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PubMed2005

Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter.

Excitation-emission matrixes (EEMs) of 379 dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples from diverse aquatic environments were modeled by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Thirteen components likely representing groups of similarly fluorescing moieties were found to explain the variation in this data set. Seven of the thirteen components were identified as quinone-like based on comparison of their excitation and emission spectra to spectra of model quinones. These quinone-like fluorophores were found to vary in redox state and degree of conjugation. Two components were identified as amino acid-like based on comparison to tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence spectra. The other four components are not yet associated with any class of molecules. The quinone-like fluorophores account for about 50% of the fluorescence for every sample analyzed, showing that quinone-like fluorophores are an important and ubiquitous fluorescing moiety and in natural waters. Further, the distribution of the quinone-like fluorophores was evaluated as a function of environmental and laboratory redox gradients. Under reducing conditions, the contribution of the reduced quinone-like fluorophores increased concurrentwith a decrease in the oxidized quinone-like fluorophores, indicating that DOM fluorescence is a function of redox state of quinone-like moieties. Lastly, a ratio of two quinone-like fluorophores was found to explain the variation in the fluorescence index. These results provide new insight into the redox reactivity of DOM and have implications for the application of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to characterize DOM.

Models, Chemical↗

PubMed2004

Bioavailability of cadmium-organic complexes to soil alga--an exception to the free ion model.

It is generally considered that cadmium bioavailability shows a considerable dependence on chemical speciation of Cd in solution, correlates best with the activity of free metal ion (Cd2+) in solution, and is largely indifferent to soluble metal complexes. The role of soluble organic matter (DOM) and soluble metal-organic complexes in metal bioavailability and toxicity, however, is not clear. Growth studies with a soil alga (Chlorococcum sp.) were conducted on a growth medium and pore water of Cookes Plain soil (Paleuxeralf), spiked with Cd as Cd(NO3)2. Speciation of the Cd in pore water, and in growth medium with and without citrate, was performed using the MINTEQA2 computer model incorporating updated values of the stability constants of Cd-DOM complexes, as well as using anode stripping voltammetry. Analysis of the toxicity data showed that Cd-citrate, as well as the Cd-DOM complexes, is bioavailable and contributes toward the toxicity to alga. These data contradict the long-held notion that Cd-DOM complexes are not bioavailable to soil biota although they may increase the mobility of Cd.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2000

The development of a chemical 'fingerprint' to characterise dissolved organic matter in natural waters.

A suite of twelve assays has been used to 'fingerprint' dissolved organic matter (DOM). The assays were applied directly to filtered natural water samples. Temperature, pH and conductivity accounted for the environmental conditions on-site. Bulk carbon characteristics were assayed by measuring UV absorbance at 200 and 240 nm, colour in grade Hazen, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), fluorescence (excitation 370 nm, emission 450 nm) and the complexation of phenol itself. Measuring hydroxybenzenes ('monophenolics'), polyhydroxybenzenes ('polyphenolics') and total phenolics with the Gibbs, Prussian Blue and Folin-Ciocalteau assays, respectively, determined the phenolics pool. The methodology was tested on six freshwater sites in North Wales chosen to provide differences in vegetation, land-use and water chemistry and sampled once during each season. A novel approach for the presentation of the data has been developed that combines all range normalised assay results for each site and each season within one polar plot, hence the term 'fingerprint'. The data was also analysed using principal component factor analysis. Assays characterised as determining the chemical properties of DOM contributed to Factor 1 and explained 59% of the variation in the data. Assays apparently determined by the water matrix, contributed to Factor 2 and explained 20% of the variation within the data. The factor scores obtained for each site showed more variation for assays relating to the chemical properties of DOM than to the surrounding water matrix. The methodology was found to detect chemical changes within DOM for each site throughout the year and different responses for different sites.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2000

Lack of effect of acupuncture upon signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness.

The effect of acupuncture upon experimentally induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was assessed in a placebo-controlled study under blinded conditions. Volunteers (n = 48; 24 M & 24 F) were randomly allocated to one of four groups: control (20 min rest), placebo (minimal needling at non-acupuncture points), treatment group 1 (acupuncture at classic acupuncture points) and treatment group 2 (acupuncture at 'tender' points). DOMS was induced in the elbow flexors of the non-dominant arm using a standardized eccentric exercise regime. Measurements of elbow range of movement (flexion, extension, relaxed angle), and pain as well as visual analogue scores (VAS), tenderness (using a pressure algometer) were employed as indices of treatment efficacy. Measurements of elbow range of movement and tenderness were made prior to DOMS induction on the first day, and repeated pre- and post-treatment on subsequent days; pain was assessed using visual analogue scales post-induction and post-treatment on the first day, and pre- and post-treatment thereafter. For all conditions, subjects rested supine for a period of 20 min, during which treatment was delivered according to group allocation. Repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated no significant interactive (AB) effects, except for visual analogue scores (P = 0.0483); one factor ANOVA on the second day of the experiment (pre-treatment) indicated significant differences between the control and all other groups. However, such differences were not found on any other day of the experiment. It is concluded that acupuncture has little effect upon the cardinal signs and symptoms of DOMS, at least under the conditions of the current experiment.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗

PubMed1984

Different effects of metoclopramide and domperidone on GH release in type I male diabetics.

Dopamine (DA) has a physiological role in the control of GH release from the pituitary. Studies have been carried out using DA agonist or antagonist, since in normal subjects DA does not cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). In contrast, the BBB is altered in type I diabetics, who respond to DA with a significant increase of GH release. In these patients Metoclopramide (MCP), an antidopaminergic drug, is also capable of stimulating GH release. In a previous paper, we suggested that this effect could be related to enhanced blood concentrations of DA, due to a reduced peripheral DA catabolism determined by MCP. However, since MCP crosses the BBB, an effect of this drug on other hypothalamic neurotransmitters could not be excluded. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Domperidone (DOM) a drug which does not cross the BBB, but as well as MCP is thought to increase blood levels of DA, is also capable of inducing GH release in diabetics. Sixteen type I male diabetics were injected intravenously with MCP (6) or DOM (10) and a week later with normal saline. Ten normal subjects participated as controls to all three tests. MCP and DOM did not produce any effects in the normal controls; as expected, MCP induced a marked increase in serum levels of GH in the diabetics, while in contrast DOM did not stimulate GH secretion in diabetics. These data suggest that the effect of MCP is not due to the dopaminergic pathway previously described, but rather to a modulation of some other neurotransmitter at hypothalamic level, or to a direct effect on the pituitary in diabetics.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Warm-up, stretching and massage diminish harmful effects of eccentric exercise.

The effect of a combination of a warm-up, stretching exercises and massage on subjective scores for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and objective functional and biochemical measures was studied. Fifty people, randomly divided in a treatment and a control group, performed eccentric exercise with the forearm flexors for 30 min. The treatment group additionally performed a warm-up and underwent a stretching protocol before the eccentric exercise and massage afterwards. Functional and biochemical measures were obtained before, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after exercise. The median values at the five post-exercise time points differed significantly for DOMS measured when the arm was extended (p = 0.043). Significant main effects for treatment were found on the maximal force (p = 0.026), the flexion angle of the elbow (p = 0.014) and the creatine kinase activity in blood (p = 0.006). No time-by-treatment interactions were found. DOMS on pressure, extension angle and myoglobin concentration in blood did not differ between the groups. This combination of a warm-up, stretching and massage reduces some negative effects of eccentric exercise, but the results are inconsistent, since some parameters were significantly affected by the treatment whereas others were not, despite the expected efficacy of a combination of treatments. The objective measures did not yield more unequivocal results than the subjective DOMS scores.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Mutation of the Sry-related Sox10 gene in Dominant megacolon, a mouse model for human Hirschsprung disease.

The spontaneous mouse mutant Dominant megacolon (Dom) is a valuable model for the study of human congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease). Here we report that the defect in the Dom mouse is caused by mutation of the gene encoding the Sry-related transcription factor Sox10. This assignment is based on (i) colocalization of the Sox10 gene with the Dom mutation on chromosome 15; (ii) altered Sox10 expression in the gut and in neural-crest derived structures of cranial ganglia of Dom mice; (iii) presence of a frameshift in the Sox10 coding region, and (iv) functional inactivation of the resulting truncated protein. These results identify the transcriptional regulator Sox10 as an essential factor in mouse neural crest development and as a further candidate gene for human Hirschsprung disease, especially in cases where it is associated with features of Waardenburg syndrome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise.

Unaccustomed exercise (usually of an eccentric nature) is often followed by delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Previous studies have found that prior eccentric activity produces a training effect which reduces DOMS and morphological changes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a prior bout of maximal isokinetic eccentric exercise on DOMS, strength loss and plasma creatine kinase (CK) changes following a downhill run. Ten male subjects with a mean (+/- S.D.) age of 22.5 +/- 2.8 years, body mass of 62.67 +/- 0.05 kg and height of 176 +/- 3 cm were allocated to either a treatment group or a control group. The treatment group performed 100 maximal eccentric activations of the knee extensors in the dominant leg at 0.52 rad s-1. Two weeks later, the downhill run was performed on a motor-driven treadmill. This consisted of five bouts of 8 min at a gradient of -10% at a speed corresponding to 80% of the predicted maximal heart rate. The untrained group performed the downhill run as above but without the prior isokinetic session. Tenderness measurements, plasma CK activity and concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak torque measurements of the knee extensors at 0.52 and 2.83 rad s-1 were recorded prior to, immediately following and 2, 4 and 7 days after each protocol. The isokinetic protocol caused an increase (P < 0.01) in CK and tenderness and a decrease (P < 0.05) in concentric and eccentric torque at both speeds in the treatment group. Following the downhill run, a reduction in peak torque (P < 0.01) was observed in the eccentric and concentric modes at both isokinetic speeds in the control group. For the treatment group, the decrease in peak torque occurred only at the faster eccentric speed. With the exception of the faster eccentric speed, the decrement in peak torque was greater in the control group in all post-exercise isokinetic strength tests. There was less tenderness (P < 0.01) in the trained knee extensor muscle group. Peak torque also returned to pre-downhill values earlier for the trained group. Although plasma CK activity increased in both groups after downhill running, it was much lower (P < 0.01) in the trained group. The results suggest that a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric training reduces muscle damage, reduces the amount of strength loss and decreases the sensation of DOMS after downhill running.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure pain sensitivity and hardness along human normal and sensitized muscle.

The spatial distribution of pressure sensitivity and muscle hardness was examined on normal muscle tissue and muscle tissue after induction of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The pressure sensitivity and muscle hardness were assessed at nine sites on the tibialis muscle from the proximal to distal tendon on two separate days. In total 37 healthy volunteers participated in three experiments. In the first experiment pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure pain tolerance (PPTO) were assessed. Decreased PPT and PPTO were found on day 2, 7 days after day 1. Proximal and distal stimulation sites were harder compared to muscle belly sites. In a second experiment two different probe sizes were used. Variation in PPT between the nine sites was found for the large probe with muscle belly being less sensitive to pressure stimulation compared to proximal and distal sites. The most proximal stimulation site was harder compared to muscle belly sites. In a third experiment PPT and muscle hardness were assessed before and 48 h after eccentric exercise. PPT at two muscle belly sites was significantly decreased during DOMS. No specific sites were harder during DOMS, the average muscle hardness across sites was however significantly increased. Decreased PPT and increased muscle hardness did not correlate. In conclusion, within subjects the pressure sensitivity varies along the musculoskeletal unit. In DOMS, specific muscle belly sites were more sensitive to pressure stimulation. Muscle-tendon sites were harder compared to muscle belly sites.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Delayed-onset muscle soreness: lack of effect of combined phototherapy/low-intensity laser therapy at low pulse repetition rates.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study using male subjects (n = 60), was conducted to investigate the efficacy of three different frequencies of combined phototherapy/low-intensity laser therapy (CLILT) in alleviating the signs and symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The study was approved by the University's ethical committee. After screening for relevant pathologies, recent analgesic or steroid drug usage, current pain, diabetes, or current involvement in regular weight-training activities, subjects were randomly allocated to one of five experimental groups: Control, Placebo, or 2.5-Hz, 5-Hz, or 20-Hz CLILT groups (660-950 nm; 31.7 J/cm2; pulsed at the given frequencies for a duration of 12 min; n = 12 all groups). Once baseline measurements were obtained, DOMS was induced in the nondominant arm, which was exercised in a standardized fashion until exhaustion, using repeated eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. The procedure was repeated twice more to ensure exhaustion was achieved, after which subjects were treated according to group allocation. In the CLILT/placebo groups, the treatment head was applied directly to the affected arm at the level of the musculotendinous junction. Subjects returned on two consecutive days for further treatment and assessment. The range of variables used to assess DOMS included range of movement (universal goniometer), mechanical pain threshold/tenderness (algometer) and pain (visual analogue scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire). Measurements were taken before and after treatment on each day, except for the McGill Pain questionnaire, which was completed at the end of the study. Analysis of results using repeated measures and one-factor analysis of variance with relevant post hoc tests showed significant changes in ranges of movement accompanied by increases in subjective pain and tenderness for all groups over time (p = 0.0001); however, such analysis failed to show any significant differences between groups on any of the days. These results thus provide no convincing evidence for any putative hypoalgesic effect of CLILT upon DOMS at the parameters used here.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Sry expression level and protein isoform differences play a role in abnormal testis development in C57BL/6J mice carrying certain Sry alleles.

Transfer of certain Mus domesticus-derived Y chromosomes (Sry(DOM) alleles, e.g., Sry(POS) and Sry(AKR)) onto the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain causes abnormal gonad development due to an aberrant interaction between the Sry(DOM) allele and the B6-derived autosomal (tda) genes. For example, B6 XY(POS) fetuses develop ovaries and ovotestes and B6 XY(AKR) fetuses have delayed testis cord development. To test whether abnormal testis development is caused by insufficient Sry(DOM) expression, two approaches were used. First, gonad development and relative Sry expression levels were examined in fetal gonads from two strains of B6 mice that contained a single M. domesticus-derived and a single M. musculus-derived Sry allele (B6-Y(POS,RIII) and B6-Y(AKR,RIII)). In both cases, presence of the M. musculus Sry(RIII) allele corrected abnormal testis development. On the B6 background, Sry(POS) was expressed at about half the level of Sry(RIII) whereas Sry(AKR) and Sry(RIII) were equally expressed. On an F(1) hybrid background, both Sry(POS) and Sry(RIII) expression increased, but Sry(POS) expression increased to a greater extent. Second, sexual development and Sry expression levels were determined in XX mice carrying a transgene expressing Sry(POS) controlled by POS-derived or MUS-derived regulatory regions. In both cases one B6 transgenic line was recovered in which XX transgenic mice developed only testicular tissue but cord development was delayed despite normal Sry transcriptional initiation and overexpression. For three transgenes where B6 XX transgenic mice developed as females, hermaphrodites, or males, the percentage of XX transgenic males increased on an F(1) background. For the one transgene examined, Sry expression increased on an F(1) background. These results support a model in which delayed testis development is caused by the presence of particular DOM SRY protein isoforms and this, combined with insufficient Sry expression, causes sex reversal. These results also indicate that at least one tda gene regulates Sry expression, possibly by directly binding to Sry regulatory regions.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of ultrasound and trolamine salicylate phonophoresis on delayed-onset muscle soreness.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ultrasound and phonophoresis using an anti-inflammatory-analgesic cream (trolamine salicylate) on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Repeated eccentric contractions were used to induce DOMS in the elbow flexors of 40 college-aged women. Subjects were then assigned randomly to one of four groups: (1) group 1 (n = 10) received sham ultrasound using placebo cream, (2) group 2 (n = 10) received sham ultrasound using trolamine salicylate cream, (3) group 3 (n = 10) received ultrasound using placebo cream, and (4) group 4 (n = 10) received ultrasound using trolamine salicylate cream. Subjects were treated on 3 consecutive days. Muscle soreness and active elbow range of motion were assessed daily prior to each treatment. The subjects in group 3 experienced an increase in DOMS, whereas no increase in soreness was observed in the subjects in group 4. The authors concluded that ultrasound enhanced the development of DOMS but that this enhancement was offset by the anti-inflammatory-analgesic action of salicylate phonophoresis. These findings suggest that salicylate phonophoresis may be useful in clinical situations in which it is desirable to administer ultrasound without increasing inflammation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Orifice locating with a microscope.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of the dental operating microscope (DOM) could increase the number of root canal orifices located in mandibular molars. Ninety-three first and 111 second extracted mandibular molars were used. With the naked eye, all access cavities were prepared and the number of canals in each root was recorded. Using a DOM with x8-x13 magnification, all teeth had the access cavity preparations again examined. With the naked eye, a total of 641 canals were seen in all teeth. After the DOM examination, 50 more canals could be visualized, representing a 7.8% increase in the total number of located canals. From these canals, 35 were located in the first molars and 15 in the second molars. The use of the DOM increases the number of root canal orifices located.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗

PubMed2002

Eccentric exercise effect on blood oxidative-stress markers and delayed onset of muscle soreness.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of a single bout of high-intensity eccentric exercise (EE) on blood protein carbonyls, glutathione status, and muscle damage indicators to ascertain whether blood markers of oxidative stress are elevated at the time delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs. METHODS: Eight healthy men (26.5 +/- 1.5 yr) performed 60 eccentric contractions at approximately 135-150% dominant arm maximum isometric force (MIF) using their nondominant arm elbow flexors. DOMS, range of motion (ROM), MIF, and blood were obtained before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the EE. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and protein carbonyls (PC), and erythrocyte glutathione status. RESULTS: A significant decrease in MIF occurred at all times after the EE. ROM decreased from 24 to 96 h, and DOMS increased 24 to 72 h in the nondominant arm as indicated by a repeated measure ANOVA. Plasma CK activity peaked at 72 h (1620 +/- 500 IU x L(-1)) compared with baseline (154 +/- 27 IU x L(-1). Erythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration was not significantly affected by the EE but tended to decrease 23% by 24 h and continued at this level for 96 h. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total glutathione were unchanged over time. A significant increase in plasma PC occurred at 24 and 48 h after eccentric exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 60 EE at 135-150% MIF can result in DOMS, with decreased muscle function and increases in plasma PC at 24 and 48 h without alterations in blood glutathione status.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: Fish oils (FO) have been shown to modulate the inflammatory response through alteration of the eicosanoid pathway. Isoflavones (ISO) appear to reduce the inflammatory pathway through their role as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) develops after intense exercise and has been associated with an inflammatory response. Therefore, we hypothesized that physical parameters associated with DOMS could be decreased via the modulation of the inflammatory response by supplementing subjects with either FO or ISO. METHODS: 22 subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: FO (1.8 g of omega-3 fatty acids x d(-1)), ISO (120 mg soy isolate x d(-1)), or placebo (PL) (Western fat blend and/or wheat flour). All treatment groups received 100-IU vitamin E x d(-1) to minimize lipid peroxidation of more highly unsaturated fatty acids. Subjects were supplemented 30 d before the exercise and during the week of testing and were instructed to refrain from unusual exercise. DOMS was induced by 50 maximal isokinetic eccentric elbow flexion contractions. Strength parameters, pain, arm circumference, and relaxed arm angle (RANG) were measured at 48, 72, and 168 h post exercise. Cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha), malondialdehyde (MDA), and serum iron were measured before supplementation, after supplementation, and post exercise. RESULTS: Significant decreases were observed in RANG and strength 48 h postexercise among all groups, and there were significant increases in pain and arm circumference. There were no significant changes among all groups from baseline at 168 h (7 d) post exercise. There were no significant treatment effects between groups for the physical parameters or for cortisol, CK, IL-6, TNFalpha, MDA, or serum iron. CONCLUSION: These data indicate FO or ISO, at the doses supplemented, were not effective in ameliorating DOMS with the above-cited protocol.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of chairpersons of departments of medicine about the current and future roles of clinical genetics in internal medicine.

PURPOSE: The response of academic Departments of Medicine (DOM), who train the bulk of future US internists, to the increasing importance of clinical genetics is not known. METHODS: A survey was distributed to 153 DOM chairpersons assessing the current and future roles of clinical genetics as related to internal medicine. RESULTS: Eighty-five (56%) surveys with complete data were returned. A minority of DOM currently employ geneticists; most genetics education and services are provided by nongeneticists; the general competency of internists to deliver genetic services is unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Academic DOM have limited faculty expertise in clinical genetics; this may impact the ability to integrate genetics into internal medicine practice and training.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2000

Five recombinant fragments of human serum albumin-tools for the characterization of the warfarin binding site.

Human serum albumin (HSA) interacts with a vast array of chemically diverse ligands at specific binding sites. To pinpoint the essential structural elements for the formation of the warfarin binding site on human serum albumin, a defined set of five recombinant proteins comprising combinations of domains and/or subdomains of the N-terminal part were prepared and characterized by biochemical standard procedures, tryptophanyl fluorescence, and circular dichroic measurements, indicating well-preserved secondary and tertiary structures. Affinity constants for binding to warfarin were estimated by fluorescence titration experiments and found to be highest for HSA-DOM I-II and HSA, followed by HSA-DOM IB-II, HSA-DOM II, and HSA-DOM I-IIA. In addition, ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and induced circular dichroism experiments were carried out to get an in depth understanding of the binding mechanism of warfarin to the fragments as stand-alone proteins. This systematic study indicates that the primary warfarin binding site is centered in subdomain IIA with indispensable structural contributions of subdomain IIB and domain I, while domain III is not involved in this binding site, underlining the great potential that lies in the use of combinations of recombinant fragments for the study and accurate localization of ligand binding sites on HSA.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed1994

Intramuscular pressure, torque and swelling for the exercise-induced sore vastus lateralis muscle.

This study investigated changes in intramuscular fluid pressure (IMP), torque and swelling related to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the vastus lateralis muscle. IMP was measured via catheterization in the unstretched (0 degree, full extension) and stretched (90 degrees of knee flexion) muscle at rest; then IMP and knee extension torque were determined during maximal contractions pre and 2 d after (post) repetitive eccentric activity in one leg for eight male subjects. DOMS of the vastus lateralis muscle was associated with a significant elevation in IMP at rest as indicated by pre (0 degree: 5.4 mmHg, 90 degrees: 80 mmHg) and post (0 degree: 8.4 mmHg, 90 degrees: 13.2 mmHg) comparisons (P = 0.02). Soreness symptoms were aggravated when the muscle was stretched and this was accompanied by a significantly higher post IMP at 90 degrees vs. 0 degree (P = 0.01). During maximal contractions, peak torque declined by 15% relative to pre and peak IMP declined by 26%; DOMS symptoms, however, were most severe during this manoeuvre. Biopsies from the sore vastus lateralis muscle revealed significantly larger fibre areas for all fibre types as compared with contralateral controls (P < 0.01); however, no differences were detected for extracellular volume percent comparisons. This study shows that DOMS of the vastus lateralis muscle is associated with extensive intracellular swelling and with elevated IMP. In line with previous studies, fibre swelling may be a common subsequence to repetitive eccentric activity; the ability of IMP measurements to detect this swelling at rest and during various manoeuvres for other muscles may depend on compartmental compliance.

Adult↗