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PubMed1990

Abortion-related deaths in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: a 12-year review.

Cases of death due to abortions at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between January 1977 and September 1988 were reviewed. Abortion accounted for 12.5% of the maternal deaths and the majority (88.9%) were from illegal abortions. The majority (92.6%) of the patients were of low educational status. Both married women and single girls were involved. Instrumentation was employed in 81.5% of the abortions and unqualified personnel were involved in 74.1% of cases of such intervention. Seventeen (63%) of the pregnancies were terminated within the first trimester. Most (96.3%) of the patients were admitted in poor clinical state and 51.8% of them died within 48 h of admission. Sepsis was the commonest cause of death.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed2006

Association between adult and childhood socioeconomic status and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in African Americans: the Pitt County Study.

We evaluated the association between socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood and adulthood and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in African Americans. Higher adult educational status and adult skilled occupation were protective against the metabolic syndrome, but no associations were found between the metabolic syndrome and other SES variables. Differences by gender were observed. Improving access to education among African Americans could reduce risk for the metabolic syndrome, but more research is needed in minority populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge, attitude, the perceived risks of infection and sources of information about HIV/AIDS among pregnant women in an urban population of Delhi.

Knowledge, attitude, perceived risks of infection and sources of information about HIV/AIDS were assessed among pregnant women. Large proportion of study subjects was illiterate (44.5%) and least was graduate or more (3.5%). Subjects mainly belonged to middle (46.1%) and lower socioe-conomic status (53.8%). Only 39.3% of subjects heard of AIDS. There was rising trend on heard of AIDS with various educational levels. Only 45% subjects responded correctly that AIDS was not transmitted by mosquito bite. Lower level of correct knowledge was also observed among all educational groups and it was lowest 21.1% among illiterate. Senior secondary or graduate or more educated responded 100% correct to question that one could get AIDS by having sex with prostitutes while illiterate responded 78.9% correctly. More educated had higher correct knowledge on modes of transmission compared to illiterate and less educated. Among various groups of educational status, the relationship of correct knowledge on modes of transmission was statistically significant. Of those heard of AIDS 79.3% perceived threat of AIDS to the health of local community. Mass media was source of information on HIV/AIDS among 86.3% out of which television was most popular source (74.6%). Large proportion of subjects (48.6%) had preference to get information on AIDS from doctors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to diabetes education in urban patients: perceptions, patterns, and associated factors.

PURPOSE: This study explored patients' perceptions of barriers to diabetes education among a mostly African American population of adults with diabetes. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 605 new patients attending an urban outpatient diabetes clinic. The questionnaire gathered information on issues patients believed would adversely affect their ability to learn about diabetes. The type and frequency of education barriers were evaluated, and variables associated with reporting an obstacle were analyzed. RESULTS: Average patient age was 50 years, diabetes duration was 5.6 years, body mass index was 32 kg/m2, and hemoglobin A1C was 9.1%. The majority (56%) were women, 89% were African American, and 95% had type 2 diabetes. Most respondents (96%) had received some prior instruction in diabetes care; however, 53% anticipated future difficulties learning about diabetes. The most commonly cited concerns were poor vision (74%) and reading problems (29%). Patients with a perceived barrier to diabetes education were older (P < .001) than were persons without a barrier, and they differed in both employment and educational status (both P < .001). In adjusted analyses, older age, male gender, being disabled, and having an elementary education or less were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of having a barrier to diabetes education, whereas having a college education decreased the odds. Higher hemoglobin A1C levels also tended to be associated with a greater chance of reporting an education barrier (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of persons anticipated a barrier to diabetes education. Interventions at multiple levels that address the demographic and socioeconomic obstacles to diabetes education are needed to ensure successful self-management training.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

[Psychological evaluation of patients with benign musculoskeletal system tumors].

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine to what extent psychological status was affected by sociodemographic characteristics and by being informed about the diagnosis in patients with benign musculoskeletal tumors. METHODS: The study included 112 male patients (mean age 23.8 years; range 20 to 35 years) who were hospitalized for benign tumors of the musculoskeletal system. A questionnaire was administered to all the patients concerning their sociodemographic characteristics and the status of their knowledge about the diagnosis. Psychological status was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Evaluation Scale. RESULTS: The depression level was not correlated with the localization (upper or lower extremity) of the musculoskeletal system tumor, the marital status of the patient, and the presence or absence of knowledge of the patient about the diagnosis (p>0.05). Educational status was the only factor that was found to be in correlation with the depression level (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Lack of correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and the psychological status suggests that informing the patients with special attention to their physical and psychological integrity may contribute positively to the patients' psychiatric status.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changing patterns in reported sexual practices in the population: multiple partners and condom use.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the pattern of change with regard to condom use and multiple sexual partners is influenced by gender or educational level. DESIGN: Findings from data collected from 1987 to 1990 about changes in condom use and multiple-partner activities are presented, based on telephone interviews with 9416 participants aged 18 to 44 years resident in central Scotland, UK. METHODS: Change in patterns over time were modelled in a multivariate logistic regression using a linear interactive modelling program. RESULTS: Several models showing changes in the proportion of multiple-partner respondents and condom users yielded a complicated pattern of behavioural change in educational status and gender. CONCLUSIONS: There is a large difference in reported condom use and multiple sexual partners by gender, but the difference is decreasing over time. Better educated respondents increased their use of condoms while less educated respondents showed a decrease in the proportion of multiple partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Teaching sex education: are Scottish school nurses prepared for the challenge?

Teaching sex education to school pupils in Scotland continues to be a controversial issue. In reality there is lack of leadership, strategy and an uncoordinated approach to delivering this important topic. The school nurse is frequently identified as a suitable professional to lead the way because it is assumed that school nurses are well educated in the field of sexual and reproductive health. Nationally, little is known about the educational status of Scottish school nurses and there is no research evidence available from which generalisations can be made. This study aims to explore the educational preparation of school nurses that underpins teaching sex education to school pupils in Scotland. A cross-sectional descriptive study was completed in September 1998. The results confirmed that school nurses in Scotland are predominantly female and 70% of the respondents (n=117) were over the age of 40 years of age. No common basic nursing qualification was identified. The majority of school nurses in Scotland perceive sex education to be part of their role and 39% (n=65) testified that specific sexual health training had been undertaken. Many lack confidence in this area of practice and are aware of extensive educational needs in relation to teaching sexual health and reproductive health. Despite these findings 75% (n=126) were actively involved in teaching sex education to school pupils.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Trends and educational disparities in functional capacity among people aged 65-84 years.

BACKGROUND: This study examined 10 year trends in functional capacity by gender, age, and education among elderly Finns aged 65-84 years, focusing on difficulties in basic activities of daily living (BADL). Educational disparities and their trends in the prevalence of these difficulties were also assessed. METHODS: Data were derived from nationally representative monitoring surveys conducted biennially from 1993 to 2003 by the National Public Health Institute (KTL). A total of 5740 men and 5746 women were included in the study (response rate 80%). Activities of daily living (ADL) measures were used to assess levels of functional capacity. Education was divided into two groups: low (0-8 years) and high (9+ years). Age-adjusted trends and logistic regression analyses were computed. RESULTS: A clear downward trend in BADL difficulties was observed in all age groups in both genders. 80-84 year olds had clearly poorer functional ability than 65-69 year olds, even when adjusted for chronic diseases. Despite the overall improvement in functional capacity in both educational groups, low educational status persistently predicted poorer functional capacity. When chronic diseases and survey period were controlled for, the educational disparities attenuated slightly but remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: The number of Finnish elderly with BADL difficulties has declined markedly over the past 10 years. However, persistent educational disparities continue to present a challenge to public health initiatives for reducing inequalities in health.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Patterns of drug consumption and reported morbidity in Salamanca (Spain).

Health authorities need to have knowledge of the use of health services in order to be able to adopt suitable measures that will ensure a more rational use of pharmaceutical products. The information relative to drug consumption and expenditures can be obtained from different sources. In the present study a survey was carried out by interviewing Salamanca families in order to discover their degree of drug consumption and the expenses incurred therein. The drugs consumed by most families were analgesics-antiinflammatory agents and cardiovascular agents. Most families were found to spend less than 1000 pesetas per month. The expenses incurred were seen to depend on the family characteristics: age, educational status and income.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1977

Talking to patients with arthritis.

Two hundred and fourteen patients attending an arthritis clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire in which their knowledge of medical terms, surface anatomy and rheumatic disease was evaluated. The responses were compared with those from a group of physiotherapists. An average of 50% correct responses was obtained for the whole group, and the educational status of the patients was shown to influence the results. The problem of communication in medicine and its relationship with adherence to therapeutic regimens is briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding the management of diarrhea by pharmacists and licensed drug sellers in eastern Nepal.

Diarrhea constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Inappropriate drug prescribing is common in diarrhea, resulting in an increase in cost and adverse drug reactions. In Nepal, drug sellers often act as the first contact persons for the underprivileged. No information has been available regarding their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding diarrhea management. Using a structured questionnaire, between the 1st of January and the 31st of December 2003, 109 drug sellers in eastern Nepal were interviewed about their educational status, patient/attendant presentation at the outlet and their advice to patients/attendants. Only 2.7% of drug sellers were qualified in health education. Eighty percent of the patients/attendants sought advice from the drug sellers, only 20% presented to the outlet with prescriptions. The data reveals that about half of them were taking note of the nature of the diarrhea. Although 62 (56.8%) of them were aware of dehydration, only 2 (1.8%) of them knew all three signs of dehydration (dry tongue, non-elastic skin and sunken eyes). Sixty-six (60.5%) of them knew about oral rehydration solution (ORS), its principle and the required period of administration. About 50 to 60% of them were aware of the implications resulting from dehydration from uncontrolled diarrhea and of the importance of ORS in its management. Only 20% of the drug sellers advised ORS alone, otherwise it was dispensed along with drugs, such as antimotility agents (AMA) or metronidazole. As a result of the above findings, it is important to educate the drug sellers by conferring knowledge about the ethical aspects of drugs in the management of diarrhea.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992.

To estimate the prevalence of smoking among Australian adults in 1992, 6046 adults aged 16 years and over (3063 men and 2983 women) were interviewed. A large market-research firm interviewed the sample, face-to-face in their homes during weekends. Overall, 28.2 per cent of men and 23.8 per cent of women were current smokers; 32.3 per cent of men and 21.9 per cent of women were past smokers. On average, male smokers consumed 22.1 factor-made cigarettes a day and female smokers consumed 19.1 cigarettes a day. The daily tar intake was 179 mg for male smokers and 131 mg for women. The most popular packet size was 25 (40 per cent of smokers) followed by the packet of 50 (17 per cent). Occupational and education status were inversely related to smoking prevalence. Men and women with less education and men in low-status occupations were more likely to use cigarettes from the large packet sizes. Comparison with earlier data suggests that smoking prevalence is still declining, with a significant recent drop in female but not male smoking prevalence. While in 1992, the prevalence of smoking among women was less than that for men, projected estimates suggest that by the year 2001 more women than men will smoke.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Independent associations of educational attainment and ethnicity with behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

The authors examined the independent associations of educational attainment and ethnicity with behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease using data from the 1989 baseline survey for the New York State Healthy Heart Program. This telephone survey used the Centers for Disease Control Behavioral Risk Factor Survey interview instrument and was conducted in eight communities (total population, approximately 1.24 million people) in New York State. The response rate was 65.5% (n = 4,179); 3,606 subjects aged 20-64 years with self-described ethnicity of white (n = 1,935), black (n = 1,035), or Hispanic (n = 636) and of known educational status were retained in the analysis. After adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity, significant associations were found between educational attainment and smoking, lack of regular exercise, overweight, diet atherogenicity, and knowledge about blood pressure and cholesterol. After adjustment for age, sex, and educational attainment, associations were found between ethnicity and most of these same variables. Blacks and Hispanics generally had less favorable risk factor profiles. These data indicate that the differences in cardiovascular disease risk profiles between whites and blacks or Hispanics cannot be fully explained by underlying differences in educational attainment. The differing patterns of risk factor distribution by educational attainment within ethnic groups have implications for the segmentation of risk reduction programs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child-rearing practices among nursing mothers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

This study attempts to highlight the relationship between the educational status of mothers in Ile-Ife and their child-rearing practices. It was observed that the educated mothers in good jobs spent less time at home with the children than the illiterates who have their children with them at the farms and in the market places. Thus, a higher proportion of the educated mothers admitted to using more bottle feeding than breast feeding, and forced hand-feeding which was practised by all the illiterate women interviewed. Only one educated woman still practices female circumcision. Of interest in the study is the fact that the children of the different categories of women are exposed to different types of health hazards; while the children of the educated suffer neglect and are deprived of the advantages of breast feeding, the children of the illiterate suffer from undue exposure to unhygienic conditions in the farms and market places and from the implications of forced hand-feeding and female circumcision.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utilization of approved health facilities for delivery in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

This was a cross-sectional population survey carried out to determine utilization of approved health facilities for delivery by mothers in Ile-Ife and factors influencing the observed utilization. A total number of 117 mothers who had delivered once or many times were selected using the systematic sampling method. Information was collected using pretested structured interview administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using frequency tables and statistical test of significance. Of the 117 mothers interviewed, 70 (59.8%) booked in approved health facilities while 51 eventually delivered in the approve health facilities. The prominent reasons given for non utilization of health facilities were time of occurrence of labor, difficulty with transportation, fear of surgical operation, husband/family influence and delivery assistance by TBA's and relatives. Educational status of the mother, religious beliefs, distance from approved health facilities more than 5 km and attitude of health workers were amongst factors significantly influencing choice of place of delivery by the mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pretreatment factors significantly influence quality of life in cancer patients: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to assess the impact of pretreatment factors on quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Pretreatment QOL (via Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy [FACT], version 2) was obtained in 1,428 patients in several prospective Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials including nonmetastatic head-and-neck (n = 1139), esophageal (n = 174), lung (n = 51), rectal (n = 47), and prostate (n = 17) cancer patients. Clinically meaningful differences between groups were defined as a difference of 1 standard error of measurement (SEM). RESULTS: The mean FACT score for all patients was 86 (20.7-112) with SEM of 5.3. Statistically significant differences in QOL were observed based on age, race, Karnofsky Performance Status, marital status, education level, income level, and employment status, but not by gender or primary site. Using the SEM, there were clinically meaningful differences between patients </=50 years vs. >/=65 years. Hispanics had worse QOL than whites. FACT increased linearly with higher Karnofsky Performance Status and income levels. Married patients (or live-in relationships) had a better QOL than single, divorced, or widowed patients. College graduates had better QOL than those with less education. CONCLUSION: Most pretreatment factors meaningfully influenced baseline QOL. The potentially devastating impact of a cancer diagnosis, particularly in young and minority patients, must be addressed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Common perceptions about strokes.

The frequency with which strokes occur and the devastating effects they can have make provision of general stroke information an essential element of public health education. This survey study sought to explore the general public's knowledge about various aspects of strokes. A questionnaire consisting of 4 open-ended, free-recall questions and 27 yes/no questions about the physiological processes, risk factors, warning signs, and functional consequences of strokes was administered orally to 190 individuals at a regional shopping mall. Additional items provided information about respondents' ages, ethnicity, educational status, and personal experiences with strokes. Free recall results indicated that approximately two-thirds of the survey respondents could provide correct or partially correct explanations of stroke physiology and could name at least one stroke warning sign; over 90% of respondents could name at least one stroke risk factor and one functional consequence of stroke. Most respondents reported acquiring information about strokes through personal acquaintances, popular media, or general life experiences rather than from professionals or as part of their formal schooling. Suggestions about needed content in general educational programs came from respondents' misconceptions about physiological processes, risk factors, warning signs, and functional consequences of strokes.

Activities of Daily Living↗