PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Social Control, Informal”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

First coitus for adolescents: understanding why and when.

BACKGROUND: Correlates of initiation of coitus for teenagers were examined, and participants were asked their reasons for initiating or postponing the onset of coitus. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed privately by 218 patients aged 13 to 18 years. Questions explored the reasons adolescents cite for their sexual decisions and the role of peer influence in these decisions. RESULTS: Correlation was noted in young teenagers between perception of peer sexual behavior and participant's initiation of coitus. Reasons stated for engaging in first intercourse reflect both active choices and loss of control. Reasons for refraining included fear of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, lack of developmental readiness and opportunity, and social sanctions. Morality was cited infrequently as a reason for postponing sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that sexuality education should address the direct and curious questions of younger teenagers about sexuality, help youth define strategies that they can use to evaluate and resist peer pressure, and give more generalized attention to ways of helping youth feel competent. Physicians and other health educators might focus on helping older youth define how and when they know they are ready to have intercourse, consider ways of expressing sexuality that do not jeopardize health, and improve communication skills when talking with friends and potential partners about sexual issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Control theory, labeling theory, and the delivery of services for drug abuse to adolescents.

This article uses panel data and multiple regression of follow-up on baseline variables to test hypotheses that over time: (1) control theory variables are related to decreases in drug use and to each other, (2) labeling theory variables regarding drug use are related to increases in drug use, increases in each other, and negatively to control theory variables, (3) participation in a nonsystem juvenile justice diversion program is related to an increase in drug use, more deviant self-labels, and weaker societal bonds, and (4) the effects of the diversion program differ across gender of respondent. Baseline and follow-up data were collected on a randomly selected comparison group of adolescents (N = 100, 46 females) and a diversion program sample of adolescents (N = 88, 46 females). Slope differences across samples were tested using interaction terms. Where significant interaction terms were found, additional separate sample regression equations were performed. All four hypotheses received some support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Naawtal or the psychopathological aspects of a particular migration].

This study deals with some psycopathological features of naawtal. Naawtal is a Wolof word designating a social practice based on black magic that consists in ostracizing someone to prevent him from competing for a common goal or approaching a loved one. This traditional practice leads to involuntary migration from one place to another in the country. The survival of this practice in the socio-economic context of modern Senegal and indeed its extension to social classes not previously involved, reflects individual suffering, collective malaise, and ongoing social adjustments. Analysis of the practice of naawtal not only distinguishes motives, author, means of casting the spell (involving birds and wind), and the way to break the spell but also underlies the essential place of sexual identity with the notion of greater female vulnerability. To illustrate this article, the case of a woman persecuted by auditory hallucinations is analyzed in the light of the syndrome of mental and motor automatism characteristic of the diagnosis of chronic hallucinatory psychosis. The basic notion of internal exile and drifting contained in this traditional representation of mental illness is called on to explain the psychopathologic features. The authors emphasize the value of the reference to naawtal in the therapeutic relationship in helping to achieve acceptance of psychiatry in Africa.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The approval of suicide: a social-psychological model.

This article develops and tests a model that seeks to explain individual variation in the approval of suicide. The model draws on the three leading theories of crime/deviance: strain, social learning, and social control theories. It is predicted that individuals will be most approving of suicide when (1) they have had major life problems that could not be solved through conventional channels, (2) they were taught or exposed to beliefs that favored or were conducive to suicide, and (3) they are not strongly attached or committed to conventional individuals and groups. These predictions are explored with data from the 1990 and 1991 General Social Surveys, based on a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. The results provide partial support for the predictions, especially the second prediction, with the strongest correlates of suicide approval being education, political liberalism, and a set of religion variables.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informal smoking controls in Winnipeg households.

This study examined informal controls on smoking (i.e. rules about smoking that individuals impose on one another) in Winnipeg households. A representative sample of 521 individuals was interviewed. Smoking was found to be restricted in 13% of households and prohibited in another 11%. In one-person households, annoyance with smoking was the best predictor of informal controls. In multiple-person households, the best predictors of informal controls were: having a preference for social relationships with non-smokers, believing that second-hand smoke is harmful, and having few friends who smoked. For married/cohabitating respondents, having a spouse/partner who smoked reduced the likelihood of informal controls. The finding that nearly 90% of respondents agreed that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was harmful, but only 24% said that smoking was controlled in their residence, indicates that there is a need to investigate the situational variables which can impede the adoption of informal residential smoking norms.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Institutionalized rule violation and control in organized minor league hockey.

In minor league hockey, rule violation including the illegitimate use of force is institutionalized behaviour. Illegitimate tactics are among the minimal general criteria for the assessment and selection of players. No formal mechanism operates to socialize players to obey normative rules. The "official" control system is ineffective in preventing normative rule violation. However, it regulates the game according to constitutive rules preventing its disorganization, and creates the impression that players actually govern their conduct according to normative rules. An informal control system (combative and aggressive in orientation) legitimizes and regulates the amount and kinds of rule violation occurring, and highlights collective meanings of the occupation. A scheme is presented for reducing institutionalized rule violation. Team success (victory) and rule conformity are considered desirable and are rewarded. What value to assign these two "things" remains problematic. To avoid undermining motivation to win the contest, more value must be assigned team success than rule conformity. The question is how much more.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Is health-care delivery by partially trained professionals ever morally justified?

...teaching institutions should establish policies for all aspects of care provided by residents-in-training (not just for the acquisition of informed consent to treatment) and establish mechanisms to monitor how these policies are implemented and their effect on the quality of patient care and patient satisfaction with care. Clear policy on which treatments are provided by junior residents and which treatments and aspects of care are provided by senior residents is necessary for patients and their families to have control over what happens to them in the health-care institution.... Teaching institutions should regularly assess whether residents are being asked to take on more responsibilities in patient care than they are prepared to do. The reasons to do this are not solely related to protecting the patient from harm. Protecting the residents-in-training from overwhelming guilt, fear, and providing them with a more humane approach to medical education should be a minimal expectation for the training of those who will be expected to provide humane care to others....

Altruism↗
PubMed1996

The drug abuse problem in Peninsular Malaysia: parent and child differences in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions.

A survey was carried out to gather information on knowledge, attitudes and perception of parents and their children in relation to drug abuse matters. Significantly more teenagers knew more of the cause of drug addiction, as well as places for treatment and rehabilitation. Both teenagers and parents were also aware of reasons why drug addicts find it difficult to change their habits, mainly lacking motivation to stop taking drugs and that drug addicts do not have the power to control themselves. Teenagers were significantly more aware of effects of negative parental attitudes contributing to drug abuse, apart from school factors. Personal experiences before abusing drugs such as knowledge of pleasurable effects of drugs and where to obtain them has also a role to play in leading to drug abuse. There was also agreement that unfulfilled needs such as 'not being respected recognised for ones capabilities' and 'not being loved or treated fairly by parents', were causes of drug abuse. Significantly more teenagers knew of the ways of abusing drugs, mainly by injection, smoking and sniffing, and also sources of information via the mass media, social clubs, rehabilitation centres and schools. However, both the parents and teenagers were relatively ignorant of the long term effects of abusing drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Quality control by cocaine users: underdeveloped harm reduction strategies.

The use of any drug involves both values and rules of conduct (social sanctions) and patterns of behavior (social rituals). Based on an ethnographic study (1996-1999) among 111 cocaine users from the metropolitan area of Antwerp (Belgium), the self-regulatory mechanisms surrounding the methods of controlling the quality of a drug are described. Users' perceptions of reliable and unreliable sources of cocaine, quality and adulteration of cocaine and quality control techniques are confronted with objective information. It is argued that these informal control mechanisms may be crucial factors in the controlled use of any intoxicant, but myths are an important ingredient of the observed rituals, which indicates that knowledge about certain drugs and the best ways to use them in a safe way is still underdeveloped. Users are left to their own folk-experimental devices for testing tools or techniques, and many aspects of the natural processes of social learning are generally not based on objective information. Future harm reduction interventions should therefore also stimulate the development and dissemination of effective informal control mechanisms among illicit drug users.

Amphetamines↗