SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Psychosocial functioning”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

New reproductive technology and the family: the parent-child relationship following in vitro fertilization.

Parent-child relationships and the parents' psychosocial functioning were assessed in families with a 24-30-month-old, single born child conceived by homologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in a control group of families with a naturally conceived child. The investigation included behavioural observations of mother-child interactions in the home, and self-rated questionnaires. No significant multivariate group effects were found for indicators of the parent-child relationship, nor for the parents' psychosocial functioning. However, in the case of IVF the employment status of the mother was associated with her behaviour towards her child: employed IVF-mothers showed less respect for their child's autonomy compared with both nonemployed IVF-mothers and employed control mothers.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Psychosocial characteristics of subtle and blatant racists as compared to tolerant individuals.

Studies in psychology have demonstrated that tolerant individuals demonstrate good psychological health and prejudiced individuals demonstrate poor psychosocial functioning. Past investigations have shown disturbances in interpersonal relationships for prejudiced individuals in childhood. Blatant racists aggressively assert that members of minority groups are inferior. Subtle racists blame social inequities on minority group cultures and customs. A questionnaire to distinguish tolerant individuals from blatant and subtle racists was employed. Tolerant individuals were shown to be psychologically healthier than both blatant and subtle racists. Both blatant and subtle racists show maladaptive patterns in psychosocial functioning. Both blatant and subtle racists report predicted disturbances in parental relationships, as well as insecure and hostile ties with peers.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Quality assurance of treatment and care of schizophrenic patients].

The object of the study was to investigate the significance of quality assurance of treatment and care for schizophrenic patients in relation to psychosocial functioning and prognosis. In a period of one year prior to the quality assurance, quality measurements were carried out on 53 schizophrenic patients. Then quality standards with structure, process- and result criteria were implemented, and quality measurements for 57 patients admitted after the implementation were carried out. At admission there was no significant differences between the two groups. Before the implementation of quality standards, the patients did not regain their habitual level of psychosocial functioning (measured by the GAF-scale) at discharge. After the implementation the patients regained their habitual level. After implementation there was a significant lower rate of readmissions. Due to the fact that readmission is identical with relapse, the quality improvement therefore improved the prognosis for the schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Integrating cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for persons with schizophrenia into a psychiatric rehabilitation program: results of a three year trial.

Emerging models of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) offer promising new intervention strategies in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. These models, however, have not been integrated into community support programs and evaluated in comparison to standard community treatments. This study examined differences in outcomes of clients who received long-term day treatment program services (DTP) compared to clients who received individual CBT that was included as part of their DTP treatment. Twenty-four clients were randomly assigned to DTP treatment or CBT/DTP treatment. Data on standardized measures of psychosocial functioning, symptomatology and rehospitalizations were collected over the course of three years of treatment. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted to evaluate the effects of type of treatment (CBT/DTP and DTP) and time (dependent variable scores taken at the end of treatment years one, two and three) on the three outcome variables. Results indicate significant improvement for the CBT/DTP group compared to the DTP group in the patterns of change over time for psychosocial functioning and symptomology. In addition to this significant group/time interaction the time factor was also significant for both variables. For rehospitalizations the time factor was significant and the group/ time factor was nonsignificant. Implications for service delivery to persons with schizophrenia and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Assessment of patient's benefit from rhinoplasty.

It is standard practice for most rhinoplasty surgeons to assess what they perceive to be the cosmetic outcome of their surgery. There have, however, been few attempts to gauge the degree of success of rhinoplasty from the patient's perspective. The aim of this study was to measure the benefit of rhinoplasty in an unselected group of patients who had undergone this procedure under the National Health Service (NHS). Two hundred and twenty-four patients who had undergone rhinoplasty or septorhinoplasty in the Department of Otolaryngology at Glasgow Royal Infirmary from 1990 to 1994 were surveyed by post; two questionnaires were administered. The Glasgow Benefit Inventory has four subscales which assess the patient's perception of the success of surgery, and the influence of surgery on the patients physical health, psychosocial function and social interaction. The Nasal Symptom Questionnaire (Fairley et al., 1993)--previously validated as an outcome measure in the context of FESS--was used to assess nasal symptoms. Multivariate and factor analysis was used to analyse the results. Four factors were extracted from the 103 responses to the Glasgow Benefit Inventory. The major factor of the benefit score was perception of surgical success which explained 50% of the variance. Three other factors (improvements in psychosocial functioning, social interaction and physical health after surgery) accounted for 10%, 5%, and 6% of the variance, respectively. Analysis of the Nasal Symptom Questionnaire yielded one predominant factor which was inversely related to perceived benefit. The outcome of rhinoplasty is influenced by the presence of nasal symptoms. Greater attention to nasal function would increase the benefit of rhinoplasty.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

Recurrent affective syndromes in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders at follow-up.

BACKGROUND: It is in dispute whether affective relapse disrupts psychosocial functioning to the same extent in depressed and manic patients. METHOD: A prospective, naturalistic, longitudinal follow-up of 84 unipolar and bipolar affectively disordered in-patients was conducted to examine the extent of recurrent affective syndromes and their relationship to overall outcome. Global adjustment relative to relapse was assessed at 2- and 4.5-year follow-ups. RESULTS: Nearly half of the bipolar patients had subsequent syndromes, which were often associated with uniformly poor psychosocial functioning. Fewer than one-quarter of those with recurrences had steady work performance. Bipolar patients taking lithium alone had fewer recurrences than those taking lithium as well as neuroleptics (P < 0.05). Bipolar and unipolar patients relapsed with equal frequency, but unipolar relapse was less often associated with readmission to hospital, work impairment, or uniformly poor functioning. CONCLUSION: Affective relapse in bipolar disorders was more detrimental to overall functioning than was recurrence in unipolar depression.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1996

High school students who use crack and other drugs.

BACKGROUND: When it appeared in the 1980s, crack was thought to represent a completely new pathway of entry into drug use. Our objective was to identify the distinguishing characteristics of adolescents who have reached different stages of drug use, in particular the highest state represented by crack. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 7611) representative of students in grades 7 to 12 from 53 New York state schools were classified in the following six mutually exclusive, cumulative categories of drug use: nonusers; alcohol and/or cigarette users only; marijuana users only; users of illicit drugs other than marijuana but neither cocaine nor crack; cocaine but not crack users; and crack users. The groups were compared in level of psychosocial functioning. RESULTS: Students who use illicit drugs show deficits in school performance, quality of family relationships, and health and increased psychological symptoms. Compared with nonusers, they are more delinquent and more actively involved with their peers and live in social environments in which the perceived use of drugs by other adolescents and parents is more extensive. Delinquency and extent of perceived drug use consistently increase with each higher stage of use. Crack users exhibit the lowest level of psychosocial functioning of any drug-using group. CONCLUSIONS: There are stage-specific characteristics and common characteristics (delinquent participation, peer drug use) throughout the developmental sequence of drug use. Despite declines over the last two decades in the prevalence of the use of different drugs, young people who use drugs display characteristics over historical time similar to those of young drug users 20 years ago.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorder.

The objective of this report is to determine whether those patients with panic disorder who have current major depression disorder (MDD) differ from those who do not in terms of demographics, comorbid disorders, severity of illness, nature of symptoms of panic attacks and psychosocial functioning. The sample consisted of 182 patients with current or history of panic disorder measured by standardized interview techniques. For analysis these patients were then divided by presence or absence of current MDD. The two groups were not different in age, sex, or marital status, age of onset, or symptom characteristics of panic attacks. However, patients with MDD were more likely to have Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, been hospitalized, made suicide attempts or gestures, have poorer psychosocial functioning, and currently be experiencing panic with more severe symptoms. These findings are discussed in terms of previous literature in the area.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Towards breaking the cycle of intergenerational abuse.

A quantitative single case study of an adolescent mother with a history of being abused as a child is presented. It illustrates the diagnostic and treatment issues during an intervention designed to break the cycle of intergenerational abuse. Drawing upon an ecological, transactional model of development, the case study utilized a multimethod, longitudinal approach to assess the mother's history and current psychosocial functioning, the infant's developmental competence and attachment status, patterns of mother-infant interaction and components of the family's social ecology. Measures were administered during a baseline period and systematically repeated throughout the one-year period of intervention. The treatment involved two weekly therapy sessions; one, an individual session for the mother and the other, a session in which mother and infant were seen together. The findings at the one-year evaluation showed improved maternal psychosocial functioning, the infant's shift from an insecure to a secure attachment classification and improved patterns of mother-infant interactions. The implications of this therapeutic approach and the use of single-case methodology are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: treatment main effects and matching effects on drinking during treatment. Project MATCH Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: This article examines client drinking and related psychosocial functioning during the course of alcoholism treatment. It focuses on (1) the main effects of the three Project MATCH treatments, (2) the prognostic value of client attributes employed in the matching hypotheses, and (3) the attribute by treatment interaction effects. METHOD: Clients recruited from outpatient settings (n = 952) or from aftercare settings (n = 774) were randomized to one of the following treatments: Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF). Alcohol consumption and psychosocial functioning during treatment were assessed at the end of the 12-week treatment phase. RESULTS: During the treatment phase, small but statistically significant differences among treatments were found only in the outpatient arm on measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Forty-one percent (41%) of CBT and TSF clients were abstinent or drank moderately without alcohol-related consequences, compared with 28% of MET clients. Tests of 10 a priori primary client-treatment matching hypotheses failed to find any interaction effects that had an impact on drinking throughout the treatment phase. CONCLUSIONS: In the outpatient setting there appears to be a temporary advantage to assigning individuals to CBT or TSF rather than MET. When there is a need to quickly reduce heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences, it appears that CBT or TSF should be the treatment of choice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Adding group psychotherapy to medication treatment in dysthymia: a randomized prospective pilot study.

Patients with dysthymia have been shown to respond to treatment with antidepressant medications, and to some degree to psychotherapy. Even patients successfully treated with medication often have residual symptoms and impaired psychosocial functioning. The authors describe a prospective randomized 36-week study of dysthymic patients, comparing continued treatment with antidepressant medication (fluoxetine) alone and medication with the addition of group therapy treatment. After an 8-week trial of fluoxetine, medication-responsive subjects were randomly assigned to receive either continued medication only or medication plus 16 sessions of manualized group psychotherapy. Results provide preliminary evidence that group therapy may provide additional benefit to medication-responding dysthymic patients, particularly in interpersonal and psychosocial functioning.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

The 4-year course of tic disorders in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Despite long-standing clinical concerns, relatively little is known about the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorders. Therefore, we examined tic disorders in an ongoing prospective follow-up study of male subjects with ADHD, a sample unselected for any comorbid disorder. METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight male children and adolescents with ADHD and 110 male controls were comprehensively evaluated at baseline and 4 years later. We characterized tic disorders along with a wide range of neuropsychiatric correlates, including other comorbid disorders and indices of psychosocial function in multiple domains (school, cognitive, social, and family). RESULTS: Compared with controls, subjects with ADHD showed more tic disorders at baseline and more new onsets were reported at follow-up. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders appeared to be independent in course: in contrast to low rates of ADHD remission, tic disorders mostly remitted. The age-adjusted rate of ADHD remission was 20% and that of tic remission, 65%. Tic disorders had little effect on the psychosocial functioning of subjects with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that comorbidity with a tic disorder has a limited effect on ADHD outcome. However, because of the relatively small sample of subjects with tic disorders, our conclusions should be considered preliminary until confirmed in larger studies of medicated and unmedicated children with ADHD with and without tic disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Psychopharmacological treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia].

The research criteria of treatment-resistance in schizophrenia are reviewed and discussed, and the following definition for the use in the clinic is proposed: At least two periods of treatment with conventional antipsychotics from two different chemical classes at adequate doses for a period of at least four weeks, each without significant symptomatic relief. In addition, patients have to meet the criteria of clinical significant psychopathology, reduced psychosocial function or reduced quality of life. The article also reviews efficacy studies and the recommendations for the psychopharmacological treatment of therapy-resistant schizophrenia. Placebo-controlled and open trials have shown clozapine to be clearly effective in 30-60% of patients resistant to conventional antipsychotic treatment. Up to one half of the patients may respond between three months and a year of treatment. Clozapine has been found to reduce positive and negative symptoms as well as enhancing both cognitive and psychosocial function in schizophrenics. The first drug of choice today, after treatment-resistance has been established is a trial of clozapine for at least six months. The optimal dose range of clozapine appears to be 300-600 mg/day for most patients. Some schizophrenics cannot be treated with clozapine because of contraindications or do not respond sufficiently. In these patients conventional antipsychotics have to be prescribed and augmentated with benzodiazepines, antidepressants, mood-stabilizers, or electroconvulsive treatment.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enrollment in a drug-free detention program: the prediction of successful behavior change of drug-using inmates.

Factors predicting the behavior change of drug-using detainees were investigated in detainees in two penitentiaries in The Netherlands. Subjects attended either a standard program or a Drug-Free Detention Program (DFDP) and were assessed at the beginning of detention, at release/transfer, and at 2 years after the end of detention. Predictors of postprogram contact with treatment agencies and changes in criminal recidivism, substance abuse, and psychosocial functioning were investigated using regression analysis. Detainees who started drug use early, without previous DFDP detention, and who frequently expressed self-esteem and who had many family problems realized meetings with drug treatment agencies more often. Those with a legal source of income showed decreases in addiction severity and in the number of days in which hard drugs were used. Comparison of the normal program and the DFDP showed that only for the normal wing could changes in substance use and psychosocial functioning be predicted. Results show the value of multiple-outcome criteria in criminal recidivism research and call for more studies investigating change processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study.

A study of 29 psychiatric inpatients was performed to investigate the relation of handshaking variables (anatomical and physiological variables) with demographic data, personality traits, psychosocial functioning, and clinical diagnoses. Two psychologists rated patients' handshaking independently of each other according to four variables on an ordinal scale of five steps. The interrater reliability was satisfactory. Analysis showed that the handshaking procedure may in fact give some information about the personality make-up of the patients, most clearly through the relationship between low temperature and humidity of the palmar skin and social introversion, depression, and tendency towards symptom enhancement mainly in women. The handshaking procedure did not seem informative about psychosocial functioning and clinical diagnoses.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Outcome in patients with eating disorders: a 5-year study.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders are disabling, unpredictable, and difficult to treat. We did a prospective 5-year investigation of a representative sample of patients with eating disorders. Our aim was to identify predictors of outcome and to assess effects of available treatments. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 95 patients with anorexia nervosa, 88 with bulimia nervosa, and 37 with eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS), who sought treatment in Adelaide, South Australia. We divided patients into those who had, and had not, received treatment in specialist units and reached a safe body weight. Individuals were then further classified dependent on intensity of any treatment received. We assessed clinical symptoms, body-related attitudes, and psychosocial function. FINDINGS: 216 (98%) patients were available for follow-up after 5 years. Three patients with anorexia nervosa and two with EDNOS died. 65 (74%) bulimic, 29 (78%) EDNOS, and 53 (56%) anorexic patients had no diagnosable eating disorder. A small proportion of patients in every group had poor Morgan-Russell-Hayward scores at outcome. Final outcome was predicted by extent and intensity, but not duration, of initial symptoms in patients with anorexia nervosa, and by initial body-related attitudes and impaired psychosocial functioning in bulimia patients. We were unable to predict EDNOS outcome. Treatment did not affect outcome for any group. INTERPRETATION: Deaths in the study confirm the serious nature of eating disorders. However, our results suggest that the efficacy of existing interventions is questionable.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Racial differences in reported napping and nocturnal sleep in 2- to 8-year-old children.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to examine racial differences in reported napping and nighttime sleep of 2- to 8-year-old children, to identify factors accounting for these differences, and to determine if variability in napping was related to psychosocial functioning. METHODS: Caretakers of 1043 children (73.5% non-Hispanic white; 50.4% male) 2 to 8 years old from a community sample reported on their children's napping behavior and nighttime sleep. Caretakers of 255 preschool children (3-5 years old) also completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children. RESULTS: A more gradual age-related decline in napping was found for black children. At age 8, 39.1% of black children were reported to nap, compared with only 4.9% of white children. Black children also napped significantly more days per week, had shorter average nocturnal sleep durations, and slept significantly less on weekdays than on weekend nights. Despite differences in sleep distribution, total weekly sleep duration (diurnal and nocturnal) was nearly identical for the 2 racial groups at each year of age. Logistic regression analysis revealed that demographic variables were related to but did not fully explain napping differences. Napping in a subset of preschoolers was not significantly related to psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: There are remarkable racial differences in reported napping and nighttime sleep patterns beginning as early as age 3 and extending to at least 8 years of age. These differences are independent of commonly investigated demographic factors. Differences in napping behavior do not seem to have psychosocial significance in a sample of preschool children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Does the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale offer a more comprehensive assessment of fatigue in MS?

BACKGROUND: As a symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), fatigue is difficult to manage because of its unknown etiology, the lack of efficacy of the drugs tested to date and the absence of consensus about which would be the ideal measure to assess fatigue. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the frequency of fatigue in a sample of MS patients and healthy controls (HC) using two fatigue scales, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) with physical, cognitive and psychosocial subscales. We also studied the relationship fatigue has with depression, disability and interferon beta. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-four individuals (231 MS patients and 123 HC) were included in this cross-sectional study. Fatigue was assessed using the FSS and MFIS. Depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and disability by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). A status of fatigue was considered when the FSS > or =5, of non-fatigue when the FSS < or =4, and scores between 4.1 and 4.9 were considered doubtful fatigue cases. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of MS patients and 13% of HC were fatigued. The global MFIS score positively correlated with the FSS in MS and HC (r =0.68 for MS and r =0.59 for HC, p <0.0001). Nonetheless, the MFIS physical subscale showed the strongest correlation score with the FSS (r =0.75, p <0.0001). In addition, a prediction analysis showed the physical MFIS subscale to be the only independent predictor of FSS score (p <0.0001), suggesting other aspects of fatigue, as cognition and psychosocial functions, may be explored by the FSS to a lesser extent. Depression also correlated with fatigue (r =0.48 for the FSS and r =0.7 for the MFIS, p <0.0001) and, although EDSS correlated with fatigue as well, the scores decreased after correcting for depression. Interferon beta showed no relationship with fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is a frequent symptom found in MS patients and clearly related with depression. Each fatigue scale correlates with one another, indicating that they are measuring similar constructs. Nevertheless, spheres of fatigue as cognition and psychosocial functions are probably better measured by the MFIS, although this hypothesis will need to be confirmed with appropriate psychometrical testing.

Adult↗