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PubMed1983

Applications of carbon dioxide laser surgery and radiation. A preliminary report.

Ten patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the upper airway were treated with a combination of carbon dioxide laser surgery and radiation therapy to evaluate the tolerance to rapid sequencing of both modalities in a variety of clinical situations. Other considerations were to accurately stage infiltrating tumors, to provide cytoreduction for T3 and T4 tumors, and to facilitate the optimal placement of intracavitary radium applicators. Because of minimal postoperative pain or dysfunction associated with the laser, patients were able to receive irradiation considerably sooner than with conventional surgery. Local tolerance was good to excellent in seven of the ten patients treated and, based on preliminary results, the combination would appear to offer advantages in curative approaches to advanced head and neck tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Second primary cancers in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a population-based study in Sweden.

We studied second primary cancer among 25,947 patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) in Sweden between 1958 and 1992. In total, 5,706 patients developed a second primary cancer at any site, compared with an expected number of 2,651 [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.10-2.21]. Men below 60 years of age at diagnosis of SCC had higher SIR (2.5; CI = 2.2-2.8) with the highest risk during the first year of follow-up (SIR = 9.2; CI = 6.9-12.2). If second primary SCC was excluded, the SIR was reduced to 1.30 (CI = 1.25-1.34); the relationships by sex, age and time since diagnosis remained similar. For skin cancer, the SIR for second SCC was markedly elevated (SIR = 15.6) and the risk of malignant melanoma was elevated 3-fold. Significantly increased risks were found for most second cancers in squamous cell epithelium: lip (SIR = 5.2), respiratory organs (SIR = 1.7), esophagus (SIR = 1.5), cervix uteri (SIR = 2.2), and vulva including vagina (SIR = 2.3). There was a generally increased risk of almost 2-fold for second cancer in hematopoietic or lymphoproliferative tissues. Slightly increased rates (SIR = 1.0-1.5) were seen for second tumors in digestive tissues. Finally, a high SIR (SIR = 5.5) was observed for second primary cancer in salivary glands. In conclusion, patients with SCC are at increased risk to develop new primary cancer, especially in skin, squamous cell epithelial and tobacco-related tissues. Common risk factors among the tumor types might explain our findings, however, an intrinsic susceptibility among SCC patients to develop cancer is also possible.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1981

Cancer among the foreign-born in New York State.

Cancer deaths among white, foreign-born residents of New York State (exclusive of New York City) during the years 1969 through 1971 were analyzed according to country of birth. The largest numbers of immigrants came from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Poland, Italy, USSR, and Canada. Several distinctive features emerged from these data: Irish immigrants have an increased risk of dying from oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, lung, and prostate cancers. Among all migrant groups studied, contrasting mortality patterns observed for carcinomas of the stomach, colon, and rectum provide further support for the concept that these neoplasms result from different etiologic processes. For the leukemias, lymphomas, and carcinomas of the breast and colon, each of the migrant groups acquired the higher risk common to others in the host country. This rise in risk suggests a major environmental component for cancers of these sites.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Occupational respiratory cancer and exposure to asbestos: a case-control study in a cohort of workers in the electricity and gas industry.

Cancers of the pleura, lung, and larynx between 1978 and 1989 among active male workers of Electricité de France-Gaz de France were studied in association with asbestos exposure using a case-control design nested within the cohort of workers of the company. The cohort included about 1,400,000 person-years, corresponding to a mean of 117,000 men per year. Exposure to asbestos and to some potential occupational confounders selected among agents from groups I, IIa, and IIb of the International Agency for Research on Cancer was assessed by a job-exposure matrix specific to the company. During the observation period, 12 cases of pleural cancer, 310 cases of lung cancer, and 116 cases of larynx cancer were registered in the cancer register of the company social security department. Four controls per case, matched for year of birth, were randomly selected among the cohort. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios. A first analysis was conducted in order to assess the validity of the job-exposure matrix by investigating already known relationships between asbestos exposure and asbestosis. For asbestosis, a strong exposure-response relation was found with an odds ratio (OR) of 57.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 17.0-194.0] in the highest exposure group. There was an elevated risk of pleural cancer (OR, 4.8, CI, 1.2-19.8). For lung cancer, significant ORs of 2.0 (CI, 1.3-3.2) and 1.9 (CI, 1.2-3.0) were found among the two highest cumulative exposure groups; adjustement for confounders slightly decreased the ORs. Squamous cell neoplasm of the lung was associated with asbestos exposure. The association between larynx cancer and asbestos exposure showed a tendency towards a nonsignificant increase in ORs in the highest cumulative exposure categories; this tendency disappeared when adjusting for occupational confounders. This study showed that occupational exposure to asbestos could increase the risk of pleural and lung cancer in a sector in which exposure levels are not considered to be high compared with other industrial settings.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1982

Cancer of respiratory organs among workers at a nickel refinery in Norway.

In a previous report (Pedersen et al., 1973) an excess risk of respiratory cancer among Norwegian nickel workers was demonstrated. The number of cancer cases was relatively small for the study of temporal changes in exposure. In this report the number of cancer cases increased by 70% through an extended follow-up to 1979, and the results published previously were confirmed. Data on smoking habits of the employees at the nickel refinery have now become available. The interaction between smoking and occupational nickel exposure is assessed by comparing the excess risk of lung cancer caused by smoking in the study group and in a sample of the general population. It is shown that the interaction is closer to being additive than multiplicative. This observation has methodological implications for studying temporal changes in occupational exposure. These implications are discussed. No substantial reduction in occupational exposure at the nickel refinery can be observed as far as lung cancer is concerned. For nasal cancer, however, the risk is much smaller among those employed around 1960 than among those employed around 1930. The difference in trend of occupational risk for the two types of cancer cannot be explained by the data presented.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1994

Protein 1 and Clara cell 10-kDa protein distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues with emphasis on the respiratory system.

Thirty-six different normal tissues and 13 different malignant epithelial tumours, were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of protein 1 (P1) and Clara cell 10-kDa protein (CC10). Adenocarcinomas of the lung were also examined for the expression of pulmonary surfactant apoprotein using a monoclonal antibody (PE-10). The staining results of P1 and CC10 were almost identical both in normal tissues and in malignant tumours. In normal lung, Clara cells were strongly positive for both P1 and CC10. In addition, some goblet cells and non-ciliated non-mucus cells in the upper airways were moderately positive for both proteins. In the malignant tumours, some lung cancers were positive for P1 and CC10, both of which were positive in the same tumour cells on sequential sections. In 117 lung cancers, P1 and CC10 were positive in 10.2% of adenocarcinomas, 20.5% of squamous cell carcinomas, and 12.5% of large cell carcinomas. PE-10 stained positively in 65.3% of adenocarcinomas, a frequency significantly higher than that of P1 and CC10 (P < 0.01). These results suggest that P1 and CC10 are nearly identical proteins, that both are useful markers of Clara cells, and that many pulmonary adenocarcinomas express surfactant apoprotein rather than Clara cell proteins.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Comparative study on the carcinogenicity of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the European hamster.

The effect of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (NDMM), a pancreatic carcinogen for the Syrian golden hamster, was examined in the European hamster (EH) for comparative reasons. The compound was administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection or intragastric gavage (IG) at a dose level corresponding to 0.1 of LD50. In terms of carcinogenicity the main target was the respiratory epithelium (nasal cavity, lung, trachea, larynx); other benign and malignant tumors originated in the liver (bile duct epithelium and endothelium) and renal pelvis (transitional epithelium). The occurrence of neoplasms seen at other sites was difficult to attribute to treatment. Reduced metabolism as found during hibernation did not change the organ distribution of neoplastic growths. Differences in the carcinogenic potency (tumor incidence and latency, affected organs and cell types) did not depend significantly on the route of administration. The data were compared to those obtained using other nitroso compounds in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Critical review of the epidemiology literature on the potential cancer risks of methyl methacrylate.

OBJECTIVE: To critically review and summarise all of the available epidemiological evidence, both published and unpublished, to date on the carcinogenicity of methyl methacrylate (MMA) to humans. METHODS: The review focused on studies of cast acrylic sheet manufacturing workers because this industry has historically had a potential for exposure to high levels of MMA. The majority of papers for review were identified through Medline (National Library of Medicine) but there is some discussion of two cohort studies and a nested case-control study, which to date have not been published. RESULTS: An increased risk of colorectal cancer was reported in one group of workers highly exposed to MMA and ethyl acrylate (EA) in the manufacture of acrylic sheet. Analysis of colon cancer by cumulative exposure to MMA indicated that the excess was largely confined to the group with the highest exposure. However, a large excess of colon cancer deaths occurred among workers who never worked in a job entailing more than minimal exposure. Studies of other large occupational cohorts of workers potentially exposed to MMA, including some with potentially comparable exposures, have failed to strengthen the evidence that there is a causal association between colorectal cancer and MMA exposure although one reported an excess that did not appear to be exposure-related. Excesses of cancers of the respiratory system and stomach were seen in some cohorts, but not among the acrylic sheet workers who had the increased risk of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Excesses of respiratory, stomach and colorectal cancers were observed in some cohorts of workers exposed to MMA. There was little to suggest that MMA exposure was responsible for the excesses of respiratory and stomach cancer and it is more likely that they resulted from unexplained contributions of lifestyle exposures such as cigarette smoking and diet. An excess of colorectal cancer in one group of workers exposed to high levels of MMA and EA during the 1930s and 1940s remains unexplained. However, the lack of consistency in the results of various studies, the absence of dose response and the lack of support from animal toxicology do not provide persuasive evidence that exposure to MMA is a human carcinogen.

Acrylates↗