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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”

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PubMed2006

The evolution of aging and age-related physical decline in mice selectively bred for high voluntary exercise.

We tested whether selective breeding for early-age high voluntary exercise behavior over 16 generations caused the evolution of lifelong exercise behavior, life expectancy, and age-specific mortality in house mice (Mus domesticus). Sixteenth-generation mice from four replicate selection lines and four replicate random-bred control lines were individually housed from weaning through death and divided between two activity treatments (either with or without running wheels). Thus, there were four treatment groups: selection versus control crossed with active versus sedentary. The effects of selective breeding on life expectancy and age-specific mortality differed between females and males. In females, sedentary selection mice had early and high initial adult mortality and thus the lowest increases in mortality with age. Active selection females had the lowest early adult mortality, had limited mortality during midlife, and exhibited rapid increases in mortality rates at the very end of life; thus, they had deferred senescence. Median life expectancy was greater for both groups of selection females than for the two complementary groups of control females. Like females, sedentary selection males had the highest early adult mortality, and slow but steadily increasing mortality over the entire lifetime. Unlike the active selection females, active control males had the lowest mortality across the lifespan (until the end of life). Interestingly, the males with the lowest median life expectancy were those in the active selection treatment group. In both sexes, running (km/week) decreased over the lifetime to very low and virtually equivalent levels at the end of life in control and selection mice. Overall, these results demonstrate an evolutionary cost of selective breeding for males, regardless of exercise level, but a benefit for females when they have an outlet for the up-selected behavior. We conclude that correlated evolution of senescence occurs in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running; exercise per se is beneficial for control mice of both sexes, but the impact on the effect of selection depends on sex; and the behavioral effect of exercise selection at an early age declines throughout the life span, which demonstrates decreasing genetic correlations over age for the genes involved in increased exercise.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Total energy expenditure and physical activity in young Scottish children: mixed longitudinal study.

Childhood obesity has been attributed to a decline in total energy expenditure (TEE). We measured TEE, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour in a representative sample of young children from Glasgow, UK, at age 3 years (n=78), and we did a follow-up study at age 5 years (n=72). Mean physical activity level (TEE/resting energy expenditure) was 1.56 (SD 0.39) at age 3 years and 1.61 (0.22) at age 5 years. Median time in sedentary behaviour was 79% of monitored hours at age 3 years (IQR 74-84) and 76% (71-80) at age 5 years. Median time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity represented only 2% of monitored hours at age 3 years (IQR 1-4) and 4% at age 5 years (2-6). Modern British children establish a sedentary lifestyle at an early age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Effect of socioeconomic status on objectively measured physical activity.

BACKGROUND: A socioeconomic gradient in childhood obesity is known to be present by the age of school entry in the UK. The origin of this gradient is unclear at present, but must lie in socioeconomic differences in habitual physical activity, sedentary behaviour, or dietary intake. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that habitual physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour are associated with socioeconomic status (SES) in young Scottish children. METHODS: Observational study of 339 children (mean age 4.2 years, SD 0.3) in which habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by accelerometry over six days (study 1). In a second study, 39 pairs of children of distinctly different SES (mean age 5.6 years, SD 0.3) were tested for differences in habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour by accelerometry over seven days. RESULTS: In study 1, SES was not a significant factor in explaining the amount of time spent in physical activity or sedentary behaviour once gender and month of measurement were taken into account. In study 2, there were no significant differences in time spent in physical activity or sedentary behaviour between affluent and deprived groups. CONCLUSION: Results do not support the hypothesis that low SES in young Scottish children is associated with lower habitual physical activity or higher engagement in sedentary behaviour.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2001

Ontogeny of locomotion in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): II. Postural and locomotor behavior and habitat use in a free-ranging colony.

This study quantifies changes in postural and locomotor behavior as well as habitat use across the life span of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the Cayo Santiago colony in Puerto Rico. It focuses on developmentally related changes from birth to adulthood, and complements an earlier study by Turnquist and Wells ([1994] J Hum Evol 26:487-499) on the early postnatal ontogeny of the musculoskeletal system of the same colony. A total of 6,551 locomotor and postural events was analyzed. Selection and use of substrate correlated well with age. The more sedentary adult and dependent infant select safe, wide, horizontal arboreal settings in contrast to the older Infant IIs and Juveniles, who are learning locomotor and postural skills through independent chase and play. Infant macaques, when independent, often employ a low center of gravity and widely abducted limbs in order to broaden their contact with the base of support. This study shows that the previously reported ontogenetic changes in morphology are closely paralleled by changes in postural and locomotor behavior, and these in turn are correlated to changes in habitat use, particularly during the formative years.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1991

Non-exercise daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern in male endurance athletes.

The present study was performed to determine whether differences in non-exercise daily energy expenditure (Md,ne) exist between trained and untrained individuals. The data from seven cross-country skiers were compared with those from eight sedentary men. Daily energy expenditure (Md) was determined using the heart rate-oxygen consumption relationship; resting metabolic rate (Mr) was measured using indirect calorimetry. A physical activity questionnaire and ratios of Md or Md,ne to Mr were used as indices of physical activity. Md and Mr were significantly higher in the trained subjects whereas Md,ne was identical in the two groups. The ratio of Md,ne to Mr and the data from the physical activity questionnaire showed that there was no significant difference in daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern during the non-exercise time. These results suggest that the exercise-induced increase in daily energy requirements is not compensated by a more sedentary life during the other daily activities in these trained men.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Associations of body mass index and obesity with physical activity, food choices, alcohol intake, and smoking in the 1982-1997 FINRISK Studies.

BACKGROUND: Recent increases in the prevalence of obesity worldwide are suggested to be caused largely by an environment that promotes sedentariness and excessive food intake. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations of body mass index (BMI) and obesity with physical activity, food choices, alcohol consumption, and smoking history. In addition, we examined the consistency of these associations over time, with the aim of assessing whether the significance of lifestyle variables as correlates of obesity increased over a 15-y period. DESIGN: Independent cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997. Altogether, 24604 randomly selected men and women (aged 25-64 y) participated in these surveys. The subjects' weights and heights were measured, and data on lifestyle were collected with self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: In men and women, perceived general health, leisure-time physical activity, and daily vegetable consumption were inversely associated with obesity, as were bread consumption in women and activity at work in men. Consumption of sausages, milk, and sour milk and heavy work (in women only) were positively associated with obesity. Obesity was also associated with alcohol consumption and smoking history. Most associations were constant over the 15-y period. However, the inverse associations of BMI with physical activity in women and with perceived health in men seemed to strengthen over time. CONCLUSIONS: A physically active lifestyle with abstention from smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, and consumption of healthy foods maximizes the chances of having a normal weight. The significance of avoiding sedentariness increases over time as a factor associated with normal weight.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions among habitual physical activity, eating patterns, and diet composition.

Current public health recommendations include adequate diet and exercise in order to reduce the risk of chronic disease, especially vascular disease and other complications associated with obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships between the level of habitual physical activity, eating patterns, and diet composition in apparently healthy adults who exercise regularly. Subjects completed questionnaires and diaries regarding their fitness activity and nutrition. Time spent in the lowest energy expenditure category was associated with high cholesterol intakes and time spent in activities comparable to walking at a leisurely pace and light housework was associated with lower fat consumption. Fat consumption was also higher and carbohydrate consumption was lower than optimal. There was no other correlation between physical activity and the intake of any other nutrient. Further investigation is needed in sedentary populations in order to compare these findings.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relation between smoking and suicide, controlling for various confounders. METHODS: More than 50,000 predominantly White, middle-aged and elderly male health professionals were followed up prospectively with biennial questionnaires from 1986 through 1994. The primary end point was suicide. Characteristics controlled for included age, marital status, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, coffee consumption, and history of cancer. RESULTS: Eighty-two members of the cohort committed suicide during the 8-year follow-up period. In age-adjusted analyses with never smokers as the comparison group, the relative risk of suicide was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8, 2.3) among former smokers, 2.6 (95% CI = 0.9, 7.5) for light smokers (< 15 cigarettes/day), and 4.5 (95% CI = 2.3, 8.8) among heavier smokers. After adjustment for potential confounders, the relative risks were 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9, 2.4), 2.5 (95% CI = 0.9, 7.3), and 4.3 (95% CI = 2.2, 8.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: We found a positive, dose-related association between smoking and suicide among White men. Although inference about causality is not justified, our findings indicate that the smoking-suicide connection is not entirely due to the greater tendency among smokers to be unmarried, to be sedentary, to drink heavily, or to develop cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation of men in simulated nonuniform thermal environments between 18 and 30 degrees C.

Human thermoregulatory responses to nonuniform thermal environments was studied by simulating the situation with altered clothing distribution. Clothing was symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed over the body surface. Esophageal and local skin temperatures, metabolism, skin heat flux, evaporative heat loss and subjective responses of six sedentary men were measured at air temperatures between 18 and 30 degrees C. Clothing distribution significantly (p less than 0.05) influenced thermoregulatory responses only at 18 degrees C. At 18 degrees C, the bilaterally asymmetric clothing resulted in a higher (p less than 0.05) esophageal temperature compared to the symmetric condition. Mean skin temperatures did not differ with clothing distribution over the range of air temperatures studied, but at 18 degrees C whole body thermal sensation was warmer (p less than 0.05) for the asymmetric compared to the symmetric group. This increased perception of warm thermal sensation was significantly correlated to the difference in skin temperature across the body.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Behavioral diagnosis of 30 to 60 year-old men in the Fabreville Heart Health Program.

To develop effective interventions in the Fabreville Heart Health Program, a behavioral diagnosis was conducted on a sample of 1,600 men 30 to 60 years of age residing in the Fabreville district of Laval, Quebec's second most populous city. The response rate of the self-administered postal questionnaire was 73.5%. The results indicate that dietary fat consumption, smoking and a sedentary lifestyle were more prevalent among the younger respondents, particularly those less-educated. The results underline the importance of segmenting the target population so that heart health interventions can respond to the specific needs of each sub-population. Furthermore, the data seem to suggest the need to adapt educational messages to the target lifestyle habits. The results showed that in terms of diet, consumption of meat and dairy products contributed the most to fat intake. Of the 30% who were smokers, a large proportion would be reluctant to stop the habit; 20% smoked 26 cigarettes or more a day, and more than half had already tried once or more to stop. Although 60% of respondents indicated they engaged in physical activity, only 37.0% did it regularly. These results demonstrate the need to clearly target specific behaviours and subgroups in our promotion messages for a healthy heart.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Delta13C and delta15N shifts in benthic invertebrates exposed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica.

In an effort to identify biomonitors for contamination of Antarctic marine benthos by sewage, this study determines whether the US Antarctic Program's McMurdo Station produces a benthic sewage footprint and whether resident megafauna are assimilating sewage-derived material. We identified strong C and N isotopic gradients in benthic sediment as a function of downstream distance from McMurdo Station's point-source sewage addition. Sediment C and N isotope ratios approached marine background levels at the sampling end-point 612 m downcurrent. Based on isotope abundances in their tissues, at least some sewage C and N were assimilated by the sedentary, suspension feeding soft coral Alcyonium antarcticum, ascidian Cnemidocarpa verrucosa and bivalve Laternula elliptica. However, as inferred by tissue-sediment differences in downstream isotope trends, such assimilation was not in proportion to sewage exposure and input, therefore implying non-generalist feeding behavior by these species. In contrast, the motile, generalist feeding sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, sea star Odontaster validus and ribbon worm Parborlasia corrugatus showed isotopic evidence of sewage C and N assimilation roughly in proportion to sewage input. We recommend these generalist feeders for further use as biomonitors at this site now that sewage treatment has been implemented. As these species are circumpolar in distribution, they may also prove useful elsewhere in the Antarctic.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Leisure-time physical activity levels and changes in relation to risk of hip fracture in men and women.

The authors prospectively studied the effect of leisure-time physical activity level on hip fracture risk along with the influence of within-subject changes in activity levels, while taking possible confounding by other health behaviors and poor health into account. Analyses were based on pooled data from three population studies conducted in Copenhagen, Denmark. Among 13,183 women and 17,045 men, 1,121 first hip fractures were identified during follow-up. In comparison with being sedentary, the relative risk (RR) of hip fracture associated with being moderately physically active 2-4 hours per week was 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59, 0.89) in women and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.03) in men after adjustment for confounders. Being in the most active leisure activity category did not decrease the risk of hip fracture further. Adjustment for poor health affected the risk estimates only modestly. Subjects who, during follow-up, reduced their physical activity level from the highest or the intermediate activity level to a sedentary level had a higher risk of hip fracture than did those who remained moderately physically active at the intermediate level (multivariate adjusted RR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.00, 4.84 and RR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.95, for reduction from the highest and intermediate levels, respectively). There was no evidence of a fracture-protective effect from increasing physical activity. In conclusion, moderate levels of physical activity appear to provide protection against later hip fracture. Decline in the physical activity level over time is an important risk factor for hip fracture.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effect of continuous infusion of an anabolic steroid on murine skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether continuous infusion of an anabolic steroid, stanozolol, would alter skeletal muscle size and performance in sedentary male mice. The study was performed as a preliminary to an investigation on the effect of anabolic steroids on skeletal muscle regeneration in the mdx mouse, an animal model used for the study of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skeletal muscle structure and contractile behavior, and heart, liver, kidney, and testis wet weights were assessed after 3 or 6 wk of continuous exposure to one of two concentrations of stanozolol. Continuous release pellets containing either a high (1.5 mg) or low (0.5 mg) concentration of stanozolol were implanted into 8-wk-old C57BL/6J male mice. Control mice were implanted with pellets containing the drug vehicle. Stanozolol infusion had no significant effect on the contractile strength or mass of either fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus or slow-twitch soleus muscle. The resistance to fatigue of both muscles, assessed in vitro, was unaffected by stanozolol; however, postfatigue recovery of soleus twitch and tetanic tension after 3 wk of treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in high-dose mice compared with control and low-dose mice. Androgen-sensitive muscles, bulbocavernosus and levator ani, were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in wet weight after 3 wk of stanozolol treatment, but were not significantly different from control muscles after 6 wk, suggesting that continuous infusion produced a tolerance to the drug. Similarly, heart wet weight was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in stanozolol-treated mice compared with control after 3 wk, but not after 6 wk. Testis wet weight was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in low-dose mice compared with control mice at 3 wk, but not at 6 wk. Plasma testosterone concentration was not significantly different between any of the groups after 3 or 6 wk of treatment. This study suggests that in the absence of other factors (e.g., high-intensity exercise or other degenerative changes in muscle fibers), continuous infusion of an anabolic steroid produces no significant effect on the growth, contractile strength, or endurance of hindlimb skeletal muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The effect of physical activity on body fatness in children and adolescents.

With the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, there is an urgent need to identify risk factors that are amenable to preventative action. However, there is a remarkable lack of consistency between studies that have investigated the relationships between measurements of physical activity and energy expenditure and body fatness in children. This disparity could be because energy intake is a more important determinant in preventing obesity. Alternatively, some of the conflicting results could be related to methodological limitations in assessing activity and body composition. Erroneous conclusions may be drawn if physical activity energy expenditure is not adjusted for differences in body composition, or body fat is not appropriately adjusted for body size. For public health purposes it may be more informative to evaluate the amount and intensity of physical activity required to prevent fat-mass gain than to assess energy expended in physical activity. The lack of consensus in the cut-off points applied to define intensity levels is severely hindering comparisons between studies using accelerometers that have examined relationships between activity intensity and body fatness. Thus, it is not currently possible to develop a firm evidence base on which to establish physical activity recommendations until the limitations are addressed and more prospective studies undertaken. In order to turn research into effective prevention strategies a clearer understanding of the psycho-social, behavioural and environmental factors that influence activity is needed, including the interactions between physical activity and other behaviours such as time spent sedentary, sleeping and eating.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Applying an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour to physical activity.

This prospective study explored whether extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with additional variables (descriptive norm, moral norm, anticipated affective reaction, self-identity and past behaviour) would account for additional variance in physical activity intentions and behaviour. Four interactions with past behaviour were also investigated. UK college employees participated in this study (n = 200, Time 1; n = 146, Time 2). Moral norm, self-identity and past behaviour each explained additional variance in intentions, over and above the TPB variables. Past behaviour moderated the impact of descriptive norm on intentions. Intentions, self-identity and past behaviour were significant predictors of behaviour, as measured by a self-report physical activity questionnaire. To increase physical activity, interventions might target moral norm and self-identity for physical activity. Focusing on positive descriptive norms might benefit sedentary individuals. The significant role of past behaviour is less useful in directing interventions.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Short-term changes in sedentary behaviour during adolescence: Project STIL (Sedentary Teenagers and Inactive Lifestyles).

HYPOTHESIS: Changes in body composition and body image during puberty will impact on sedentary behavioural choices. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in pubertal status, body composition and body image on changes in time spent being sedentary. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Eighty-three school students aged 10-15 years were studied at 6-month intervals. BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) were calculated from anthropometric measures. Sedentary behaviour and sleep time were computed for weekday and weekend days using momentary-time-sampling diaries. Body image was measured using the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children. Pubertal status was assessed from self-reported secondary sexual characteristics. RESULTS: During weekdays, boys' sedentary behaviour increased by a significantly greater amount for those who increased pubertal level compared with those who did not. No significant correlations were found between changing pubertal status, body composition, and body image for either gender. For girls, but not boys, a significant amount of the variance of the change in weekend day sedentary behaviour was explained by changing %BF, independent of changing pubertal status. CONCLUSION: Only a part of the hypothesis was supported by these data. Changes in sedentary behaviour were not associated with behavioural choices triggered by body compositional changes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Cardiovascular disease: optimal approaches to risk factor modification of diet and lifestyle.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for almost 50% of all deaths in industrialized nations. As much as 70% of CVD can be prevented or delayed with dietary choices and lifestyle modifications. Western-style diets, sedentary lifestyles, and cigarette smoking are key modifiable CVD risk factors. Although CVD mortality was trending downward for almost 50 years, a resurgence, both nationally and globally, has occurred. A growing epidemic of obesity ("globesity"), decreasing physical activity, and persistent cigarette smoking are major behavioral factors underlying this change. Diet and lifestyle increase CVD risk both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include biological, molecular, and physiologic alterations, including inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stresses. Indirect effects include diabetes, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. However, trials studying links between diet and CVD remain notoriously difficult to execute and interpret. Diet interventions are typically confounded by other aspects of an overall diet as well as by lifestyle. Furthermore, benefits derived from a specific dietary or lifestyle intervention may not be proportional to the degree of risk posed by the unhealthy diet or lifestyle. Nonetheless, therapeutic rationale for diet and lifestyle are supported by basic and clinical research. Key components of a healthy aggregate diet include 1) reduced caloric intake; 2) reduced total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol with proportional increases in monosaturated, n-3 (omega-3), and n-6 fatty acids; 3) increased dietary fiber, fruit, and vegetables; 4) increased micronutrients (eg, folate, B6, B12); 5) increased plant protein in lieu of animal protein; 6) reduced portions of highly processed foods; and 7) adopting a more Mediterranean or "prudent" dietary pattern over the prevailing "western" dietary pattern. Key lifestyle interventions include increased physical activity and smoking cessation. Translation of the benefits of healthy diet and lifestyle to the wider population requires both individual and public health strategies targeting at-risk groups.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

The independent and combined effects of weight loss and aerobic exercise on blood pressure and oral glucose tolerance in older men.

The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise training (AEX) and weight loss (WL) on blood pressure (BP) and oral glucose tolerance were studied in 97 nondiabetic, sedentary, older men. The men were assigned to either a WL (n = 31), AEX (n = 35), AEX+WL (n = 20) intervention, or to a control (CON) group (n = 11). The AEX regimen consisted of 3 days/week for 9 months, whereas WL consisted of a behavioral modification weight loss program that met weekly for 9 months. Maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly (P < .05) in both the AEX and AEX+WL groups (delta change: 0.45 +/- 0.06 and 0.43 +/- 0.07 L/min, respectively; mean +/- SEM), but did not change in the WL (delta change: 0.00 +/- 0.04 L/min) and CON (-0.05 +/- 0.07 L/min) groups. The AEX+WL and WL groups had comparable reductions in body weight (-8.6 +/- 0.7 and -8.8 +/- 0.7 kg,) and %fat (-5.4 +/- 0.5 and -5.2 +/- 0.6%) that were significantly greater than the CON and AEX groups, in which neither body weight nor %fat changed. The AEX, WL, and AEX+WL groups had significant reductions in both systolic (-6.4 +/- 1.3, -9.2 +/- 1.6, and -9.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, respectively) and diastolic (-5.2 +/- 1.0, -6.2 +/- 1.3, and -7.2 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, respectively) BP after their respective interventions compared with the change in systolic (3.2 +/- 3.6 mm Hg) and diastolic (-0.5 +/- 1.9 mm Hg) BP in the CON group. The AEX, WL, and AEX+WL groups also had significant reductions in glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test compared with the CON group. The reduction in the insulin area in the AEX+WL group was significantly greater than in the AEX and WL groups. The results of this study demonstrate that AEX and WL are effective nonpharmacologic therapies to lower BP and alter glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. However, combining the two interventions does not result in any further improvement in BP.

Aged↗