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A comparison of high cell density fed-batch fermentations involving both induced and non-induced recombinant Escherichia coli under well-mixed small-scale and simulated poorly mixed large-scale conditions.

In this work, multi-parameter flow cytometric techniques, coupled with dual colour fluorescent staining, have been used to study the metabolic consequences of inclusion body formation in high cell density fed-batch cultures of the recombinant E. coli strain MSD3735, producing the IPTG inducible model mammalian protein, AP50. Further, we report on the development of the scale-down, two compartment (STR + PFR) experimental simulation model to study, for the first time, the effect of a changing microenvironment with respect to three of the major spatial heterogeneities that may be associated with large-scale bioprocessing (pH, glucose and dissolved oxygen concentration) on a recombinant bacterial system. Using various time points for induction and various scale-down configurations, it has been shown that inclusion body formation is followed immediately by a detrimental progressive change in individual cell physiological state with respect to both cytoplasmic membrane polarisation and permeability, resulting in a lower final biomass yield. However, the extent of this change was found to be dependent on whether the AP50 protein was induced or not, on the time of induction and on which combination of heterogeneities was being simulated. From this and previous work, it is clear that the scale-down two-compartment model can be used to study the impact of genetically modifying an organism to produce inclusion bodies and any range and combination of potential heterogeneities known to exist at the large scale.

Animals↗

The molecular mobility of alpha-actinin and actin in a reconstituted model of gelation.

Dictyostelium discoideum alpha-actinin (D.d. alpha-actinin) is a calcium and pH-regulated actin-binding protein that can cross-link F-actin into a gel at a submicromolar free calcium concentration and a pH less than 7 [Fechheimer, et al., 1982]. We examined mixtures of actin and D.d. alpha-actinin at four pH and calcium concentrations that exhibited various degrees of gelation or solation. The macroscopic viscosities of these mixtures were measured by falling ball viscometry (FBV) and compared to the translational diffusion coefficients measured by gaussian spot and periodic-pattern fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) of both the actin filaments and D.d. alpha-actinin. A homogeneous, macroscopic gel was not composed of a static actin network. Instead, the filament diffusion coefficient decreased to approximately 65% of the control value. If the D.d. alpha-actinin concentration was increased, the solution became inhomogeneous, consisting of domains of higher actin concentration. These domains were often composed of a static actin network. The mobility of D.d. alpha-actinin consisted of a major fraction that freely diffused and a minor fraction that appeared immobile under the conditions employed. This suggested that D.d. alpha-actinin binding to the actin filaments was static over the time course of measurement (approximately 5 sec). Under solation conditions, there was no apparent interaction of actin with D.d. alpha-actinin. These results demonstrate that 1) actin filaments need not be cross-linked into an immobile, static array in order to have macroscopic properties of a gel; 2) interpretation of the rheological properties of actin:alpha-actinin gels are complicated by spatial heterogeneity of the filament concentration and mobility; and 3) a fraction of D.d. alpha-actinin binds statically to actin in undisturbed gels. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to cytoplasmic structure and contractility.

Actinin↗

Characterization of multilocus linkage disequilibrium.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome, often measured as pairwise correlation between adjacent markers, shows substantial spatial heterogeneity. Congruent with these results, studies have found that certain regions of the genome have far less haplotype diversity than expected if the alleles at multiple markers were independent, while other sets of adjacent markers behave almost independently. Regions with limited haplotype diversity have been described as "blocked" or "haplotype blocks." In this article, we propose a new method that aims to distinguish between blocked and unblocked regions in the genome. Like some other approaches, the method analyses haplotype diversity. Unlike other methods, it allows for adjacent, distinct blocks and also multiple, independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) separating blocks. Based on an approximate likelihood model and a parsimony criterion to penalize for model complexity, the method partitions a genomic region into blocks relatively quickly, and simulations suggest that its partitions are accurate. We also propose a new, efficient method to select SNPs for association analysis, namely tag SNPs. These methods compare favorably to similar blocking and tagging methods using simulations.

Algorithms↗

Model assessment and model building in fMRI.

Model quality is rarely assessed in fMRI data analyses and less often reported. This may have contributed to several shortcomings in the current fMRI data analyses, including: (1) Model mis-specification, leading to incorrect inference about the activation-maps, SPM[t] and SPM[F]; (2) Improper model selection based on the number of activated voxels, rather than on model quality; (3) Under-utilization of systematic model building, resulting in the common but suboptimal practice of using only a single, pre-specified, usually over-simplified model; (4) Spatially homogenous modeling, neglecting the spatial heterogeneity of fMRI signal fluctuations; and (5) Lack of standards for formal model comparison, contributing to the high variability of fMRI results across studies and centers. To overcome these shortcomings, it is essential to assess and report the quality of the models used in the analysis. In this study, we applied images of the Durbin-Watson statistic (DW-map) and the coefficient of multiple determination (R(2)-map) as complementary tools to assess the validity as well as goodness of fit, i.e., quality, of models in fMRI data analysis. Higher quality models were built upon reduced models using classic model building. While inclusion of an appropriate variable in the model improved the quality of the model, inclusion of an inappropriate variable, i.e., model mis-specification, adversely affected it. Higher quality models, however, occasionally decreased the number of activated voxels, whereas lower quality or inappropriate models occasionally increased the number of activated voxels, indicating that the conventional approach to fMRI data analysis may yield sub-optimal or incorrect results. We propose that model quality maps become part of a broader package of maps for quality assessment in fMRI, facilitating validation, optimization, and standardization of fMRI result across studies and centers. Hum. Brain Mapping 20:227-238, 2003.

Brain↗

Quantitative texture analysis in echocardiography: application to the diagnosis of myocarditis.

Altered myocardial texture associated with inflammatory infiltration or fibrosis of the myocardium has already been described using qualitative and subjective analysis of two-dimensional echocardiograms. The aim of this work is to test whether quantitative analysis of regional image texture in two-dimensional echocardiograms would be an accurate method to identify myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis. A set of 20 two-dimensional studies with endomyocardial biopsy evaluation was examined in 13 patients. Biopsy-proven myocarditis was present in 8 studies; myocarditis and fibrosis in 4; fibrosis in 3; healing/healed myocarditis in 5. A control group of 8 normal subjects was also studied by echocardiography. After quantitative texture analysis of the first order, entropy appeared to consistently differentiate myocarditis from controls. Among second-order parameters, patients affected by myocarditis or fibrosis showed a decreased entropy and higher angular second moment versus controls. We conclude that myocarditis and fibrosis induce similar image texture alterations in ultrasonic images, with increased spatial heterogeneity of the gray level distribution, which can be differentiated from normal structures with digital image analysis techniques.

Adult↗

Reduction of field of view in MRI using a surface-spoiling local gradient insert.

Herein is presented a method for suppressing the magnetic resonance signal to a controlled depth by applying a spatially heterogeneous spoiler field between the slice-select and readout pulses. Eliminating the signal from near-surface regions allows one to shrink the field of view without introducing aliasing artifacts, thereby decreasing imaging time over a smaller defined volume. A unique planar magnetic gradient coil was constructed to generate the spoiler field. Phantom and human subject studies showed that the signal can be suppressed to controlled distances of up to 90 mm from the coil, with modest requirements on power supplies, pulse sequences, and materials, and with no increase in imaging time.

Artifacts↗

A molecular dynamics simulation of reactant mobility in an amorphous formulation of a peptide in poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

The reaction pathways available for chemical decomposition in amorphous solids are determined in part by the relative mobilities of the potential reactants. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous glasses of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing small amounts of water, ammonia, and a small peptide, Phe-Asn-Gly, have been performed over periods of up to 100 ns to monitor the aging processes and associated structural and dynamic properties of the PVP segments and embedded solutes. Glass transition temperatures, Tg, were detected by changes in slopes of the volume-temperature profiles and the internal energy-temperature profiles for the inherent structures upon cooling at different rates. Analyses of the molecular trajectories below Tg reveal both temporal and spatial heterogeneity in polymer and solute mobility, with each molecule or part of a molecule displaying quite different relaxation behaviors for translational, rotational, and/or conformational motions. Rotations of individual polymer segments on the time scale up to 100 ns, though far from complete, are described by the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function with relaxation times tau on the order of 10-2.8 x 10(4) micros at an averaged stretching parameter beta of 0.39. The rotation rates are, on the average, faster for the side chains and for segments near the ends of the chains than for the backbones and segments near the middle of the chains. In contrast to their behavior in water, solute diffusive motions in the glassy polymer exhibit non-Einsteinian behavior over the time scale of the simulations characterized by two types of motion: (1) entrapments within relatively fluid microdomains surrounded by a matrix of relatively immobile polymer chains; and (2) jumps between microdomains with greater probability of hopping back to the solute's previous location. The average jump length and frequency are highly dependent on solute size, being much smaller for the tripeptide, Phe-Asn-Gly, than for water and ammonia. The diffusivities of water and ammonia, solutes capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the lactam residues within the polymer segments, are significantly reduced by strong electrostatic interactions. The conformational preferences of Phe-Asn-Gly were compared in the amorphous polymer and water to detect differences in the degree to which the tripeptide may be predisposed toward deamidation of the asparagine side chain in these environments. Although only minor differences are evident in peptide conformation, the conformational dynamics for the peptide embedded in the glassy polymer are characterized by a higher energy barrier between conformational states and 2.5-44-fold larger relaxation times for the dihedral angles of interest than in water. However, in the context of peptide deamidation, these differences may be of secondary importance in comparison to the more than two to three orders of magnitude reduction in the diffusivities of water, ammonia, and the tripeptide in PVP.

Algorithms↗

Combined diffusion and strain MRI reveals structure and function of human myocardial laminar sheets in vivo.

The mechanism of ventricular thickening in normal humans was investigated using in vivo MRI. The hypothesis that myocardial laminar sheets contribute to ventricular thickening predominantly via sheet shear and sheet extension, as previously found invasively in canine studies at particular ventricular sites, was tested. In normal human subjects, registered images of myocardial sheet architecture and strain at the mid-left ventricle (mid-LV) at mid-systole were acquired with diffusion and strain MRI. Sheet function was analyzed by computing myocardial strain in the local fiber-sheet coordinates. In general, myocardial sheets contribute to ventricular thickening through all three cross-fiber strain components: sheet shear, sheet extension, and sheet-normal thickening (previously undocumented). Each of these components demonstrated substantial spatial heterogeneity, with sheet shear and sheet extension usually predominant in the anterior free wall, and sheet-normal thickening predominant near the right ventricular (RV) insertions. However, considerable intersubject variability was also found. In all cases, the contributions to thickening of fiber strains were small. Sheet function in normal humans was found to be heterogeneous and variable, contrasting with the uniform and symmetric ventricular patterns of fiber shortening and wall thickening. The study demonstrates that noninvasive NMR imaging is a promising tool for investigations of myocardial sheet architecture and function, and is particularly suited to the evident complexity of this field of study.

Diastole↗

Quantitative MRI of Gd-DTPA uptake in tumors: response to photodynamic therapy.

A partial saturation method is described for obtaining rapid images of tissue 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates following administration of the paramagnetic contrast agent gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate. The paramagnetic contribution to the relaxation rates is proportional to the concentration of contrast agent, making possible quantitative studies of paramagnetic contrast agent uptake or vessel leakage. Snapshot imaging capabilities are not required. Maps of contrast agent uptake rates are made in rat borne tumors before and following photodynamic therapy, which is known to cause vascular damage. Uptake efficiency is spatially heterogeneous before and after therapy. Decreases in uptake rate are observed after two photo-irradiation protocols, which differ by a factor of four in fluence rate but deliver the same total fluence. There is no apparent fluence rate dependence for changes in the uptake rates within 5 h after therapy. Whole tumor measurements of nucleotide triphosphates, inorganic phosphate, pH, and lactate made with NMR spectroscopy indicate that, while net ATP production is inhibited, lactate concentrations are not strongly affected by photodynamic therapy. The ratio of nucleotide triphosphates to inorganic phosphate falls to 0.21 +/- 0.02 of initial values 5 h after tumors are treated with the lower fluence rate protocol, and falls to 0.40 +/- 0.06 in tumors treated with the higher fluence rate.

Adenocarcinoma↗

Substrate selection early after reperfusion of ischemic regions in the working rabbit heart.

Several substrates are available in vivo for oxidation by the myocardium. Although substrate selection has been studied extensively in normoxic myocardium, relatively little is known about substrate preference very early during reperfusion after ischemia. Carbon-13 isotopomer analysis was used to study substrate usage by nonischemic and reperfused-ischemic myocardium in a working heart that was subjected to 15 min or regional ischemia and reperfused for 5 min. Compared with nonischemic myocardium, the contribution of acetoacetate to acetyl coenzyme A was increased in the reperfused-ischemic region, and the contribution of exogenous lactate was decreased. Free fatty acid oxidation, however, was not different in the two regions. These results indicate that (1) early during reperfusion, ketone body oxidation may be more significant than has been emphasized, (2) the relative contribution of fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A is not sensitive to ischemia followed by reperfusion, and (3) Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods may be used for analysis of spatial heterogeneity of metabolism in the heart.

Acetoacetates↗

Regional measurement of the Gd-DTPA tissue partition coefficient in canine myocardium.

Quantifiable MRI perfusion studies using the contrast agent Gd-DTPA require measurement or estimation of the tissue partition coefficient (lambda) for tracer kinetic modeling. Radiotracer techniques were used to obtain regional lambda measurements from the left ventricles of five dogs. Measurements were analyzed to determine whether spatial heterogeneity was a major component of lambda variability. No systematic variations were identified in terms of radial position, short-axis slice location, or wall position. The high lambda variability seen in this study and in cited data of others may be due in part to tissue heterogeneity in interstitial volume, plasma volume, and perfusate hematocrit.

Animals↗

Correction of B1 inhomogeneities using echo-planar imaging of water.

Reliable interpretation of the MR signal intensity over the FOV of an image must consider the spatial heterogeneity of instrumental sensitivity. A major source of such variation is the nonuniformity of the B1 magnetic field of the radiofrequency coil. This heterogeneity can be minimized by coil design but is exaggerated by surface coils, which are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for some applications. This paper describes a rapid method for mapping the B1 field over the sample of interest, using 1H echo-planar imaging, to correct for B1 distortions. The method applies to 1H imaging and has been extended to non-1H imaging by using dual-frequency coils in which the B1 distributions are matched for the 1H frequency and the frequency of interest. The approach is demonstrated in phantoms, animals, and humans and for sodium imaging.

Algorithms↗

Reproducibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in human muscle and tumours: comparison of quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and compare quantitative kinetic parameters with semi-quantitative methods, and whole region-of-interest (ROI) with pixel analysis. Twenty-one patients with a range of tumour types underwent paired MRI examinations within a week, of which 16 pairs were evaluable. A proton density-weighted image was obtained prior to a dynamic series of 30 T(1)-weighted spoiled gradient echo images every 11.9 s with an intravenous bolus of gadopentetate dimeglumine given after the third baseline data point. Identical ROIs around the whole tumour and in skeletal muscle were drawn by the same observer on each pair of examinations and used for the reproducibility analysis. Semi-quantitative parameters, gradient, enhancement and AUC (area under the curve) were derived from tissue enhancement curves. Quantitative parameters (K(trans), k(ep), v(e)) were obtained by the application of the Tofts' model. Analysis was performed on data averaged across the whole ROI and on the median value from individual pixels within the ROI. No parameter showed a significant change between examinations. For all parameters except K(trans), the variability was not dependent on the parameter value, so the absolute values for the size of changes needed for significance should be used for future reference rather than percentages. The size of change needed for significance in a group of 16 in tumours for K(trans), k(ep) and v(e) was -14 to +16%, -0.20 ml/ml/min (15%) and -1.9[?]ml/ml (6%), respectively (pixel analysis), and -16 to +19%, -0.23 ml/ml/min (16%) and +/- 1.9[?]ml/ml (6%) (whole ROI analysis). For a single tumour, changes greater than -45 to +83%, +/- 0.78 ml/ml/min (60%) and +/- 7.6 ml/ml (24%), respectively, would be significant (pixel analysis). For gradient, enhancement and AUC the size of change needed for significance in tumours was -0.24 (17%), -0.05 (6%) and -0.06 (8%), respectively for a group of 16 (pixel analysis), and +/- 0.96 (68%), +/- 0.20 (25%) and +/- 0.22 (32%) for individuals. In muscle, the size of change needed for significance in a group of 16 for K(trans), k(ep) and v(e) was -30 to +44%, +/- 0.81 ml/ml/min (61%) and +/- 1.7 ml/ml (13%). For gradient, enhancement and AUC it was +/- 0.09 (20%), +/- 0.02 (8%) and +/- 0.03 (12%). v(e), enhancement and AUC are highly reproducible DCE-MRI parameters. K(trans), k(ep) and gradient have greater variability, with larger changes in individuals required to be statistically significant, but are nevertheless sufficiently reproducible to detect changes greater than 14-17% in a cohort of 16 patients. Pixel analyses slightly improve reproducibility estimates and retain information about spatial heterogeneity. Reproducibility studies are recommended when treatment effects are being monitored.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

Finescale topographical correlates of behavioural investment in offspring by female grey seals, Halichoerus grypus.

Grey seals breed colonially on substrates ranging from ice to rocky or sandy beaches. Clear differences in seal behaviour patterns exist among such broad classes of breeding habitat. However, finer scale topographical variation is likely to influence individual behaviour with consequences for pupping success. We examined topographical influences on the behaviour of breeding female grey seals by quantifying topography at a subseal size resolution. Using submetre resolution digital terrain models of two sites within a rocky breeding colony, we compared site topography in relation to observed differences in female behaviour at these sites. Females at both sites preferred breeding close to water (standing pools or sea) and frequently commuted between their pups and water. Topographical models indicated that one site was more costly for seals in terms of their locations and movements within the site. This was due to a lack of low-elevation land adjacent to the main access points from the sea and the reduced availability of pools. Females at this site showed reduced pup attendance and an increase in energetically costly behaviours, whilst females at the lower-cost site spent more time interacting with their pups and resting. These topographically induced behavioural differences are likely to affect the quantity and quality of pup provisioning by mothers and influence individual pupping site selection. Less costly sites are likely to be colonized preferentially and by larger, older and more dominant females, potentially generating finescale spatial heterogeneity in female quality within the breeding colony. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗

Mechanisms of dispersed central-place foraging in polydomous colonies of the Argentine ant.

Many species of ants occupy multiple nests, a condition known as polydomy. Because of their decentralized structure, polydomous colonies may be removed from some of the constraints associated with classic central-place foraging. We used laboratory and field experiments to assess the mechanisms involved in dispersed central-place foraging in polydomous colonies of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, a widespread invasive species. Both in the laboratory and in the field, Argentine ants established new nests at sites located near food. Laboratory colonies of L. humile redistributed workers, brood and resources among nests in response to the spatial heterogeneity of food resources. In addition, laboratory colonies formed recruitment trails between nests in the context of foraging, providing a mechanism for the transport of material between nests. This highly flexible system of allocating nests, workers and brood throughout a colony's foraging area potentially increases foraging efficiency and competitive ability. The importance of polydomy as a determinant of competitive ability is underscored by its prevalence among ecologically dominant ants, including most, if not all, highly invasive species. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗

Pattern formation in reaction-diffusion models with nonuniform domain growth.

Recent examples of biological pattern formation where a pattern changes qualitatively as the underlying domain grows have given rise to renewed interest in the reaction-diffusion (Turing) model for pattern formation. Several authors have now reported studies showing that with the addition of domain growth the Turing model can generate sequences of patterns consistent with experimental observations. These studies demonstrate the tendency for the symmetrical splitting or insertion of concentration peaks in response to domain growth. This process has also been suggested as a mechanism for reliable pattern selection. However, thus far authors have only considered the restricted case where growth is uniform throughout the domain. In this paper we generalize our recent results for reaction-diffusion pattern formation on growing domains to consider the effects of spatially nonuniform growth. The purpose is twofold: firstly to demonstrate that the addition of weak spatial heterogeneity does not significantly alter pattern selection from the uniform case, but secondly that sufficiently strong nonuniformity, for example where only a restricted part of the domain is growing, can give rise to sequences of patterns not seen for the uniform case, giving a further mechanism for controlling pattern selection. A framework for modelling is presented in which domain expansion and boundary (apical) growth are unified in a consistent manner. The results have implications for all reaction-diffusion type models subject to underlying domain growth.

Animals↗

Sexual behavior, heterosexual transmission, and the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a simulation study.

A stochastic simulation model has been used to assess the extent to which variation in sexual behavior and transmission characteristics can explain the striking spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of HIV among different geographical locations in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the various parameters describing sexual behavior the most important determinant of the spread of HIV is the proportion of men engaging in sexual relationships with people other than spouses, including contacts with sex workers and short-term partners. Considering factors other than sexual behavior the model shows that this heterogeneity in HIV prevalence could be the result of differences in the transmission probability of HIV or in the prevalence of other sexuality transmitted diseases. These factors could play a key role in determining the patterns of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and should be considered in the design of intervention strategies.

Adult↗

Microscopic analysis of NADH fluorescence during aerobic and anaerobic liver preservation conditions: A noninvasive technique for assessment of hepatic metabolism.

Gaseous insufflation of oxygen via the venous vascular system is thought to be an useful tool for preventing anoxic tissue injury during extended time periods of ischemic preservation and for allowing for an improved recovery of organ function after transplantation. The present study aimed at the application of a noninvasive technique for monitoring effectiveness and homogeneity of gaseous areation by using an epiillumination microscopic technique for assessment of tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence. Rat livers were flushed with and stored in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C for 48 h (n = 20). In half of the experiments (n = 10) gaseous oxygen was applied subsequent to organ harvest. Using ultraviolet-excitation high-resolution microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis liver surfaces were scanned for NADH intensity and spatial heterogeneity at 1, 24, and 48 h preservation time. Livers simply stored without aeration served as controls (n = 10). NADH intensity data were compared with corresponding data of tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations determined enzymatically. NADH fluorescence already differed at 1 h preservation between the two groups with significantly lower values in the aerobically stored livers. NADH fluorescence further decreased between 1 and 24 h preservation and remained low until 48 h, whereas in the anaerobically stored livers NADH fluorescence was found to be constantly high over the entire observation period. Aerobic storage resulted in rather homogeneous tissue oxygenation with an intrahepatic variation of NADH fluorescence <20%. In parallel, oxygen persufflation appropriately restored tissue ATP content within 1 to 24 h of preservation, while the simply stored livers exhibited pronounced depletion of ATP. We demonstrate for the first time that by means of retrograde gaseous oxygenation, ischemic livers can be readily and effectively oxygenated. Our study further indicates that the noninvasive microscopic analysis of tissue NADH fluorescence may be an useful tool for estimating efficiency of strategies in organ preservation.

Adenosine↗