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PubMed1991

[Methodological approach to genetic-selection analysis of social behavior of animals (Using as an example domestic behavior of the silver fox)].

Social behaviour of animals, i.e. interspecies contacts, were studied in a population of silver foxes in the longitudinal model domestication experiment. Three social behaviour traits were analysed: contactibility, critical distance and domestication index. The latter trait is a linear function of elementary behaviour reactions, postures induced by man which is determined by the principal components method. The most valiable selection phenotype for further modelling of domestication, as shown by the capacity to adequately reflect a pattern of genotype--environment interaction, the structure of correlation ratios for different forms of behaviour and the level of genetic relationships between relatives, is the domestication index.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[The use of the method of principal components for phenogenetic analysis of the integral domestication trait].

In the course of long-term experiment on domestication of silver fox, it was necessary to determine the most important behavioral features, selection for which would give domestication effect. The mathematical method of principal components was used for the analysis of 20 fox behavior traits. The combination of the initial traits which reflected the structure of the integral trait, i.e. domesticated type of behavior, was determined. The practical use of this combination seems to more adequately estimate the level of domestication of a given animal, which is indispensable for subsequent effective selection.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The brain catecholamines during domestication of the silver fox Vulpes fulvus].

Studies have been made on the content of catecholamines (noradrenaline and dopamine) as well as metabolites of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic and homovanillic acids) in the brain structures of silver foxes which differ in their handling reactions. The level of noradrenaline was found to be significantly higher in the anterior hypothalamus of domesticated animals; no differences in noradrenaline content were found in the frontal cortex, hippocamp, posterior hypothalamus and midbrain in animals from aggressive and domesticated groups. Dopamine content was higher in the tuberculum olfactorium of domesticated animals, being lower in the striatum and n. accumbens. Metabolite level remained unaffected which is presumably due to changes in dopamine synthesis in the investigated structures. It was concluded that domestication of animals favours the specimens with an altered state of catecholaminergic system of the brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Chromosome R-banding patterns and NOR homologies in the European wild pig and four breeds of domestic pig.

Four European wild pigs and 27 domestic pigs were studied; three Landrace, 12 village pigs from Papua New Guinea, two Chinese pigs Meishan and 10 Creole pigs from the French Antilles. The R-banding patterns were identical for all domestic breeds despite their different history and geographical divergence. The European wild pigs showed a similar R-banding pattern and a centric fusion between pairs 15 and 17 (2n = 36). The nucleolar organizers (NORs) in the European wild pig and the four domestic breeds were localized on the secondary constriction of chromosomes 8 and 10. All animals exhibited in the majority of metaphases two NORs on both chromosomes 10. In some animals. the NORs were expressed only in one of the homologs of chromosome 8. The Chinese pigs had a high amount of silver precipitates on two homologs of chromosome 8. This study confirms several previous reports on the polymorphism of NOR patterns in different domestic pig breeds.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Adrenal function in different phases of the estrous cycle in the domesticated silver fox, Vulpes fulvus].

Experiments were made on silver foxes from a population which had been selected for 10 to 15 generations for the domestic behaviour and on animals from a control, unselected population. In females from both populations, studies were made of the level of 11-OHCS in the blood serum, in vitro production of 11-OHCS, the size of fascicular zone in the adrenal cortex, the volume of cellular nuclei and nucleoli, as well as the reaction of the adrenals in vitro to 2 doses of ACTH (1 and 5 units/g of the adrenals) during anestrus, proestrus and estrus. In control females, all the characters investigated significantly increased from anestrus to proestrus. In domesticated females, no changes in the production of 11-OHCS in vitro or changes in morphological features of the fascicular zone were observed in the course of estrous cycle. During proestrus, the adrenals of the domesticated animals were not able to increase the production of 11-OHCS in vitro after application of ACTH. The decrease in the reactivity of the adrenals to the effect of ACTH is presumably the main cause why in unselected females the adrenal are not activated during proestrus. Therefore, in the course of selection for the domestication type of behaviour, species specific dynamics of activation of the adrenals during estrous cycle is lost.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗

PubMed1995

Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide.

OBJECTIVE: A study of 222 intraracial domestic homicides in Atlanta, Ga, found that when black and white populations were unstratified, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 8.0); when black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (relative risk [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0). The current study sought to replicate, or not replicate, these findings in New Orleans, La. METHODS: Retrospective study of 349 intraracial domestic homicides perpetrated against residents of Orleans Parish in 1979, 1982, 1985, and 1986. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative risk of homicide in the black and white populations of New Orleans when they are stratified by rates of household crowding. RESULTS: When black and white populations of New Orleans were unstratified, the relative risk of intraracial domestic homicide in black populations was 6.3 (95% CI, 4.3 to 9.5). When black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.9). CONCLUSION: The findings of the Atlanta homicide study are replicated in the current study of homicide in New Orleans. In both cities, sixfold differences in black and white rates of intraracial domestic homicide are entirely accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status between the respective black and white populations. There are no significant residual differences requiring cultural explanations.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1995

Addressing domestic violence in the African American community.

This paper focuses on the problem of spouse abuse in the African American community and discusses intervention programs designed to reduce domestic violence. The problem of domestic violence is not new. However, there is increased concern about it, such that the criminal justice system has changed its policy toward this act. This policy considers domestic violence a crime, and arrest the most efficient way to prevent it. Further, providing counseling programs to men is one of the efforts some criminal justice departments are now using. The two programs discussed in this paper are programs used by the criminal justice system. They are designed to prevent repeated domestic violence by focusing on the education of conflict resolution to deal with anger, denial, and jealousy, and the development of interpersonal skills that assist in channeling anger and poor interpersonal communication into positive modes of conduct. Some characteristics of batterers are noted.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Treating perpetrators of adult domestic violence.

This article reviews the emerging research on domestic violence offenders. A number of psychological and behavioral factors are correlated with battery, including pervasive psychological abuse, alcohol problems, violence in the family of origin, emotional insecurity, and features of antisocial and borderline personality disorders. Youthfulness, low socioeconomic status, and low educational attainment are also correlated with marital violence, yet it is common in all demographic groups. Research on the effectiveness of counseling for domestic violence perpetrators is quite limited. Some studies have shown that counseling adds significantly to the effects of arrest in reducing domestic violence. High recidivism rates are common, however, with over 25% of offenders engaging in physical aggression within one to two years after treatment. Counseling for domestic violence perpetrators should be part of a coordinated community response that includes criminal justice interventions, preventive education, and comprehensive victim services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

A domestic violence primer for clinicians.

Physician awareness of domestic violence is vital. Adult domestic violence should be distinguished from other types of violent behavior. This article defines domestic violence and offers physicians guidelines for identifying domestic violence victims in any clinical setting.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Domestic violence...myths and barriers.

The past 15 to 20 years have seen the birth of a new national awareness of the impact of family violence on our national health and resources. The Surgeon General of the United States has identified domestic violence as the nation's number one health problem. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has mandated, as of January 1992, that all emergency departments and ambulatory care facilities establish guidelines for the identification, evaluation, management and referral of adult victims of domestic violence. In June 1992, the AMA published guidelines for identification and intervention with domestic violence victims. All states now have provisions in their laws that define marital rape as a crime, and many states have mandatory arrest statutes for men found by the police to be abusing their wives. This review identifies some common societal and professional barriers limiting the emergency response to domestic violence.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence identification and referral.

This report reviews the dental, medical, nursing, and public health literature concerning domestic violence prevalence, morbidity, mortality, education, and legislation. The primary goal of this report is to increase awareness of the signs of suspected domestic violence and the importance of being involved in prevention and early intervention. A second goal of this report is to increase awareness of domestic violence and to encourage the dental hygiene community to investigate methods to intervene and prevent this increasing problem. For dental hygienists, the commitment to learn and to help others should drive the initiative to address this concern for the well being of society. Due to the nature of domestic violence and our tendency to avoid involvement in the personal lives of others, this issue may be difficult for some people to encounter. It is through professional and continuing education that we strive to be better informed and equipped to venture effectively into this arena. Lastly, we are obligated to adhere to the commitment of the Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics by promoting public public health and safety for all in the community, the nation, and the world.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1997

Domestic violence. Reality for some of your toughest patients.

Until recently, domestic violence was considered a criminal justice or social service problem. However, physicians see victims in emergency settings and clinics with complaints and symptoms that go beyond physical injuries. A study by a Minnesota health plan shows that, on average, a victim of domestic violence costs the health care system $1,434 more per year than a nonvictim. This article discusses the prevalence of domestic violence and the variety of presentations. Guidelines for screening, what to do with a positive response, when to call the police, and how to document and code are reviewed, as are issues unique to older victims of domestic violence.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1997

[Domestication-related behavior in sheep].

The motivational nature of domestication-related behavior, as well as its formation and variation at the ontogenetic, population, and breed levels were studied. Food motivation participated in the environmental regulation of sheep defensive reactions to humans: an increase in motivation decreased the strength of defensive behavior, and vice versa. Defensive behavior became weaker with age, with the rate of decrease higher in sheep with high food motivation. Comparison of 11 breeds revealed that the polymorphism of domestication-related behavior was breed-specific. In low-specialized breeds, the "wild" class prevailed (77.0-94.7%); it was characterized by a pronounced defensive behavior. In commercial breeds, the range of variation was broader, with a higher proportion of "domestication" classes. In Ost-Friesian sheep, this proportion was 86.0%. It is suggested that the polymorphism of domestication-related behavior was formed in commercial breeds as a result of natural selection for adaptation to breeding-related stresses and artificial selection for productivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Circadian rhythm of biosynthetic activity of the epiphysis in relatively wild and domesticated silver foxes].

Circadian dynamics of biosynthetic activity in pineal glands of adult relatively wild and domesticated silver fox females was studied beyond the reproductive season using radioimmune and fluorometric methods. The level of melatonin, the principal pineal hormone; activities of enzymes controlling its biosynthesis; the level of its precursor and one of its metabolites, as well as those of neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of biosynthesis exhibited more or less pronounced circadian changes. The concentration of melatonin in the pineal gland at night was considerably higher in domesticated foxes than in relatively wild ones. The most likely reason for the elevated concentration of melatonin at night is its slow secretion from the pineal glands of domesticated foxes, because its concentration in plasma does not differ from that in relatively wild animals. The results obtained suggest that selection for domestic behavior has affected the adrenergic mechanism of regulation of pineal gland rhythms, as well as other functions of sympathetic divisions of the central nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Species determination of mammals based on the hair cuticle pattern--a comparison of domestic mammals and their wild ancestors from the forensic viewpoint].

Based on a computer-assisted method, mammalian species were determined according to the cuticula pattern of guard hairs, comparing domesticated mammals and their wild parent species. The results obtained demonstrate that relevant species identification can only be done for the wild species, whereas this is prevented in the domesticated animals by the variety of breeds and the domestication defects included. The consequences related for a forensic use of hairs are discussed. With regard to this purpose it is not reasonable to use mammalian hairs for species determination, because of the high variations of most of the structural parameters of the hairs of domesticated mammals normally found in human habitants.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of Toxocara cati eggs in domestic cats in Mexico City and the State of Mexico].

Toxocariosis is a zoonosis which has been widely studied in dogs. However, not much is known about this parasitosis in cats. The aim of the present work was to determine the frequency of Toxocara cati in domestic cats in Mexico City and the State of Mexico. Feces of 660 domestic cats were studied by the Faust concentration-floating test; 401 samples were from cats living in Mexico City of which 308 lived in houses and 93 in apartments; 231 were from urban areas of the State of Mexico and 28 from a rural area of the same state. The total frequency of T. cati eggs obtained from domestic cats in Mexico City was 42.9%; in cats living in apartments it was 18.3% and in cats living in houses it was 50.3%. In domestic cats from the State of Mexico, T. cati frequency was 36.4% in the urban and 21.4% in the rural areas. We consider that toxocariosis frequency observed at the two studied sites is high and that the need to prevent dissemination of the infectious forms of T. cati is urgent, as is the necessity of informing the population of the risk of living with T. cati parasited animals and of the anatomopathological alterations caused by T. cati in man.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Are zoo Przewalski horses domesticated horses?].

Analysed were the brain case capacities and brain weights of wild przewalski horses, przewalski horses from zoological gardens and domesticated horses. Domesticated horses have about 14% less brain case capacity and 16% less brain weight than wild przewalski horses. Przewalski horses from zoological gardens also have about 14% less brain capacity than wild przewalski horses. The brain weight of przewalski horses from zoological gardens shows no difference to the brain weight of domesticated horses. If we look at the brain size, przewalski horses from zoological gardens are domesticated horses.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Biosynthesis of testosterone in the gonads in silver fox embryos after long-term selection for domesticated behavior].

Fetal gonad weight and testosterone content in serum and gonads were analyzed in silver fox every five days from the 35th day of pregnancy until delivery. Fetal testicles were also tested for testosterone production induced by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) in vitro. Pregnant females were sampled from an experimental population subjected to selection for domesticated behavior and a commercial population (control). Fetal gonad weight was significantly lower in domesticated animals than in controls. No differences were revealed in the testosterone contents in their serum and gonads and in the basal production of testosterone in fetal testicles. CG-induced production of testosterone was detectable from the 40th day of fetal development in domesticated animals and from the 50th day in controls. The results obtained suggest that domestication results in the hetero-chronic fetal development of the hypophysial-testicular complex in silver fox.

Animals↗