PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “GENERALIZATION LEARNING”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Analog language teaching versus natural language teaching: generalization and retention of language learning for adults with autism and mental retardation.

Examined the effects of two instructional methods on language generalization and long-term retention in 23 adults with autism and severe to profound mental retardation. Analog language teaching employed discrete trials in a controlled setting concentrating on discrimination and identification of materials. Natural language teaching emphasized instruction through interactions that occurred incidentally to training students in the use of materials to perform functional tasks. Assessments were conducted under conditions favoring analog teaching to assure against partiality toward natural language teaching. Under such disadvantageous conditions, the methods of natural language teaching would be supported by results showing either no difference or an advantage in their favor. Both techniques increased initial and long-term generalization though the results suggest no relative superiority for either method under these assessment conditions. A significant interaction was found between prior functioning level and sequence of instruction. Because natural language teaching has many strengths, few drawbacks, and produces equal generalization and retention under disadvantageous conditions, it is strongly supported as preferable for people with autism and mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The effects of pre-exposure to scopolamine on subsequent drug state discrimination.

This experiment was done to test the prediction that preexposure to a drug state would increase the discriminability of that drug state when used as a cue in a discrimination task. Eight rats were pre-exposed to scopolamine for 20 days and 8 rats were given saline injections. The drug pre-exposed animals acquired a drug state discrimination more quickly than the controls. A difference was also found between the generalization gradients for each group with the pre-exposed group showing a steeper generalization gradient.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Learning in ex-vivo developing networks of cortical neurons.

This contribution describes the use of multi-site interaction with large cortical networks in the study of learning. The general physiological properties of the network are described, and the concept of learning is mapped to the experimental network preparation. Learning is then analyzed in terms of exploration (defined as changes in the configuration of associations within the biological network) and recognition (the stabilization of "worthy" associations).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Four aspects of strategic change: contributions to children's learning of multiplication.

This study reports a longitudinal investigation of French 2nd graders' acquisition of single-digit multiplication skill. Speed, accuracy, and strategy use were assessed 3 times within the year when children learned multiplication. The data showed that improvements in speed and accuracy that generally accompany learning can reflect at least 4 types of specific strategic changes: introduction of new strategies, increasing use of the most efficient existing strategies, more efficient execution of each strategy, and more adaptive choices among strategies. The data also showed substantial continuities in learning: At all 3 points of measurement, children used multiple strategies, used retrieval most often on the same classes of problems, and used repeated addition on the most difficult problems. Stable individual differences were also apparent. The findings supported a number of predictions of Siegler and Shipley's (1995) adaptive strategy choice model. Implications for understanding learning, arithmetic, and strategy choice processes are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Competency based teaching: the need for a new approach to teaching clinical skills in the undergraduate medical education course.

This paper will argue that undergraduate medical courses are failing to provide students with adequate training in the area of clinical skills. Some of the reasons for this failure include changes in the health system leading to increasing commitments for clinicians, fewer patients as clinical case examples and limitations in current teaching methods. Current clinical teaching methods measure progress through completion of clinical "blocks" of learning and one-off clinical examinations. This paper offers an alternative approach to clinical teaching in undergraduate medicine. In this approach, each student's progress is measured through the attainment of a predetermined level of competency in dealing with a range of clinical conditions. Some of the benefits of a new approach to clinical teaching in undergraduate medicine include flexibility for both students and clinicians in terms of when and where clinical learning can occur, a significant emphasis on active learning, and increased generalization and integration of learning.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1995

Effectiveness of neglect rehabilitation in a randomized group study.

The effectiveness of neglect rehabilitation training has been studied in two randomly selected groups of right brain-damaged patients. All patients proved heminattentive on a standard battery 2 months or more after the CVA. One group received 2 months of treatment immediately after admission to a clinic, and the other group received only general cognitive stimulation for the same amount of time. At the end of this period a comparison showed significant improvement in the first group, based on a standard test battery and a functional scale. The second group was then given rehabilitation training for neglect for the same amount of time and obtained similar improvement. It is concluded that the rehabilitation program produces significant results, which generalize to situations similar to those of everyday life. The importance of the duration of training on the generalization of learning is briefly discussed with reference to previous negative reports in the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

How doctors learn: physicians' self-directed learning episodes.

PURPOSE: To qualitatively examine the self-directed learning activities of physicians in light of several lines of research on how doctors learn. METHOD: Under the auspices of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, the author elicited from physicians narratives about past learning experiences. He analyzed the narratives (1) seeking themes among the doctors' approaches and (2) examining those themes in light of the existing literature. RESULTS: The 32 physicians interviewed described learning experiences, confirming earlier research that two varieties of problems (specific and general) precipitate learning and that learning episodes follow definite stages: scanning for problems, deciding whether to pursue the learning task, acquiring new knowledge and skill, and gaining experience with what has been learned. The latter three stages have been described previously and are expanded upon here. CONCLUSION: This study produced an integrated and elaborated theory of learning in clinical practice with implications for both the education of physicians in training and physicians' continuing professional development. In particular, the theory points to problem areas in teaching medical students and residents to learn in clinical practice, and in matching the learning needs of physicians to organized continuing medical education activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Bayesian machine learning and its potential applications to the genomic study of oral oncology.

With the completion of the Human Genome Project and the growing computational challenges presented by the large amount of genomic data available today, machine learning is becoming an integral part of biomedical research and plays a major role in the emerging fields of bioinformatics and computational biology. This situation offers unparalleled opportunities and unprecedented challenges to machine learning research in general and to Bayesian learning methods in particular. This paper outlines some of the opportunities and the challenges of this endeavor, it describes where the efforts of "cracking the code of life" can most benefit from a Bayesian approach, and it identifies some potential applications of Bayesian machine learning methods to the genomic analysis of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes of nurses in a general hospital towards people with learning disabilities: influences of contact, and graduate-non-graduate status, a comparative study.

A review of the literature suggests people with learning disabilities are viewed negatively by others in society. Such negative views have also been found among many health care professionals, including nurses. This study measured the attitudes of a randomly selected sample of nurses in a general hospital (n = 31) towards people with learning disabilities. The study involved a triangulation approach utilizing a Likert scale attitude measurement questionnaire. Two comparisons between subjects in the study were undertaken-a comparison of the attitudes of graduate nurses and those who were non-graduates; a comparison between nurses who had most contact, and those who had least contact with people who have learning disabilities. From the sample of 31 nurses, 10 subjects were selected for more in-depth interviews which were tape recorded, transcribed and, using the process of 'content analysis', quantified. Findings suggest the attitudes held by the total sample towards people with learning disabilities were more negative than would be expected from those in a caring profession. The graduate nurses were found to be more positive in their perceived attitudes towards people with learning disabilities than non-graduate nurses. Nurses in the sample who had high contact were found to have more positive attitudes than nurses who had lower amounts of contact with people who had learning disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Generalization gradients for acquisition and extinction in human contingency learning.

Two experiments investigated the perceptual generalization of acquisition and extinction in human contingency learning. In Experiment 1, the degree of perceptual similarity between the acquisition stimulus and the generalization stimulus was manipulated over five groups. This successfully generated a generalization gradient of acquisition. In the subsequent phase, the response to the generalization stimulus was extinguished in each group. Finally, the acquisition stimulus was presented again. The response recovered differently over groups, thereby establishing the generalization gradient of extinction. In Experiment 2, the acquisition stimulus itself was extinguished before the set of generalization stimuli was tested between groups. One group evidenced a response recovery at test, which suggests that the gradient of acquisition is somewhat broader than the gradient of extinction.

Extinction, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

D-cycloserine facilitates extinction of learned fear: effects on reacquisition and generalized extinction.

BACKGROUND: d-cycloserine (DCS) facilitates extinction of learned fear. The aim of this study was to examine whether DCS 1) affects reacquisition of fear (Experiment 1) and 2) produces generalized extinction of fear (Experiment 2). METHODS: Following fear conditioning, where a light or a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with a white-noise burst unconditioned stimulus (US), rats received nonreinforced exposure to one CS (i.e., extinction training). Fear was assessed by measuring CS-elicited freezing, a species-specific defense response. RESULTS: Rats given DCS exhibited facilitated extinction of fear but were able to reacquire fear of that CS in a similar manner as saline-treated control animals (Experiment 1). Furthermore, DCS-treated rats exhibited generalized extinction (i.e., they were less fearful of a non-extinguished CS) in comparison to controls (Experiment 2). CONCLUSIONS: DCS facilitates extinction of learned fear to the extinguished CS, but also appears to reduce fear of a nonextinguished CS. These findings suggest that this drug may have substantial clinical value in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal alignment improves generalizability of genomic biomarker prediction in computational pathology.

Computational pathology models that use digitized histopathology whole-slide images have the potential to become a cost-effective and scalable alternative to molecular assays for the prediction of genomic biomarkers, a key task in precision oncology. However, as new genomic biomarkers are discovered or quantified, large, labeled datasets must be prospectively collected to train new models. To address this challenge, we developed multimodal alignment for biomarker learning and generalization (MARBLE), a multimodal contrastive pretraining strategy that integrates structured biomarker knowledge into representation learning of histopathology images. MARBLE aligns histopathology-derived representations with representations of genomic biomarkers generated by a large language model (LLM) and a protein language model (PLM). This biologically informed alignment enables data-efficient generalization to novel, out-of-distribution biomarkers. Using the MSK-IMPACT cohort of over 40,000 patients across multiple biomarker panel versions, we design experiments grounded in real-world data to demonstrate the value of our proposed approach.

CP: computational biology↗
PubMed1983

Facilitation of hot-plate response learning by pre- and posttraining naltrexone administration.

Retention performance for shock-motivated learning is generally enhanced by opiate antagonists. To test the hypothesis that opioid systems mediate learning and memory in nonshock-motivated tasks, the effects of naltrexone on hot-plate response learning were investigated. Naltrexone (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg IP) 10 min before hot-plate exposure produced hyperalgesia, as measured by decreased latencies of naltrexone-injected mice to escape. Jump latencies, however, were not significantly decreased by naltrexone given 10 min before initial testing. Nevertheless, jump latencies of naltrexone-injected mice, but not saline-injected mice, decreased further on subsequent test trials 1 and 4 days later although treatment was discontinued, suggesting that the opiate antagonist also influenced learning or memory. Mice given naltrexone (0.3-10.0 mg/kg IP) immediately after their first hot-plate exposure also exhibited learning of the jump response, on a test trial 48 h later. The decreases in jump latencies on test trials were smaller after posttraining, than pretraining naltrexone administration. The results indicate that the effect of naltrexone on learning and memory can be at least partially separated from its hyperalgesic activity.

Animals↗