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PubMedDate not supplied

Physical exercise retards the development of chronic nephropathy in the ageing rat as efficiently as food restriction does.

BACKGROUND: Obesity combined with decreasing physical fitness in the ageing Western populations promotes a number of degenerative diseases, including chronic kidney disease. It has further been shown in rodent models that prevention of obesity by food restriction mitigates development of kidney lesions. Whether lifelong physical activity also has a positive effect is not known. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of physical exercise and food restriction on the development of chronic kidney lesions in ageing rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups: voluntarily running in wheels (RW), food restriction to the degree necessary to attain pair weight to RW rats (PW), forced running in treadmills (TM) and sedentary controls housed individually (S1) or 4 in each cage (S4). The interventions began at the age of 5 months and kidneys were sampled and analysed histologically at the ages of 15, 19 and 23 months. RESULTS: Total score for kidney lesions (sum of the scores for glomerular changes, interstitial non-purulent inflammation, proteinaceous casts in tubules and increased amount of connective tissue, the possible maximum being 10.0) increased from 0.5 +/- 0.2 at 5 months of age to 1.6 +/- 0.3 for RW, 2.3 +/- 0.4 for PW, 4.5 +/- 0.4 for TM, 3.6 +/- 0.5 for S1 and 5.4 +/- 0.6 for S4 at the age of 23 months. The increase from 5 months of age was gradual for all groups through 15, 19 and 23 months. The patterns for the various lesions followed the same pattern with the exception of connective tissue, which did not increase. CONCLUSION: Voluntary running in wheels is as effective in mitigating kidney lesions as is food restriction, while forced running in a treadmill is not effective in this respect.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Effect of physical exercise on blood mononuclear cell subpopulations and in vitro proliferative responses.

The present study was designed to examine the effect of physical exercise on subsets and proliferative responses of blood mononuclear cells. Sixteen young, healthy volunteers underwent 60 min of bicycle exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). After an interval of at least 1 week, six of the subjects underwent a 60-min back muscle training period at up to 30% of VO2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last minutes of exercise, as well as 2 and 24 h later. Blood mononuclear cell (BMNC) subpopulations were determined and the proliferative responses after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or purified derivative of tuberculin (PPD), were quantified by [3H]thymidine incorporation. During bicycle exercise the relative blood concentration of T cells (CD3+ cells) declined, mainly due to a fall in T helper cells (CD4+ cells). The natural killer (NK) cell subset (CD16+ cells) increased during work, but reverted after; the monocytes (CD14+ cells) increased 2 h after work, whereas the B-cell subset (CD20+ cells) did not change. BMNC subsets were not significantly changed by back muscle exercise. The PHA-induced proliferative response decreased during bicycle exercise, whereas the PPD-induced response did not change. No significant changes occurred during back muscle exercise. Investigation of subgroups after incubation with [3H]thymidine showed that the proliferative response per CD4+ cell did not change in relation to exercise, but the contribution of the CD4+ subgroup to proliferation declined during bicycle exercise due to the decreased proportion of CD4+ cells. The suppression of the PHA response during bicycle exercise can be explained in part by a relative fall in CD4+ cells. The pool sizes of BMNC subfraction may be elicited by increased catecholamine and cortisol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Psychological and respiratory physiological effects of a physical exercise programme on boys with severe asthma.

Ten boys 9-12 years of age with severe perennial asthma participated in a physical exercise programme lasting 8 months. Pulmonary function and psychological tests were performed before training, immediately after, and one year after the end of the exercise programme. Static lung volumes, flow-volume variables and histamine tolerance were used as indicators of pulmonary function. Ego structure, body image, social development and concentration capacity were used as indicators of personality development. Before the study, the group had high FRC (p less than 0.05) and RV (p less than 0.001), low FEV1, MEF50 and MEF25 (all p less than 0.001) and low histamine tolerance. They showed marked disturbances in their personality development with low scores in psychological variables. During the training period, MEF50 and MEF25 increased slightly (p less than 0.01). Marked improvement was observed in all psychological variables (p less than 0.001). The positive effects remained during the following year. The marked and lasting improvement in personality development was regarded as an essential factor behind the more modest positive clinical and pulmonary function changes. The results emphasize the importance of including exercise programmes in the treatment of children with asthma.

Asthma↗
PubMed1995

Long-term physical exercise and lipoprotein(a) levels in a previously sedentary male and female population.

We investigated the effect of long-term physical exercise on serum lipoprotein(a) levels. 21 sedentary men and 15 sedentary women were trained three to four times a week with increasing intensity during 9 months. After 24 weeks all subjects ran a 15 km race and after 36 weeks a half marathon run (21 km). Blood samples were drawn before the training programme, 5 days before both races and 5 days after the half marathon run. Median (interquartile range) pre-training values in the male group were 32 (11-63) mg/L and in the female group 65 (23-199) mg/L. After 24 weeks of training, serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations had risen significantly in both male and female groups. Moreover, after 36 weeks of training, in preparation for the half marathon competition, median serum lipoprotein(a) rose almost twofold in both groups and was still elevated 5 days later. This study demonstrates that an exercise programme which includes running of increasing distances significantly increases serum lipoprotein(a) concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of long-term physical exercise on serum lipids, lipoproteins and lipid metabolizing enzymes in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.

The effects of four months' physical exercise on serum lipids, lipoproteins and lipid metabolizing enzymes were studied in 25 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients divided randomly into exercise (n = 13) and control (n = 12) groups. Exercise induced a significant decrease in serum LDL-cholesterol and an increase in serum HDL-cholesterol and HDL2-cholesterol. Triglycerides showed a temporary decrease. Apoproteins A1 and B were virtually unchanged. Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase increased markedly during the exercise period while no change occurred in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase or lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. In the control group no significant changes occurred in any of the lipid variables. In the light of the knowledge of LDL-cholesterol as a causative and HDL-cholesterol as a protective factor in atherogenesis in non-diabetics the changes caused by exercise in non-insulin-dependent diabetics can be considered favourable.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Creatine phosphokinase after submaximal physical exercise in untrained individuals.

Serial estimations of total serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) have been performed before and during 18-49 hours after submaximal physical exercise in 17 untrained individuals, mean age 50 years. The maximal CPK increase after exercise was 32 mU/ml (73%). The serum CPK did not exceed the upper normal limit (130 mU/ml) except in one individual (150 mU/ml). The maximal CPK increase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) varied between 101 mU/ml (133%) and 2 260mU/ml(3 790%), mean 900 mU/ml (1 184%). As the maximal CPK elevation in AMI occurs within the same period, it seems that heavy physical work of short duration just before the onset of symptoms will very seldom impair the diagnosis of AMI with the CPK technique used.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Influence of physical exercise on plasma creatine kinase activity in healthy and dystrophic turkeys and sheep.

Plasma creatine kinase (P-CK) activities were significantly increased after physical exercise in healthy turkeys and in turkeys with genetic muscular dystrophy. Activities as high as 100,500 mU/ml of plasma were observed. Activities remained high for at least 29 hours after exercise. Moderate exercise did not significantly affect P-CK activity in lambs. Increases in P-CK activity during expression of nutritional muscular dystrophy were readily distinguished from exercise effects; activity exceeded 160,000 mU/ml in lambs during expression of that condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Muscle strength according to level of physical exercise and educational background in middle-aged women in Finland.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of socio-economic status and the practice of physical exercise in explaining variation in muscle strength in 50 to 60-year-old women. Consequently, four study groups combining education and physical activity were formed: (1) university education, physically active; (2) university education, sedentary; (3) vocational or lower level of education, physically active; (4) vocational or lower level of education, sedentary. Maximal isometric strength of hand grip, arm flexion, body flexion and extension as well as dynamic power of the abdominal muscles were measured in 112 women. The results of the maximal isometric strength measurements were standardised by body mass index. The means of the maximal isometric strength results and sit-up tests were compared between the groups using two-way analysis of variance. The physically active women performed better than the sedentary in both the isometric and dynamic tests. Greater muscle strength was also found among the more highly educated compared with the less educated. The less educated sedentary women showed the poorest performance in the strength tests.

Body Height↗
PubMed1989

Physical exercise increases natural cellular-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in elderly women.

The influence of acute treadmill exercise on natural killer (NK) cell tumor cytotoxicity in vitro was studied in elderly women after participation in a program of physical exercise training (PET) (n = 7) or after participation in a paralleling nonexercise control (NEC) condition (n = 7). The two study groups were equated (p greater than 0.05) according to age, percent total body fat, functional status as measured by multi-inventory ranking, and exercise capacity. After the experimental period, the PET subjects had a greater basal level of NK activity than the NEC subjects (PET 38.2 percent specific lysis, %SL, vs. NEC 28.8 %SL; p less than 0.05). Both groups experienced an increase in NK activity after acute treadmill exercise (PET 38.2-57.4 %SL, p less than 0.01; NEC 28.8-37.8 %SL, p less than 0.05), but the increase in the PET subjects was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than that observed in the NEC subjects. We conclude that natural cellular-mediated tumor cytotoxicity is increased in response to acute exercise and long-term PET in elderly women.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal mucosa reaction, catecholamines and lactate during physical exercise.

The relation between changes in mucosal congestion, as studied by rhinostereometry, and blood concentrations of lactate, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine was studied in 7 volunteers during physical exercise to effort maximum and a subsequent rest period. In 6 volunteers the mucosa decongested evenly during exercise. The concentration of nor-epinephrine began to rise when half of the mucosal decongestion ability was utilized, but the concentrations of lactate and epinephrine did not rise until almost maximal decongestion was established. When exercise ceased the mucosa recongested rapidly and parallel to the decrease of the epinephrine and nor-epinephrine concentrations. The lactate concentrations remained at a high level until the mucosa had recongested considerably. In two of three tests of the remaining volunteer, after an initial partial decongestion, the mucosa began to recongest during continued exercise but the concentration of lactate, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine increased as in the other 6 volunteers. The present results support the view that nasal mucosa decongestion during exercise is due to sympathetic stimulus, but also show that there may exist a congestive stimulus stronger than the sympathetic stimulus. This latter observation implies the need for direct control of the nasal mucosa congestion during rhinological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of fasting and physical exercise on plasma leptin concentrations in high-fat fed rats.

The aim of our study was to estimate the effect of fasting and physical exercise on a treadmill on plasma leptin concentrations in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were injected a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) or buffer at 2 days of age and later fed a standard or high-fat diet (HFD). Plasma leptin was measured by RIA method in all the groups studied in basal conditions, after 48h fasting, a single bout of exhaustive exercise, and 4 weeks of exercise training. Plasma leptin concentrations were markedly elevated in the HFD and STZ/HFD groups compared to the control group. The significant correlation between plasma leptin and body weight was noted. Fasting and exercise training decreased plasma leptin in similar percentage in all the groups studied. The observed decrease was greater than expected from changes in body weight. We conclude that high-fat feeding results in an increase in plasma leptin levels in rats independently of plasma insulin or daily calorie intake. High-fat fed rats have maintained leptin response to fasting and exercise training. The reduction in plasma leptin after exercise training is partly independent on changes in body weight or plasma insulin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Are young platelets released in excess from the spleen in response to short-term physical exercise?

With a view to throwing some light on the age characteristics of platelets released into the blood in response to short-term physical exercise, we conducted exercise experiments on 23 healthy subjects previously injected with different platelet populations labelled with 111In and 51Cr. Based on comparative platelet kinetic studies of pre- and post-exercise platelets and on exercise experiments carried out while labelled-platelet populations of different age composition were circulating, we cannot support the concept that the platelets released into the blood in response to exercise are enriched with young platelets. In addition, we found that simultaneously-injected large and small platelets were released to the same extent in response to exercise, but that the sequestration patterns of large and small platelets seem to be different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Energy expenditure and total sleep time: effect of physical exercise.

The energy conservation model proposes that the main function of sleep is to lower metabolic requirements periodically and thus to conserve energy. However, certain variations in energy expenditure, such as that produced by physical exercise, have not been found to be consistently related to sleep length. We hypothesized that, because sleep variables may adapt relatively slowly to metabolic changes, the effect of exercise on sleep time would be observed as a function of habitual exercise patterns, not of daily variations. The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of five experiments. Although the design of each experiment was idiosyncratic, all involved physically fit and/or unfit subjects whose sleep was assessed following daytime exercise and/or no exercise conditions. As predicted, fit subjects slept significantly longer than unfit subjects, and daytime exercise had no consistent effect on sleep duration. However, for several reasons, the relevance of the data to the energy conservation model is uncertain.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Response of Blood Lipids to Physical Exercise in Elderly Subjects.

Regular physical activity plays an important role in nonpharmacologic management of hyperlipidemia, in both the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Training intensity and duration, health status (especially the presence of cardiovascular disease), and concomitant changes in body mass and dietary habits are the most important factors that can modify the physical activity-blood lipid profile relationship in the elderly. The benefit of regular exercise goes beyond direct influence on blood lipids; it aids in reducing weight, decreasing fat mass, increasing lean body mass, reducing elevated blood pressure, and increasing insulin sensitivity. Regular physical activity has become widely recommended as an important element of healthy and successful aging and should be encouraged in individuals without contraindications. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the effect of enriched foods and all-around physical exercise on bone and body composition in frail elderly persons. METHODS: A 17-week randomized, controlled intervention trial, following a 2 x 2 factorial design--(1) enriched foods, (2) exercise, (3) both, or (4) neither--was performed in 143 frail elderly persons (aged 78.6 +/- 5.6 years). Foods were enriched with multiple micronutrients; exercises focused on skill training, including strength, endurance, coordination, and flexibility. Main outcome parameters were bone and body composition. RESULTS: Exercise preserved lean mass (mean difference between exercisers and non-exercisers: 0.5 kg +/- 1.2 kg; P < .02). Groups receiving enriched food had slightly increased bone mineral density (+0.4%), bone mass (+0.6%), and bone calcium (+0.6%) compared with groups receiving non-enriched foods, in whom small decreases of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, respectively, were found. These groups differed in bone mineral density (0.006 +/- 0.020 g/cm2; P = .08), total bone mass (19 +/- g; P = .04), and bone calcium (8 +/- 21 g; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Foods containing a physiologic dose of micronutrients slightly increased bone density, mass, and calcium, whereas moderately intense exercise preserved lean body mass in frail elderly persons.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Clinical and neurohumoral response to posture, physical exercise, and ascites treatment in Child-Pugh C liver cirrhosis: randomized prospective trial.

AIM: To assess clinical and neurohumoral response to posture, physical exercise, and ascites treatment in patients with Child-Pugh C liver cirrhosis and tense ascites. METHOD: Fifty patients with Child-Pugh C liver cirrhosis and tense ascites were randomly allocated into 5 groups. Thirty patients were treated with paracentesis of 6 L of acites paralleled by plasma volume expansion with 200 mL of 20% low sodium albumin (10 patients), 600 mL fresh frozen plasma (10 patients), or 900 mL solution of synthetic gelatine (10 patients), ie, doses with comparable oncotic power, and bed rest for 24 h before and after the procedure. They were compared with 10 patients treated with paracentesis of 6 L of ascites without plasma volume expansion and no bed rest, and 10 patients treated with 40 mg of furosemide IV daily and no bed rest. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body weight loss, urine flow rate, creatinine clearance, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured before the procedure and 6 hours, 2, 3, and 6 days after the procedure. RESULTS: Diuretic treatment and paracentesis of 6 L of ascites without plasma volume expansion and no bed rest 24 h before and after the procedure were associated with significant hypotension (p<0.01) during 6 days of the trial, tachycardia (p<0.01) on day 1 and 2 (p=0.012), lower total body weight loss (p=0.007), increase in plasma renin activity 6 hours after the beginning of the study (p=0.025) and on day 6 (p=0.024), increase in plasma aldosterone concentration on day 6 (p=0.030), no significant change in plasma ANP levels, and decrease in creatinine clearance on day 6 (p=0.046). Albumin was superior to the other plasma expanders. Comparison between groups treated with plasma volume expansion did not show significant differences in measured parameters at any time during the study. The differences were found in the amount of needed volume of each substitute, daily sodium balance on day 1 of the trial, increase in plasma aldosterone concentration in bed rest-paracentesis-polygeline group on day 6, and the increase in plasma ANP on day 1 (p=0.077), which was proportional to the amount of infused volume. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic paracentesis of 6 L of ascites, bed rest 24 h before and after the procedure, and intravenous substitution of volume with albumin, fresh frozen plasma, and solution of synthetic gelatine were safe, rapid, and effective treatments, provided that intravascular volume was substituted simultaneously.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Physical exercise induces enhancement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) levels in plasma.

The enhancement of the blood fibrinolytic potential by physical exercise is generally attributed to the release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) from the vessel wall. In this study we have investigated the possible contribution of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Six healthy male volunteers (age 21-25 years) were screened for their ability to perform maximal exercise for their age-group for 12 min on a bicycle ergometer. Subsequently, on one occasion they were required to remain supine for 2 h (from 8.30 a.m. onwards) an on another they performed maximal exercise (from 9.00 a.m. onwards). During exercise an increase in u-PA antigen and plasmin-activatable pro-urokinase (proUK) activity, concurrent with t-PA antigen and euglobulin t-PA activity, was observed in all six volunteers, while at rest these parameters remained unaffected. Mean u-PA- and t-PA antigen increased, respectively, from 4.2 +/- 1.0 ng/ml and 5.8 +/- 2.1 ng/ml before exercise to 9.8 +/- 3.0 ng/ml and 18.3 +/- 3.8 ng/ml (peak). Mean plasmin-activatable proUK activity and t-PA activity increased, respectively, from 2.1 +/- 0.4 ng/ml and 0.3 +/- 0.2 ng/ml before exercise to 4.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml and 7.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml (peak). The increases were statistically significant throughout (paired t-test, pre vs post, antigen P less than 0.005 and activity P less than 0.02). After cessation of exercise u-PA and t-PA declined concurrently to normal values with a 50% decay in about 5 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗