, which measure the effectiveness of dental services, show that a greater proportion of overall disease was being treated in 1988 than in 1960 or 1997.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Decline in caries prevalence in 6-14-year-old schoolchildren during 1975-85 in Shizuoka, Japan.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in caries prevalence during 1975-85 in Japanese schoolchildren who did not have an apparent change in fluoride exposure. A total of 2872 schoolchildren aged 6-14 yr in two primary schools and one junior high school in Shizuoka city, Japan, were examined in 1985. The caries prevalence in 1985 was then compared with data which had been collected in a longitudinal survey on schoolchildren in the same primary and junior high schools by Katayama in 1970-75. The results indicated that DMFT and DMFS indices in 1985 were significantly lower than those in 1970-75 in all the examined ages (P < 0.01). The DMFT indices at age 12 were 3.60 in 1985 and 5.47 in 1970-75. Remarkable decreases in DMFT at age 12 were observed in maxillary incisors (50%), followed by maxillary molars (24%) and mandibular molars (22%). The decline in caries prevalence in the examined area may be mainly attributed to several factors other than use of fluoride, such as changes in dietary pattern, an increasing dental awareness and promotion of dental health care. But the percentage decrease per annum of DMFT index at age of 12 in the examined population was relatively low (-4.1%) in comparison with other industrial countries. Comparing the results with data from national dental surveys, it can be considered that rural areas in Japan do not exhibit a similar decline of caries prevalence as in Shizuoka city, but there will be a lot of districts exhibiting significant reduction in caries prevalence in the near future.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Inverse correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting Streptococcus mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth.

To evaluate the role of inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the oral cavity, we estimated, by a deferred test on Todd-Hewitt agar enriched with hemin and vitamin K, the proportion of bacteria that inhibited or stimulated the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, from the saliva of 109 patients (54 males and 55 females) attending our dental clinics. The patients, aged from 8 to 75 years old (mean: 31 +/- 18 years), were randomly selected whatever the reason for their visit. The results, evaluated with the Spearman rank test, indicated that there was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) correlation between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting or stimulating P. gingivalis with the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the number of carious, missing and filled teeth, or with the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT). Also, no statistically significant correlation was observed between the proportion of salivary bacteria stimulating the growth of S. mutans and the above mentioned health indexes. However, a statistically significant (P < 0.005) negative correlation was found between the percentage of cultivated bacteria that inhibit S. mutans and the percentage of untreated carious teeth as well as with the CPITN. The results thus indicate a possible role for inhibitory substances produced by bacteria in the maintenance of oral health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Streptococcus mutans establishment and dental caries experience in children from 2 to 4 years old.

39 children were studied longitudinally at the age of 2, 3, and 4 yr for the colonization of S. mutans in plaque and saliva and for caries experience. S. mutans was found in 38% of the children, and the predominant serotype group was c/e/f. A total of 16 children got caries before the age of 4. Children who harbored S. mutans in their plaque at the age of 2, appeared to be the most caries-active individuals. Their caries index values (number of decayed, missed and filled surfaces, dmfs = 10.6 +/- 5.3) at the age of 4 differed significantly from the values of children who harbored S. mutans later (dmfs = 3.4 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.005) or remained free from S. mutans infection (dmfs = 0.3 +/- 1.1, P less than 0.0003). It was thus concluded that the early establishment of S. mutans in the plaque of primary incisors indicated early and extensive caries attack in young primary dentition.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1996

The association between developmental enamel defects and caries in populations with and without fluoride in their drinking water.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to consider the association between developmental enamel defects and dental caries in children from areas with different levels of fluoride in their drinking water. METHODS: children (mean age = 14.1 +/- 0.3 years) were examined from areas with less than 0.1 ppm (n = 267) and 0.7 ppm (n = 196) in their drinking water. These areas were chosen to contain subjects with a similar social profile. Two types of enamel defect were considered: those consistent with the diagnostic criteria of the Thylstrup Fejerskov (TF) index and demarcated opacities. Dental caries was recorded for surfaces at the level of the dentinal lesion. RESULTS: Subjects with one or more demarcated opacities had more dental caries than those without these opacities present. Children with enamel defects scored with the TF index tended to have less dental caries than those without these defects present. However, the difference was only statistically significant in the area without fluoride in the drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental enamel defects may be useful markers of caries susceptibility, which should be considered in the risk-benefit assessment for use of fluoride. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between developmental enamel opacities and dental caries and the reasons for any associations.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dental caries experience in Indians of the Upper Xingu, Brazil.

The present study describes the experience of dental caries in Indians communities of the Xingu, in order to supply parameters for further analysis of trends of the disease in Indians. We performed oral health examination in 288 Indians from four communities (Yawalapiti, Aweti, Mehinaku and Kamaiura) living in the southern part of the Xingu National Park, using international criteria defined by the World Health Organization. The outcome measures were the DMFT and dmft scores, and the care index. Indians of the Upper Xingu presented high levels of caries, in all age groups. The average DMFT for 11 to 13-year-old children - 5.93 - was lower than the index measured in 1993 for 12-year-old schoolchildren in nearby cities - 8.23 -, whose United Nations' human development index ranked medium. However, Indians presented a much lower care index, per age group, than these cities, and a high ratio of missing teeth for persons above 20 years old. These observations indicate low incorporation of dental care services. The irregularity of the services programmed for these communities, and the changing dietary and cultural patterns, mainly derived from their contact with the non-indigenous population of Brazil, reinforce the pressing need for health promotion initiatives aimed at these groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Dental caries in 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren from public and private schools in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in 2001].

The aim of this paper was to assess the caries experience of 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren from public and private schools in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and to identify the access of children to dental services and the coverage of such services, which might be related to differences between the groups. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 3,313 clinical exams, which followed the WHO (1997) criteria for the diagnosis of dental caries. The analysis was carried out by means of the Student's t test, the chi-square test and analysis of covariance. There were no differences regarding DMFT and frequency of caries-free individuals between public and private schools. However, while F (filled teeth) was the most prevalent component of the index in subjects from private schools, M (missing teeth) was the most common in those from public schools. The access to dental services in the last year was the only variable associated to the differences between both groups. Thus, the importance of access to dental services and social benefits must be pointed out in order to guarantee equity in oral health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[From epidemiology to social epidemiology in dentistry. The example of caries].

Today, we know the caries aetiology and prevention rather well. We also know that caries-related levels of dental health are inequitably distributed among social classes: on the average, disadvantaged people experience higher DMFS then privileged people. This difference can be explained by a differential access to health care, which can be shown by the study of components of the DMFS index: proportion of filled surfaces (F/DMFS), proportion of missing surfaces (M/DMFS), and proportion of recurrent caries (secondary caries/filled surfaces). Though we are able to describe the social distribution of levels of dental care, we cannot "explain" the differences we observe. The explanation of those differences defines the field of social epidemiology. This consists in determining the social aetiology of diseases, starting from social determinants of attitudes and behaviors influencing health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Enamel fluoride concentrations in unerupted third molars and the influence of fluoridated water on caries scores.

Enamel fluoride concentrations in buccal and lingual surfaces were determined in successive layers obtained by the acid etch method. The 48 unerupted third molar teeth were from subjects who had lived continuously since birth in two Brazilian towns (Barretos and Ribeirão Pr-eto) with different fluoride levels in the drinking water but with similar socioeconomic conditions. The DMFT index was determined for children 7-12 years old living in the two towns. Enamel fluoride concentrations were significantly higher in the teeth from the town with higher fluoride levels in drinking water. The children residing in the community with near-optimum fluoride concentration in the water had mean DMFT scores that were less than half those found in the community with a low level of fluoride in the drinking water.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A preliminary clinical study on the oral lesions among the Dumagats.

The objectives of the preliminary study is to gather baseline data on oral lesions among Dumagat samples living in the vicinity of Angat Dam, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan. Scores for CPITN (Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs), Loss of Attachment, DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) and clinical oral lesions were determined from 41 Dumagat samples. Results of the study showed 61% had oral lesions of some type (37.8% females and 62.5% males). Lesions clinically detected were; betal nut chewer's mucosa (44%), leukoedema (6%), melanin pigmentation (8%), geographic tongue (16%), Fordyce's spots (8%), leukoplakia (6%) and Fibroepithelial papilloma (8%).

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dental caries and fluorosis in children from high and low fluoride areas of Morocco.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the severity of dental caries and dental fluorosis in primary and permanent teeth of 582 subjects, aged 7 to 16 years, from the fluorosis area of Khouribga and the non-fluorosis area of Beni Mellal, Morocco. At age-group 7-10, where 67.8 percent of primary teeth were present, about 35 percent of the children were affected in the high-fluoride area and the community fluorosis index was 0.86. The percentage and average number of erupted permanent teeth were higher in Beni Mellal than in Khouribga for 11-12 and 13-14-year-old age-groups. Significant differences in caries prevalence were observed between the high- and low-fluoride areas. In both regions, high and low prevalence of dental caries was observed in the primary and permanent teeth, respectively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Dental diseases in subjects with beta-thalassemia major.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether beta-thalassemia major is associated with an increase in the severity of periodontal disease and dental caries. METHODS: A total of 61 thalassemia patients and 63 healthy controls (age range = 6-18 years) were examined for plaque deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis and dental caries using Silness and Löe plaque index (Pl.I), Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and DMFT, respectively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in Pl.I, GI and PPD scores between both thalassemia patients and healthy control groups (P > 0.05). Dental caries was significantly higher in thalassemia patients group (P < 0.0001) compared to the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Thalassemia is not associated with increased levels of gingivitis or periodontitis but is associated with higher dental caries experience.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Oral disease status of a sample of Jordanian people ages 10 to 28 with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of periodontal disease and dental caries in subjects with cleft lip and palate and to compare them with matched noncleft control subjects. DESIGN: A total of 32 subjects with cleft lip and palate, ages 10 to 28 years, and a similar number of noncleft control subjects were examined for plaque biofilm deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental caries by using the Silness and Löe plaque index (PI), Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and the decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT) index, respectively. SETTING: Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and Prince Rashed Hospital, Royal Medical Services, northern Jordan. RESULTS: Scores for PI, GI, PPD, and DMFT were significantly higher in subjects with cleft lip and palate than in control subjects. CONCLUSION: Subjects with cleft lip and palate are at an increased risk for dental caries and periodontal disease when compared with a noncleft population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of four composite deprivation indices and two census variables in predicting dental caries in 12-year-old children in Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the explanatory power of four composite indices of social economic status in their ability to predict dental caries experience. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: A secondary analysis of Welsh BASCD survey data using ward aggregated dental data, census variables and composite measures of deprivation. CLINICAL SETTING: Examinations took place in schools. PARTICIPANTS: All 12-year-old children examined in the 1996/97 survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The explanatory variables were Jarman index, Welsh Underprivileged Area score (WUPA), Carstairs and Townsend indices and the outcome measure was mean DMFT. RESULTS: The amount of the mean DMFT explained by the explanatory variables ranged from 62.9% with Welsh Underprivileged Area score (WUPA) in Bro Taf Health Authority to 4.2% with the Jarman index in Dyfed-Powys health authority. Of the constituent parts of the composite variables only the percentage with no car appeared in the 'top three' variables in all but one of six models. CONCLUSIONS: The composite indices explained very different amounts of the variation in mean DMFT between the different health authorities. It would be unwise to rely on any one as a method of predicting which sections of the population would be likely to have dental disease.

Child↗