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PubMed1998

International retirement migration in Europe.

"This paper presents a review and prospectus of international retirement migration (IRM), dealing mainly with European evidence but also referring to some analogous trends in North America. The paper is in three main parts. It first makes the case for regarding IRM as a significant aspect of population geography and of migration studies; in certain areas of Mediterranean Europe, IRM also has effects on regional economic geography. The second section of the paper discusses some of the early findings from a comparative study of British elderly residents in Tuscany, Malta, the Costa del Sol and the Algarve.... The final part of the article offers further reflections on why IRM is important--for the individual migrants themselves, for the host communities, and for public policy."

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Stereoselective internal acyl migration of 1beta-O-acyl glucuronides of enantiomeric 2-phenylpropionic acids.

Internal acyl migration reactions of 1beta-O-acyl glucuronides of 2-arylpropionic acids (profens) are of interest because of their possible role in covalent binding to serum proteins and consequent allergic reactions. The stereoselective degradation of 1beta-O-acyl glucuronides of enantiomeric 2-phenylpropionic acids (PAs), the basic structures of profens, in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C, has been investigated using HPLC. Apparent first-order degradation of 1beta-O-acyl glucuronide and the sequential appearance of 2-, 3- and 4-O-acyl isomers were observed for each enantiomer. Acyl migration was observed to predominate over hydrolysis as in the other profen glucuronides. All the positional isomers and anomers were characterized using NMR and HPLC-NMR. The overall degradation half-life of (R)- and (S)-PA glucuronides was 1.8 and 3.3 h, respectively. These results suggest that (R)-PA glucuronide could be more susceptible to covalent binding to proteins via acyl migration than the corresponding antipode. The lability of the (R)-diastereomer over the antipode is consistent with previous reports on other profen glucuronides. Thus, the diastereomeric PA glucuronides are considered to be the best model compounds for the computation of structural physicochemical parameters to control the stereoselective internal acyl migration of profen glucuronides because PA has the simplest chemical structure of all the profens.

Acylation↗

PubMed2000

Migrants, refugees and insecurity. Current threats to peace?

Since the early 1980s, international migration has moved beyond humanitarian, economic development, labor market and societal integration concerns, raising complex interactive security implications for governments of migrant sending, receiving and transit countries, as well as for multilateral bodies. This article examines the effects of international migration on varied understandings and perceptions of international security. It discusses why international migration has come to be perceived as a security issue, both in industrialized and developing countries. Questions are raised on the migration-security nexus and the way in which the concepts "security" and "migration" are used. The real and perceived impacts of international migration upon national and regional security, both in industrialized and developing countries, are analyzed. The policies developed by governments and multilateral agencies since the mid-1980s to mitigate the destabilizing effects of certain kinds of international population movement and human displacement are examined. The conclusions stress the need for the establishment of a comprehensive framework of international cooperation among origin and receiving countries and international organizations to address the destabilizing implications of international migration.

Demography↗

PubMed2002

Rapid internal acyl migration and protein binding of synthetic probenecid glucuronides.

Internal acyl migration reactions of drug 1-O-acyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronates (1beta-acyl glucuronides) are of interest because of their possible role in covalent binding to proteins and consequent adverse effects. The reactivity of the synthetic probenecid 1beta-acyl glucuronide (PRG), the principal metabolite of probenecid (PR) in humans, has been investigated in terms of acyl migration, hydrolysis, and covalent binding to proteins in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and human plasma at 37 degrees C. PRG primarily degraded by acyl migration according to apparent first-order kinetics and the 2-, 3-, and 4-acyl isomers sequentially appeared as both alpha- and beta-anomeric forms. In addition, small amounts of PRG and extremely labile 1alpha-acyl isomer existed in the equilibrated mixture favoring the 2alpha/beta-acyl isomer, that provided significant information regarding the mechanism of acyl migration. All of the positional isomers and anomers were characterized using preparative HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. Acyl migration was observed to predominate over hydrolysis in both media although the extent of hydrolysis in plasma was larger than that in the buffer. The overall degradation half-lives (h) in the buffer and plasma were 0.27 +/- 0.003 and 0.17 +/- 0.007, respectively. The covalent binding rapidly proceeded mainly via the Schiff's base mechanism and reached a plateau after 2 h of incubation. The maximal binding was 146 +/- 4.8 pmol/mg of protein, and ca. 10% of the initial concentration of PRG. These results indicated that PRG is most labile and susceptible to acyl migration of all the drug acyl glucuronides reported to date in the physiological conditions, and highly reactive to plasma proteins, that could provide a possible explanation for the immunologically based adverse effects of PR.

Acylation↗

PubMed2005

Nursing shortages and international nurse migration.

BACKGROUND: The United Kingdom and the United States are among several developed countries currently experiencing nursing shortages. While the USA has not yet implemented policies to encourage nurse immigration, nursing shortages will likely result in the growth of foreign nurse immigration to the USA. Understanding the factors that drive the migration of nurses is critical as the USA exerts more pull on the foreign nurse workforce. AIM: To predict the international migration of nurses to the UK using widely available data on country characteristics. METHOD: The Nursing and Midwifery Council serves as the source of data on foreign nurse registrations in the UK between 1998 and 2002. We develop and test a regression model that predicts the number of foreign nurse registrants in the UK based on source country characteristics. We collect country-level data from sources such as the World Bank and the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The shortage of nurses in the UK has been accompanied by massive and disproportionate growth in the number of foreign nurses from poor countries. Low-income, English-speaking countries that engage in high levels of bilateral trade experience greater losses of nurses to the UK. CONCLUSION: Poor countries seeking economic growth through international trade expose themselves to the emigration of skilled labour. This tendency is currently exacerbated by nursing shortages in developed countries. Countries at risk for nurse emigration should adjust health sector planning to account for expected losses in personnel. Moreover, policy makers in host countries should address the impact of recruitment on source country health service delivery.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

A dynamical model of labor-market change in international labor migrations when demand for labor is exogenous.

"Relatively little is known about the long-run behavior of international labor migrations. One of the biggest concerns in immigration debates relates to the continued pressure on the borders of the wealthy countries. This immigration pressure will decline significantly only if the poor nations manage to provide more high-wage jobs. An earlier model of international labor migration is used to derive additional insights into the growth and decline of labor supply in different labor markets resulting from migration. Particular attention is paid to labor demand growth requirements in a sending country so that out-migration will slow down and eventually stop."

Demography↗

PubMed1996

International labor migration of Asian women: distinctive characteristics and policy concerns.

"The feminization of women in international labor migration has been most pronounced in the case of Asia, with women moving in their own right as economic migrants and faced with regulatory and social constraints, gender discrimination and exploitation in countries of origin and destination. Asian countries, both sending and receiving, have been experimenting with gender-sensitive migration policies and programs. This paper describes the characteristics of Asian female labor migration, examines policy dimensions and suggests action to bridge the gaps between policy dimensions and implementation."

Asia↗

PubMed1995

International labor migration and the family: some observations from Indonesia.

This article addresses two dimensions of the complex interrelationship between the family and international labor migration in Indonesia: the role of the family in influencing labor movements out of Indonesia; and the consequences of this movement on family well-being, structure, and functioning. Research on this topic in Indonesia is highly limited due mainly to the recency of large scale international labor migration, inadequate data collection systems, a high incidence of undocumented migration, and failure of available research to be sensitive to family related issues. Against a rapidly changing economic and social situation, two major overlapping systems of migration have developed. The official system is focused strongly on the Middle East (although other Asian destinations are increasing in significance) and is dominated by female migrants. The undocumented system is much larger in volume, is focused upon Malaysia, involves more males than females, and is becoming permanent in some cases. The role, status, and experiences of women migrants in relation to their families (decision making, networks, remittances) are discussed with recommendations for other areas needing further research attention.

Asia↗

PubMed1997

A place in the sun: international retirement migration from northern to southern Europe.

"This article considers four aspects of IRM [international retirement migration]. The first considers the limited literature on this... topic and identifies the distinctiveness of both its international and European features. The second reviews the existing statistical data for north-south IRM in Europe, particularly from the UK to Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain; it establishes both the scale and the geography of these migrations. In the third section we investigate some of the major influences on both the volume and the spatial pattern of IRM. Finally, in the fourth section, a brief review is presented of the economic, social and cultural implications of IRM for both the emigrants and their host communities."

Data Collection↗

PubMed1992

National-, regional- and urban-scale population deconcentration in West Germany.

"Internal migration patterns during the second half of the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s are evaluated at a regional scale intermediate to those utilized in previous core-to-periphery and urbanization-to-counterurbanization studies of West Germany. A spatial deconcentration of the West German population is evident in the form of redistribution down the metropolitan size hierarchy....A spatial deconcentration of manufacturing and service employment partially explains the net migration losses experienced by the Rhine-Ruhr and the Rhine-Main-Neckar [regions].... This study provides an alternative core-periphery delimitation scheme which can be applied to the metropolitan system in the western part of newly unified Germany."

Demography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Urban development and the demographic situation in Chaco and its capital between 1960 and 1990].

"The large demographic growth registered in the Chaco province [of Argentina] at the beginning of this Century slowed down since the 1950s as a result of the successive economic crisis undergone by this province. The demographic response was the outmigration toward the more developed areas of the country and to the capital city of Chaco. A large share of Resistencia demographic growth is provided by this internal migration. This rapid increase makes inadequate the functional and the service structure of the city." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗

PubMed1991

[Spatial mobility and socioeconomic development in China since the beginning of the 1980s].

Changes in internal migration patterns in China since the beginning of the 1980s are analyzed. The emphasis is on how the economic reforms of the 1970s have affected migration, which used to be governed primarily by political considerations. "Though the old barriers restricting rural-urban migration, especially the household-registration system, are still valid, cities nevertheless suffer from migration-pressure, caused by the agricultural reforms and the continuing economic disparities between city and country. Migrants into cities and towns, still registered as rural inhabitants, are called 'floating population'. Quite a big number (about 15 million people) already have been staying in the cities for more than one year. The drawbacks and advantages for the cities of these mobile population groups are discussed in detail." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Asia↗

PubMed1990

Population distribution policy in China: a review.

"After briefly reviewing China's development strategy in the post-1949 period, this article describes the policies and programmes adopted by the Chinese government for controlling internal migration. The effects of those policies and programmes on total migration rates, rural-to-urban migration, interregional migration, interprovincial migration, and population distribution among cities of different size are also assessed. The increasing number of temporary migrants, including China's 'floating population,' will be examined as well, together with recent policy changes in population migration and movement." A comment by Lawrence J. C. Ma is included (pp. 188-91).

Asia↗

PubMed1993

International labour migration in the Asian-Pacific region: patterns, policies and economic implications.

"This paper reviews the literature on international labour migration from and within the Asian-Pacific region. It deals with patterns and characteristics of migration flows, government policies towards labour migration, and economic implications of labour migration for both labour-exporting and importing countries in the region. The indications are that, despite gradual slowing down of labour flows to the western industrial countries and the Middle East, labour migration will continue to be a major economic influence on surplus-labour countries in the region. As an integral part of the growth dynamism in the region, labour migration has now begun to take on a regional dimension, with immense implications for the process of industrial restructuring in high growth economies and the changing pattern of economic interdependence among countries."

Asia↗

PubMed1992

International labor migration and domestic labor supply.

"This paper constructs a dynamic, general equilibrium framework to study the relationship between international labor migration and domestic labor supply. The general equilibrium nature of the model enables us to endogenize the pattern of labor migration. The effect of labor migration on domestic wage rates and labor supply is shown to depend on the pattern of labor migration. If the substitution effect dominates the income effect in labor supply, the domestic supply of labor necessarily decreases in response to an inflow of migrants....Similarly, if the dominant effect is the income effect, the immigration of labor necessarily increases the domestic supply of labor."

Demography↗

PubMed1993

Socio-demographic structure of Sydney's perimetropolitan region.

"The paper conceptualizes processes driving change in perimetropolitan regions then, using Sydney [Australia] as a case study, analyses population growth rates and internal migration patterns between 1981 and 1991. Next, a set of social and demographic variables derived from the 1986 Census is analysed to derive four key dimensions of socio-spatial structure, namely: disadvantage, rurality, socio-economic status and retirement."

Australia↗

PubMed1990

Recent urban and population change in Poland.

"This paper documents recent changes in urban and population trends in Poland. These changes include a sharp decrease in the spatial mobility of the population, a transition from population concentration to deconcentration at interregional scale, and a weakening of the dominance of metropolitan core areas vis-a-vis metropolitan rings." The author suggests that rates of internal migration will increase in the 1990s as the large cohorts born in the 1970s enter the labor force.

Demography↗

PubMed1978

Fertility differentials and their impact on population distribution and composition in Northern Ireland.

The geographical variability of fertility in Northern Ireland is described and related to the factors of religious denomination, social class, and proportion of the population who are married. Although the substantial differences in birthrate from 1 region to another have a significant impact on population composition, it is concluded that internal migration rather than natural increase is the more important component of regional population growth and changing population.

Birth Rate↗