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PubMed1990

Endurance of immunity against foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after three consecutive annual vaccinations.

Protection against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and ability to transmit FMD virus to susceptible contact animals were studied in cattle vaccinated three times in annual field campaigns with the Dutch trivalent vaccine. Eighty vaccinated cattle and 16 susceptible controls were intranasally exposed to an aerosol containing a homologous FMD challenge virus (O1 BFS, A10 Holland or C1 Detmold) or a heterologous virus (A5 Modena or C1 Modena). The day after exposure, vaccinated cattle were stabled individually with an FMD-susceptible contact. All cattle challenged with an homologous virus strain at one year (20 head), at two years (10 head) and at three years (30 head) after the last vaccination were protected against the development of clinical signs of disease; one, zero and five cattle of these groups, respectively, transmitted virus to their contacts. In each group, approximately two out of three exposed cattle had virus-positive oropharyngeal fluid samples and seroconverted. The amount of virus recovered from probang samples increased with the time since the last vaccination. Mean antibody titres of cattle that had not been vaccinated for three consecutive years did not change significantly over the last two-year period. All 10 cattle challenged with the vaccine strain-related C1 Modena virus were protected against clinical disease, whereas three out of 10 challenged with the heterologous A5 Modena strain virus one year after the last vaccination contracted FMD and transmitted the virus. Five others (four in the C1 group and one in the A5 group) spread the virus to their contacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Foot and mouth disease: the perspective of farmers in Ireland.

The first outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) recorded in Ireland since 1941 was successfully eliminated due to four main factors, as follows: --the willingness of the farmers in Cooley to sacrifice themselves in the national interest --decisive action was taken rapidly once the first outbreak was declared --geographical location of the Meigh and Proleek outbreaks which enabled the authorities to effectively seal off and regionalise the area, thus protecting exports from the rest of the country --national awareness and willingness at all levels, from Government to the general public, to take whatever action was necessary to keep FMD out of Ireland. The author recounts the story, from the perspective of a farmer, of the outbreak of FMD that occurred in Ireland in 2001, from the first confirmed case in Meigh, County Armagh, through Proleek and the cull, into dealing with the aftermath in terms of compensation payments, premia payments, the evolving human tragedy and lessons learned. Major policy issues must be addressed at both a national and European Union level to prevent outbreaks of FMD in Europe in the future. At a national level, the dual animal health status between Northern Ireland and Great Britain and between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland must not be allowed to re-emerge. Some regulation loopholes allowed FMD to enter Ireland. The Government of Ireland handled the initial FMD crisis very well, with the co-operation of farmers and the public in general.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Phylogenetic analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in India between 1977 and 2000.

The genetic diversity among the Indian serotype A Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) was studied by sequencing the VP1 gene. In the phylogenetic tree, constructed from 83 Indian and 37 other available sequences, the FMDV type A isolates were distributed into 10 major genotypes (designated as I-X). The Indian isolates were distributed in 4 genotypes (I, IV, VI and VII), and co-circulation of at least 2 genotypes (VI and VII) in different states of the country in recent years is evident from the result. The study also revealed differential geographic distribution of genotypes, for example, some (genotypes I and VII) were recovered from large geographical areas, some time even across the continents, suggesting the spread of the viruses beyond continental barriers. Localization of genotypes restricting to a particular country (genotypes III and X) was also observed in the study. The genetic diversity in the field isolates has been discussed in relation to the amino acid substitutions at the known antigenic sites. This work provides valuable insights into the epidemiological situation of type A FMDV in India and necessary information in the selection of suitable vaccine strain(s), if required, for the National FMD control program.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Vaccination against foot and mouth disease reduces virus transmission in groups of calves.

The aim of vaccination during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is not to induce clinical protection, but to reduce virus transmission. Since no quantitative data were available on the effectiveness of vaccination in cattle, we investigated whether a single vaccination against FMD could reduce virus transmission in groups of calves by estimating the reproduction ratio R, i.e. the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious animal in a susceptible population. We performed two experiments with six groups of either four vaccinated or four non-vaccinated calves each. Vaccination was carried out with O(1) Manisa vaccine. Two weeks after vaccination, two calves per group were inoculated intra-nasally with FMDV field isolate O/NET 2001. The two other calves were contact-exposed to the inoculated calves. Contact infections were observed by clinical inspection, virus isolation and RT-PCR on heparinised blood, oro-pharyngeal fluid and probang samples and antibody response to non-structural proteins. In all six non-vaccinated groups, transmission to contact-exposed calves was recorded; in the vaccinated groups, virus transmission was observed to one contact-exposed calf. In the non-vaccinated groups R(c) was 2.52 and significantly above 1, whereas in the vaccinated groups R(v)=0.18 and significantly below 1, indicating that vaccination may successfully be applied as additional intervention tool to reduce virus transmission in a future epidemic of FMD.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination as a means of control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-saharan Africa.

The presence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in a country is a major obstacle to the development of agriculture because of its adverse effects on livestock production and agricultural exports. The eradication of FMD in sub-saharan Africa by the implementation of slaughtering-out is impractical for various reasons, but vaccination with good quality FMD vaccines can help prevent losses in stock production and reduce the overall incidence of the disease. Oil based FMD vaccines have been used with success in South American countries and have logistic and immunological advantages which would make them useful in sub-saharan African countries. The wide intratypic variation of SAT strains prevalent in sub-saharan Africa and their endemicity in African buffalo, presents a challenge to vaccine producers and requires constant epidemiological surveillance to ensure the relevance of vaccines to field conditions.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2004

Extending the foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases.

During the recent devastating epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and New Castle disease, more than 115 million animals were culled. The mass slaughter of animals raised serious ethical questions. These epidemics showed that the use of emergency vaccination is an essential element in disease control. During the last decade the FMD antigen banks have proved to be effective and this module should be extended. An international vaccine stock should be considered for classical swine fever and HPAI. Agreements with vaccine producers should be made easily available, with instant access to a vaccine reserve for rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, BT, African horse sickness and Rift valley fever. These vaccines should meet international standards and should allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Information should be gathered proactively on the use of vaccines for lumpy skin disease, sheep and goat pox and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling spatial and temporal transmission of foot-and-mouth disease in France: identification of high-risk areas.

Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most contagious diseases of animal livestock. We used statistical tools to explore the dynamics of epidemics and to evaluate the consequences of virus reintroduction in France. We developed a stochastic farm-based model adapted to the French farm structure from previous modeling works following the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom. This model depends upon the distance between the 280,000 French farms and on species type (e.g. cows and sheep) and it tracks each animal's farm status at any given day. Since data were only available at the town scale, the farm location and the number of animals in each farm were simulated over the surface area of each French town, as well as the number of mixed farms. Based on 200 simulations of the model, our results allowed for the study of local disease transmission, since it begins simulations once limitation of movement is put into place. On average, the same 50 randomly chosen initially infected farms would lead to 1,110 infected farms (610; 1,590) when two control strategies (culling within 0.5 km from an infected farm and vaccination within 3 km) are put into place. Regions with high densities of cows and sheep (e.g. Pays-de-la-Loire) are high-risk zones, confirming that the epidemic process depends upon the location and the type of initially infected farms (size, species type). The results of this model highlight the importance of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to obtain more precise data concerning herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/FRA/1/2001 and comparison with its British parental strain O/UKG/35/2001.

The complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/FRA/1/2001 (bovine isolate) was determined from five cDNA clones covering most of the genome and compared with the British porcine isolate (O/UKG/35/2001) it originated from. Seven substitutions, out of which three resulted in amino acid changes (in the leader protease, 3A protein and 3D RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences) were identified and confirmed by direct sequencing of RT-PCR products obtained from in vitro infected cells and skin vesicles of an infected cow. RACE amplification allowed determination of the exact 3' end of the genome. These changes and possibly the unusual 3A substitution between the British and its French derivate may account for the consecutive species shifts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Electron microscopic demonstration of virus particles in hand, foot and mouth disease.

Early skin and oral mucous membrane lesions of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) were biopsied and investigated by light and electron microscopy. Histology showed spongiosis, intraepidermal splits indicating beginning vesicle formation, exocytosis of lymphoid cells and macrophages, and individual necrotic keratinocytes. Electron microscopy revealed naked viruses with a mean diameter of 24 nm which were arranged in sheets in the cytoplasm. Many keratinocyte nuclei contained tonofibrils. Cellular injury ranged from slight cytoplasmic edema to keratinocyte necrosis. Some nuclei showed dissolution of the nuclear membrane and dislocation of cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2002

Effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine.

We have designed a peptide-based vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) effective in swine. The peptide immunogen has a G-H loop domain from the VP1 capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and a novel promiscuous T helper (Th) site for broad immunogenicity in multiple species. The G-H loop VP1 site was optimised for cross-reactivity to FMDV by the inclusion into the peptide of cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences. The incorporation of consensus residues into the hypervariable positions of the VP1 site provided for broad immunogenicity. The vaccine protected 20 out of 21 immunised pigs from infectious challenge by FMDV O1 Taiwan using peptide doses as low as 12.5 microg, and a mild adjuvant that caused no lesions. A safe chemically-defined product would have considerable advantages for vaccination against FMD.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Herd demographics correlated with the spatial distribution of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

During a recent foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Argentina, cattle herds affected in 2001 were located mainly (69%) in Buenos Aires province. The densities of outbreaks (no. of outbreaks per km2) and cattle-demographic variables in the province were estimated using a geographical information system and kernel function. Before the epidemic officially was recognized, the density of outbreaks was correlated (rsp = 0.28-0.47) with the geographic distribution of small (< or =100 cattle), dairy and fattening herds. During the mass-vaccination campaign to control the epidemic (April-July), the density of outbreaks was most strongly correlated (rsp = 0.20-0.25) with the distribution of large (>500 cattle) and breeding herds. After the end of the mass-vaccination campaign, large herds and number of cows were most strongly correlated (rsp = 0.16-0.26) with outbreak density. These relationships might indicate that: (1) the disease spread more rapidly or was more easily detected in intensive production systems at the beginning of the epidemic; (2) vaccination and other control methods applied were less effective in large, semi-intensive production systems; (3) incomplete vaccine protection was responsible for herd outbreaks that occurred after the end of the mass-vaccination campaign.

Animals↗