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PubMed1990

[Effect of the composition of the ration during the dry period on fertility and milk production of Holstein cows in Israel].

In each for of kibbutzin herds located in Israel the dry cows were divided in two feeding groups. The experimental group, in totally 266 cows, obtained only oat, barley or wheat hay ad libitum, whereas the control group (n = 253) was fed additionally mix or silage up to four kg dry matter. The cows in the control group responded in the following lactation with a 1.3 kg higher average FCM per day (p = 0.02) and with a 1.7 kg higher maximum FCM (p = 0.01) in comparison to the experimental group. The differences between the experimental and control group in A. I.-parameters days open, conception rate on first insemination and percent problem cows were rather small. However, the frequency of retained placenta and ovary cysts was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the control group than in the experimental group. In one herd the influence of body condition between the end of lactation, dry period and 50-80 days p.p. as well as the change of body weight between the end of lactation and calving on milk production and fertility could be evaluated. A decrease of one body condition score unit between the dry period and 50-80 days p.p. was associated with an increase of FCM by 2.01 kg (p less than 0.01), a decrease of the conception rate by 21% (p less than 0.05) and an elongation of the days open by 23.6 days (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Elective cesarean section in mares: eight cases (1980-1989).

From 1980 to 1989, 8 cesarean sections were performed on an elective basis in 5 mares. Four mares had partially obstructed pelvic canals; 2 of these mares had previously lost foals because of dystocia. Cervical adhesions that might obstruct passage of the fetus through the pelvic canal was suspected in the fifth mare. Cesarean section was performed prior to mares entering the first stage of labor. Readiness for birth was estimated by development of the mare's mammary gland and the presence of colostrum in the udder. A ventral midline celiotomy provided excellent exposure and healed without complications in all instances. Eight viable foals were produced. One foal developed bacterial pneumonia and septicemia after surgery and died. Follow-up evaluation of the 7 foals discharged from the hospital failed to reveal complications associated with elective cesarean section. All mares survived the procedure. Fetal membranes were retained for up to 72 hours following surgery; however, systemic complications secondary to retained placenta did not develop. Three mares were bred subsequent to elective cesarean sections, with each mare conceiving the year following surgery. Three foals were produced by 1 mare and 2 foals have been produced by another mare by elective cesarean sections.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of histopathologic and physiologic changes in cows having premature births after consuming Ponderosa pine needles.

Premature calving, typified by early expulsion (17 to 43 days) of weak or dead calves and accompanied by retained placentas, was induced in 8 of 9 pregnant cows fed a mixture of Ponderosa pine needles and alfalfa hay. Five control cows of comparable gestation age fed only alfalfa hay maintained normal pregnancies until they were euthanatized at the time the pine needle-treated cows were producing premature calves. Serum specimens from all cows were assayed for progesterone concentration and ovaries and placentomes were examined for histopathologic changes. There were no bacterial, fungal, chlamydial, or viral agents determined to be associated with the premature births. Serum progesterone concentration in the treated cows decreased progressively and were 0.4 to 1.5 ng/ml at the time of premature calving. Histopathologic changes were evident in the placenta and corpora lutea of treated cows only. The number of binucleate trophoblastic giant cells in placentomes was less than normal and the number of necrotic luteal cells in corpora lutea was greater than normal.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Pine needle abortion in cattle: pathological observations.

Grazing of ponderosa pine needles by pregnant cows may cause abortion. The abortions are frequently accompanied by retained placenta. Death is not uncommon in cows that abort. Ten cows were placed on a ponderosa pine needle experiment. Six of these cows were fed pine needles and four served as controls. All six cows receiving pine needles aborted, and three of them died shortly after the abortion. Death was due to a severe septicemia. Although the cows were necropsied shortly after death, all tissues were necrotic. Other lesions are described. Three of the six calves died shortly after the abortion. The other three were small and weak but survived due to intensive care.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1988

Pregnancy termination after detection of fetal chromosomal or metabolic abnormalities.

In 3400 midtrimester amniocenteses, 68 fetuses had abnormal findings. Three women elected to continue their pregnancies and the remainder chose terminations. Of these, 29 were cared for in our hospitals. Pregnancy termination was carried out in gestations averaging 21.6 +/- 2.3 weeks and fetal weights averaging 531 +/- 351 g. Three prostaglandins techniques were used, two of which proved to be effective. Dosages employed were comparable to those used in early second trimester pregnancy terminations. Side effects were similar; one retained placenta occurred. We have used a multidisciplinary counseling approach for these couples and have restricted ourselves to the medical aspects of their problems. Techniques are described for the psychologic support of the couple during this stressful period.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1988

Compliance with recommended drug withdrawal requirements for dairy cows sent to market in Michigan.

By examination of computerized individual cow records from January 1981 through June 1985, compliance with premarketing drug withdrawal times was investigated in 23 dairy herds. During this period, 877 cows were culled from 23 herds; 33 cows from 12 herds were in violation of premarketing drug withdrawal times. Six herds had 1 violation, 2 herds had 2 violations, 2 herds had 3 and 4 violations, and 2 herds had 7 and 9 violations. Fifty drugs had been used; 15 drugs were used in violation of drug withdrawal times before cows were sent to market. The most commonly used drugs in violation were oxytetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and a combination of lincomycin/spectinomycin. Significant differences between cows in violation and cows not in violation were not observed for age, lactation number, milk production, herd size, or month of culling. However, the 12 herds in violation of premarket drug withdrawal times had significantly (P less than 0.05) more cows culled within 30 days for retained placenta and milk fever, and more cows culled within 30 and 100 days for mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum. Although not significant, the 2 herds with 7 and 9 violations had more hired vs family labor than did the other herds with violations.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

[Continuing eco-pathological survey: 5. Demonstration of pathologic associations in dairy cow stock: individual data].

The calculation of pathological association ratio (or relative risk) from two ways contingency tables, allowed to show numerous interrelationships between diseases of 1,205 dairy cows. The analysis concerns the animal during productive life, the lactation (all lactation mixed), a particular one (1st, 2nd, 3rd and more) and the beginning of productive life of cow (three first lactations). The relationships are discussed according to the level of calculation (animal, lactation, or beginning of life). There is some triangular relations: calving trilogy (dystocia-stillbirth-retained placenta), infectious trilogy (foul of the foot-metritis-mastitis), metabolic trilogy (appetite disorders-ketosis-digestive disorders), foot disorders trilogy (lameness-non infectious diseases of foot-foul of the foot). These pathological groups seem to depend from common risk factors (climate-feeding-cowshed hygiene-control of heat-age-culling policy-genetic factors-anatomical or physiological predisposition, animal size...), but, numerous interactions between groups are also shown, leading to consider pathology in farm like a complex entity.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

The relationship among current management systems, production, disease and drug usage on Ontario dairy farms.

The study involved 110 randomly selected dairy farms located in the Ontario, Canada counties of Bruce, Grey, Huron, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo and Wellington. Herds were classified as "intensive" and "extensive". On extensive farms, data were collected at the herd level only, while on intensive farms, data were recorded at both the individual animal and herd level. Data collection continued for approximately two and one-half years. At each visit, technicians collected production data from the most recent production recording scheme report and from the "daily log" maintained by each producer. As well as the ongoing data collection procedures, a number of supplementary data collections were made. The average 305 day milk production increased gradually during the three calendar years from 6224.6 kg in 1981 to 6443.7 kg in 1983. The average calving interval was stable at 13.2 months for all three years. The majority of cows removed from the herds were culled for beef (0.243 per animal year). The next highest removal rate was for domestic sale, followed by death, export sale and destroyed. The highest disease rate, for those conditions whose rates were based on calving, was for retained placenta (0.09 per calving), while clinical mastitis was highest for those conditions whose rates were based on animal years (0.37 per animal year). The overall crude antimicrobial dosage rate, that is, including any antimicrobial used for either prophylactic or therapeutic purposes, was 3.85 doses per animal year. The rate for therapeutic purposes only was 3.6 doses per animal year. Penicillin/streptomycin was used most often with a rate of 1.45 doses per animal year.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1986

[Continuing eco-pathological survey: 9. Influence of the level of production on the pathology of the dairy cow].

Observations are made, during the Eco-Pathological Survey (EEPC), about six main clinical diseases of the dairy cow in the aim of studying the relationships between the milk yield level, the milk fat content, and the susceptibility to the major pathological problems (mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, lameness, digital infections, milk fever). Lactations from Black-Pied cows (1,036) and from Red-Pied ones (Montbéliardes, Tachetées de l'Est) (203) are analysed, and breed and lactation number effects are assessed. As a general trend, disease incidence increases with milk yield. For cows in the 2nd lactation or more, maximum daily milk yield increases with increasing number of diseases occurrences during the lactation: cows free of the six studied diseases produce 28 kg vs 29.2 kg for females with one disease, 30.2 kg when two diseases occurred, 31.9 kg for three diseases or more (P less than or equal to 0.001). Mastitis, lameness and digital infections appear as diseases linked with "high yield" (risk threshold between 30 and 35 kg of maximum daily milk yield). The average milk fat content of the cows free of pathology is 1 to 3% higher compared with affected animals. Relationships between milk yield level and susceptibility to disease seem to be included in the definition of the dairy herd of the future.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Clinical application of a high-risk scoring system on a family practice obstetric service.

A previously described antepartum risk-scoring system was evaluated in 113 consecutive deliveries done by family physicians to determine whether a request for obstetric or pediatric assistance could be predicted. In the defined low-risk group (score less than or equal to 3) assistance was requested in 12 of 72 patients. In the defined high-risk group (score greater than 3) assistance was requested in 23 of 41 patients. Out of 28 requests for obstetric assistance, 22 requests were for a specific skill (cesarean sections, difficult forceps, premature deliveries, shoulder dystocia, and retained placenta). All of the 27 requests for pediatric assistance were for acute resuscitation of the newborn. Reinforced in this study was the finding that a relatively small segment of patients (36 percent of the population) gave rise to most (67 percent) of the morbidity. Knowledge of this simple, reliable method to predict high-risk obstetric patients should help family physicians reduce maternal and infant morbidity.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1985

Interrelationships between ambient temperature, age at calving, postpartum reproductive events and reproductive performance in dairy cows: a path analysis.

Path analysis was used to determine the interrelationships between ambient temperature, age at calving, postpartum reproductive events and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The data used in the analysis were collected on 226 Holstein-Friesian cows calving in a commercial dairy herd during a 17 month period (May 1, 1981 to October 1, 1982). The data were obtained from a double blind study evaluating the effects of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and cloprostenol in postpartum cows. Rectal palpation to assess uterine involution and ovarian activity was performed on each cow on days 15, 24 and 28 postpartum. At the same time, blood samples were collected for subsequent progesterone assay. Data were recorded on the occurrence of reproductive diseases and events from the time of parturition until the diagnosis of pregnancy or until the cow left the herd in the case of culled cows. There was an increase in the incidence of retained placenta, in the percentage of cows with abnormal vaginal discharge in the early postpartum period as well as a delay in uterine involution during the winter months. In addition, cows calving during the winter had prolonged intervals to first estrus, first service and conception compared to cows calving during the summer. (Cows calving during the warmest months, on average, were seen in estrus 24 days sooner, received first service 42 days sooner and conceived 27 days sooner than cows calving during the coldest months of the year).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Passive transfer failure in horses: incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm.

A prospective study was performed to determine the incidence and associated maternal and managemental factors of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals on a breeding farm. The zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZSTT) and latex agglutination test (LAT) were compared for accuracy in estimating serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G of foals, as determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Complete past and present foaling histories of 136 Standardbred mares were obtained. All foalings were witnessed by farm attendants, and colostral samples were collected from mares within 2 hours after parturition. Foals that did not rise and nurse were supplemented with colostrum from the dam, using a bottle or nasogastric tube. Serum samples were prepared from foals and mares between 24 and 36 hours after parturition, and from some mares 45 to 90 days before parturition. Serum IgG concentrations of mares and foals and colostral whey were determined, using SRID. Serum IgG also was estimated in foals, using ZSTT and a commercially available LAT. Four of the 136 foals (2.9%) had FPT (serum IgG less than or equal to 400 mg/dl). Serum IgG concentrations in foals significantly correlated with colostral IgG (P less than 0.001). A significantly larger proportion of foals with FPT were bottle-fed their colostrum (P less than 0.01). Month of parturition, mare age, parity, number of barren seasons, incidence of assisted births or retained placenta, or prepartum serum IgG concentrations did not significantly affect colostral IgG concentrations or serum IgG concentrations in foals. As serum IgG concentrations in foals decreased and as colostral IgG concentrations decreased, the proportion of mares that prelactated significantly (P less than 0.01) increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Age, breed and seasonal patterns in the occurrence of ten dairy cow diseases: a case control study.

A total of 5,990 occurences of the diseases abomasal displacement, cystic graafian follicles, endometritis, hypocalcemia, ketosis, mastitis, metritis, ovarian hypofuction, pyometra and retained placenta were included in a case control study. The study was based on a hospital population of Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey cows who were at least two years of age. The data were retrieved from computer storage of material abstracted for the Veterinary Medical Data Program. The transcription of data from original case records to these abstracts was examined as a source of error. An attempt was made to define each of the diseases by reference to random samples of the clinical records. Using the log-odds method, trends were noted for the youngest cows to be at increased risk of the reproductive diseases and for the Guernsey cows to be at increased risk of the uterine diseases. There was a tendency for peaks in disease occurrences in the winter (as opposed to summer) months.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1984

Chlamydia psittaci experimental abortion in goats.

To study abortive chlamydiosis in goats, 11 pregnant goats were inoculated intradermally at the 3rd month of pregnancy with 2 X 10(7) or 2 X 10(6) plaque-forming units of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally occurring abortions in goats. The 11 inoculated does aborted 24 to 56 days after they were inoculated and shed Chlamydia. This shedding began at least 9 days before abortion (1 goat) and persisted 12 days after abortion (1 goat). Retained placenta or metritis were observed in 4 of the goats.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed1984

Use of selenium in problem cattle herds.

A 150-cow beef herd had problems with diarrhea in all neonatal calves, with 50% mortality. Necropsy revealed changes consistent with colibacillosis. Vaccination of cows in late pregnancy with E coli and BVD vaccines reduced morbidity but did not eliminate the problem. Assays revealed low serum Se levels. Limited supplementation of Se in premix at 90 mg/lb premix, with 17 lb premix/ton feed, resolved the problem. A 70-cow dairy herd had long-term problems with increased numbers of cystic ovaries and retained placentas, and low conception rates. Serum Se levels were low; results of various other diagnostic tests were inconclusive. Dietary supplementation of Se greatly improved reproductive efficiency. Gross and microscopic lesions may not be inconclusive for a diagnosis of Se deficiency. Dietary supplementation of Se is recommended over injection.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

[Effect of ketosis on the reproductive process in high-yield cows].

Studies were carried out with a total of 40 ketosis-affected cows and 40 normal (control) cows. It was found that with the diseased animals the blood level of sugar was lowered by 45 per cent, that of total protein--by 24 per cent, that of carotene and vitamin A--by more than twice, and that of inorganic phosphorus--by 20 per cent as against the blood indices with the control cows. In the same period the content of ketone bodies in the blood of ths affected cows increased 5 times, and in the urine it rose 6 times. With cows that had ketosis the cases of dystocia and retained placenta were 5 times more, still births were twice more, and the cases of diseased endometrium were 6 times more than those in the control cows. Respectively, cows that had manifested clinical ketosis showed longer independence period (by 22 days), longer service period (by 54 days), lack of estrus (in 20 per cent of the animals), and as many as 33.3 per cent of them failed to conceive and were culled. It was concluded that ketosis had unfavourably affected the normal course of the parturition process ++ and the conception of high-producing cows.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1982

[Diagnosis and treatment of postpartum endometritis in cattle].

The bovine genital tracts of 120 animals in which parturition had run a highly abnormal course and those of thirty which had calved normally and showed retained placentas were studied by vaginoscopic examination and bacteriological examination on the fifteenth, seventeenth and thirtieth day after parturition. The animals were classified at random into four groups. Three groups underwent intra-uterine treatment (with antibiotics, lotagen and polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine respectively) on the fifteenth day after parturition and one group remained untreated. The methods of treatment used did not result in more rapid healing of the uterus, which was verified by the results of vaginoscopic examinations as well as by those of bacteriological examination. An outstanding feature consisted in the fact that the uterus has an effective self-cleansing mechanism. Bacteriological examination was positive in 132 out of 150 animals on the fifteenth day after parturition. Only seventy-five animals were positive on the thirtieth day after parturition. The number of animals positive for C. pyogenes dropped from eighty-four (day 15) to forty-three (day 30). There was a marked correlation between the results of vaginoscopic examination and those of bacteriological examination of the uterus. When the discharge was mucopurulent or purulent thirty days after parturition, bacteriological examination was positive in 64 and 74 per cent of the cases respectively. C. pyogenes could be isolated in 74 and 93 per cent of the cases respectively and usually was present in the form of pure cultures. It is concluded that there is no point in carrying out a single intra-uterine treatment about the fifteenth day after parturition in cattle affected with endometritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Left displacement of the abomasum: relationship to age and medical history.

The present study shows that 5 years is the numerically most frequently observed age at onset of left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows, and that the risk of LDA actually increases with age (Fig. 1 and 2). A high prevalence (70-75%) of other or concurrent disorders among LDA cows is observed (Tables I and II). The apparent excess risk among LDA cows of getting other diseases throughout their lives, including retained placenta (RP), disappeared when adjustments were made for age (Tables III and IV) and it is concluded that LDA cows have a higher incidence of other disorders mainly because they tend to be older cows. A negative influence of RP and LDA on reproductive performance was finally observed (Table V).

Abomasum↗