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PubMed2005

DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in chemical-biological flocculation and chemical coagulation systems.

Microbial community DNA was extracted from activated sludge samples taken from a chemical bioflocculation process and a chemical coagulation process in Shanghai, China. 16S rDNA of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and fingerprinted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for microbial structure analysis. The Shannon diversity index of each sample was determined. The results indicated that the microbial structure of AOB in chemical bioflocculation process was comparable at two operational conditions. The ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities were similar in three channels of the chemical bioflocculation process and in three serial tanks in the chemical coagulation process at the same condition. The diversity of microbial structures in the chemical bioflocculation process was higher than in the chemical coagulation process, in which the microbial structure was similar to that in the influent. Although the microbial study provides insights to the nitrification removal, higher microbial diversity of AOB does not necessarily mean higher ammonia oxidization. Molecular analysis should be combined with chemical assays to optimize operational conditions.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1988

An M(III)-facilitated flocculation technique for enzyme recovery and concentration.

An inexpensive and rapid flocculation/dissolution technique based upon Al(III) or Fe(III) was shown to be effective in recovering and concentrating up to 84% of the active enzyme from two dilute enzyme systems. The enzymes, a protease (Caldolysin) and a beta-glucosidase, were precipitated at constant pH and ambient temperature by addition of Fe(III) or Al(III) solutions. Resulting colloidal hydrous oxide particles bound the enzymes enabling subsequent separation from the media by low speed centrifugation. The enzymes were recovered from the protein/M(III) precipitate by complexing the M(III) with citrate. A concentration factor of 94 was obtained for the beta-glucosidase system when the initial concentration was less than 1 mg.ml-1.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

Toxoid flocculation assay by laser light-scattering.

Internationally accepted designations of antigen content for toxoid vaccines are provided by the WHO in Lf (limes flocculationis) units, based on the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The current assay method for Lf determination involves observation of the complexes by eye, making the development of a more objective system highly desirable. Here we report a novel detection system using a laser light-scattering platelet aggregometer. The system was highly reproducible and more objective than the current method. Only three sets of duplicate data were sufficient for statistically significant determination of toxoid Lf by parabolic regression.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗