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PubMed1996

In-vitro activity of RP 59500, a new semisynthetic injectable pristinamycin against staphylococci.

We compared the in vitro activity of RP 59500, a new streptogramin, with that of vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against 130 strains of S. aureus and 117 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, using the agar dilution method. The antistaphylococcal activity of RP 59500 was similar to that of vancomycin. All staphylococcal strains were inhibited by < or = 2 micrograms/mL, including 61 methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 28 methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis and 23 methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus strains. In contrast to ciprofloxacin, the in vitro activity of RP 59500 as well as of vancomycin remained almost unchanged, irrespective of the resistance phenotype for methicillin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

[The effect of culture conditions on expression of surface proteins from coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical material of newborns hospitalized in an intensive care unit].

A surface adhesion is a fundamental stage, in a pathogenesis of inflammations caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, at which surface proteins take part. The proteins that were found at S. saprophyticus and ascribed to take part in polystiren plates adhesion: SSP-1 and SSP-2 could be an example. In this work the effort to esteem surface protein expression of various kinds of coagulase-negative staphylococcus according to cultivation conditions has been made. The studies carried out with 31 staphylococcus strains being obtained from new-born children hospitalised in Neonatology Clinic helped to analyse the similarities among these proteins in the area of a given strain cultivated on different mediums. The examined strains belonged to five different species and it had been taken into consideration during the results esteem. On the grounds of electrophoretic surface proteins division the charts dysometric analysis was created showing interdependence between Rf for surface proteins and optical density. Afterwards an analysis for each strain was done taking into account a sort of medium on which the cultivation had been placed. S. haemolyticus strains analysis cultivated on three different mediums allows to isolate two protein groups showing similar expression of both low- and high-molecular proteins. For the majority of strains belonging to the same species one can observe a similar expression within low- and high-molecular surface proteins regardless of cultivation conditions. Recurrence of the electrophoretic pictures regardless of changes in cultivation conditions, creates the base for the recognised proteins identification and also for the proteins with unmarked activity isolation.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2006

Automated ribotyping to distinguish the different non Sau/ non Sep staphylococcal emerging pathogens in orthopedic implant infections.

Several species belonging to Staphylococcus genus, other than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (non Sau/ non Sep species), exhibit increasing abilities as opportunistic pathogens in the colonisation of periprosthetic tissues. Consequently, the availability of means for accurate identification is crucial to assess the pathogenic characteristics and to clarify clinical relevance of the individual species. Here, 146 clinical staphylococcal isolates belonging to non Sau/ non Sep species from prosthesis-associated orthopedic infections were analyzed by conventional enzymatic galleries and by automated ribotyping. Twelve different species were recognised: S. capitis, S. caprae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri, S. xylosus. Ribotype identifications were compared with the phenotypes obtained by the Api 20 Staph system and/or ID 32 Staph system. ID 32 Staph profiles were more consistent with ribotyping results than Api Staph profiles. Across the different staphylococcal species investigated, correct identifications with Api Staph were 45%, while with ID 32 Staph they were 59%. It has, however, to be mentioned that ID 32 Staph was mostly applied to discriminate unmatched ribotyping and Api Staph identifications, thus to a subpopulation of strains with ""atypical"" metabolic profile. Automated ribotyping provided a correct identification for 91% of the isolates. These results confirm automated ribotyping as a convenient rapid technique, still subject to improvements, which will accurately and rapidly recognise the newly emerging staphylococcal pathogens in implant-related orthopedic infections.

Automation↗

PubMed1991

[STAPHYOGRAM, a new rapid identification kit for the aerobic, gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci--application of fluorometric microplate hybridization for the pre-identification of 386 isolates used].

A new simplified test kit, STAPHYOGRAM plate, was developed for 4-hr identification of aerobic, Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci. The plate has 18 wells, in which different dehydrated substrates and nutrients are fixed. An 18-hr agar-culture suspension of a test strain with a turbidity of McFarland No. 4 was distributed into all wells in 50-microliters quantities. After 4-hr incubation at 37C, the profile number was obtained by summarizing positive reactions. The ability of the plate to differentiate the type strains of the 30 species of the three genera in the family Micrococcaceae was confirmed. These three genera are Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Stomatococcus. The applicability of the fluorometric microplate hybridization technique to identification of aerobic, Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci was confirmed by homologous hybridization among the type strains of the 30 species. Thus, 386 isolates of human and animal origin were pre-identified by microplate hybridization and used for evaluating the STAPHYOGRAM plate. Of the 236 profile numbers thus obtained with the 386 isolates, 218 (92.4%) were species-proper each and all for the 15 species of Staphylococcus and Stomatococcus mucilaginosus. A total of 342 (88.6%) of the 386 isolates were given such profile numbers, and were identified without any additional test. Among the 15 species identified primarily by the results of STAPHYOGRAM plate culture, S. caprae, S. lugdunensis, S. gallinarum and S. delphini were validly published after Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. The identified strains of S. caprae (48), S. haemolyticus (46), S. capitis (35) numbered between those of S. epidermidis (67) and S. saprophyticus (31). Profile numbers common to two species were seven (27 strains) and that to four species was one (17 strains). These 44 strains were identified with one to three additional tests. From these results, we were convinced that the STAPHYOGRAM test plate is useful for the rapid identification of members of family Micrococcaceae. By compiling STAPHYOGRAM plate data on genetically identified strains, an exclusive list of profile numbers will soon be prepared for perfection of the kit.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Optimizing testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species.

Selection of the appropriate NaCl concentration for test medium for oxacillin susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci has been problematic when using different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Broth microdilution, using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth + 2% NaCl, is the currently recommended reference method. There is currently no recommendation for the addition of NaCl to agar for dilution susceptibility tests when Staphylococcus species are tested with oxacillin. We examined the effects of adding 0, 2%, 4%, and 5% NaCl to Mueller-Hinton agar and broth for agar dilution, Etest, and broth microdilution tests. The results of these tests were compared with the reference broth microdilution results and with the results of a hybridization assay using a mec gene probe. We tested 223 strains of staphylococci, 128 of which were mec gene positive and had oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) > or = 4 micrograms/ml. Seven strains of S. aureus were mec probe negative but were oxacillin resistant. Seven coagulase-negative strains (three S. epidermidis, one S. haemolyticus, and three S. simulans) were mec probe positive and were oxacillin susceptible. The MICs for oxacillin-resistant strains increased two- to fourfold with the addition of 2% NaCl, but the MICs for oxacillin-susceptible strains were unchanged. Major and very major interpretative rates ranged from 18.2% to 20.2% for agar dilution and Etest without NaCl added to the medium, and these rates decreased to < 1% with the addition of 2% NaCl to the medium. The addition of 4% or 5% NaCl caused major error rates of > 17% for all test methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Culture Media↗

PubMed1993

Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains.

The distributions of the mec regulator genes mecI and mecR1, which were identified on the chromosome of mecA-carrying Staphylococcus aureus N315, in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated in Japan and various countries were studied. Screening by dot blot hybridization by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified probes revealed that at least the 5'-end region of the mecR1 gene was present in all strains tested, whereas about 40% of the strains were negative for the mecI gene. The data suggested that these regulator genes were the original components of the additional mec region DNA of methicillin-resistant S. aureus as well as methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci of seven staphylococcal species (S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. sciuri, S. capitis, S. caprae, and S. warneri). The mecI gene, which presumably codes for the repressor protein of the mecA gene, was found to harbor a point mutation in all six mecI-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, and their basal level of mecA gene transcription was elevated compared with that of strain N315, which harbors a presumably intact counterpart of the mecI gene. The data suggested that the mecI gene encodes for a strong repressor function on mecA gene transcription and is deleted or mutated in clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains with high levels of resistance to methicillin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci in infectious diseases of the compromised host].

Today Staphylococcus epidermidis has been recognized as the etiological agent of infectious diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis and meningitis that mainly come out in compromised hosts because of the breaching of the mechanical barrier (cardiosurgical, neurosurgical patients and central venous catheter carriers). Other "non-epidermidis coagulase negative Staphylococci" are more and more frequently isolated from patients at high risk of infection. Faced with these isolations, it is difficult for the clinician and the microbiologist to give these microorganisms their effective pathogenic role. The Authors present a case list of seriously compromised patients in whom non-epidermidis coagulase negative Staphylococci were repeatedly isolated: hemato-oncological patients: the Authors mark out 6 cases of sepsis that is, likely, to be linked to a central venous catheter. The isolated microorganisms were: S. warneri (3 cases); S. haemolyticus (1 case); S. hominis (1 case); S. xylosus (1 case); neurosurgical patients: in whom 3 cases of cerebro-spinal fluid infection were observed; 3 patients carried a ventriculo-peritoneal derivation; 1 patient carried an Ommaya's device. The etiological agents were S. haemolyticus in 2 cases, S. capitis in 1 case. The Authors point out the multiresistance of some strains (S. haemolyticus) and the oxacillin-methicillin resistance phenomenon. They also underline the need for a specific identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococci and the importance of a strict collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists in order to get a correct interpretation of the role played by these microorganisms in infectious diseases of the compromised host.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Rapid and accurate identification of Staphylococcus species by tRNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis.

PCR-amplified tRNA gene (tDNA) intergenic spacer length polymorphism (tDNA-ILP) was analyzed for its ability to identify to the species level type strains (n = 18) and clinical isolates (n = 163) of staphylococci. Amplified products obtained by PCR with outwardly directed consensus tDNA primers were separated by agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. The results were compared with those obtained by biochemical identification and ribotyping. Each type strain presented a specific tDNA-ILP pattern. PCR with fluorescent primers allowed for the detection of labelled DNA fragments on polyacrylamide gels by using an automated laser fluorescence sequencer and provided enhanced pattern resolution in comparison with that by analysis on agarose gels. tDNA patterns indistinguishable from those of the type strains were produced by clinical isolates of all tested species except for some isolates of S. aureus (n = 3) and S. haemolyticus (n = 1), which showed variant patterns. Strains of S. saprophyticus and S. xylosus showed very closely related profiles, and S. cohnii subspecies were indistinguishable. The identities obtained by tDNA-ILP analysis agreed with those obtained by the biochemical method to the species level for 99% (162 of 163) of the strains tested and to the subspecies level for 96% (156 of 163) of the strains tested. These results indicate that fluorescence-labelled PCR analysis of tDNA-ILP provides an accurate and rapid molecular method for the identification of human staphylococci.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2002

In vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, BMS-247243, against methicillin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci.

The recent emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin has intensified the search for alternative therapies for the treatment of infections caused by this organism. One approach has been to identify a beta-lactam with improved affinity for PBP 2a, the target enzyme responsible for methicillin resistance in staphylococci. BMS-247243 is such a candidate, with MICs that inhibit 90% of isolates tested (MIC(90)s) of 4, 2, and 8 microg/ml for methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. haemolyticus, respectively, as determined on plates with Mueller-Hinton agar and 2% NaCl. The BMS-247243 MICs for MRSA were minimally affected by the susceptibility testing conditions (inoculum size, prolonged incubation, addition of salt to the test medium) or by staphylococcal beta-lactamases. BMS-247243 MIC(90)s for methicillin-susceptible staphylococcal species ranged from < or = 0.25 to 1 microg/ml. The BMS-247243 MIC(90) for beta-lactamase-producing S. aureus strains was fourfold higher than that for beta-lactamase-nonproducing strains. BMS-247243 is hydrolyzed by staphylococcal beta-lactamases at 4.5 to 26.2% of the rates measured for cephaloridine. The affinity of BMS-247243 for PBP 2a was >100-fold better than that of methicillin or cefotaxime. BMS-247243 is bactericidal for MRSA, killing the bacteria twice as fast as vancomycin. These in vitro activities of BMS-247243 correlated with its in vivo efficacy against infections in animals, including the neutropenic murine thigh and rabbit endocarditis models involving MRSA strains. In conclusion, BMS-247243 has in vitro and in vivo activities against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and thus may prove to be useful in the treatment of infections caused by these multidrug-resistant organisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of two commercial systems for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci to species level.

Bloodstream (224) and urine (nine) isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were evaluated using MicroScan Pos ID and Rapid Pos ID panels. A modification of the conventional method of Kloos and Schleifer served as the reference method. The isolates were selected to include a broad range of CNS species, including 44 S. epidermidis, 50 S. hominis, 39 S. warneri, 33 S. capitis, 21 S. haemolyticus, 12 S. simulans, 11 S. saprophyticus, six S. cohnii, five S. lugdunensis, three S. xylosus, four S. auricularis, two S. schleiferi, two S. intermedius, and one S. sciuri. The Pos ID panel had an overall rate of agreement (correct plus probably correct) with the reference method of 79%, including 95% for S. epidermidis, 95% for S. haemolyticus, 64% for S. hominis, 67% for S. simulans, 79% for S. warneri, and 100% for S. saprophyticus. The Rapid Pos ID panel had an overall rate of agreement (correct plus probably correct) of 76%, including 91% for S. epidermidis, 90% for S. haemolyticus, 64% for S. hominis, 58% for S. simulans, 77% for S. warneri, and 100% for S. saprophyticus. Both systems are acceptable for the identification of the clinically significant species S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, and S. epidermidis, but are less reliable for the infrequently isolated species of CNS.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of agar disk diffusion, microdilution broth, and agar dilution for testing antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

A collection of 120 oxacillin-susceptible and 120 oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from six tertiary care hospital laboratories were tested by agar disk diffusion, three microdilution broth systems (Sensititre, Dynatech, and Alpkem), and the Vitek AutoMicrobic system for comparison with reference agar dilution results. The antimicrobial agents tested were oxacillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cefamandole, fusidic acid, rifampin, and vancomycin. Incubation was at 30 or 35 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h. The broth media were supplemented with 2% NaCl for some antimicrobial agents, and the agar dilution method was used with and without the addition of 4% NaCl. The CNS were identified to species by the method of Kloos and Schleifer. The results showed a lack of concordance between two hospitals with respect to oxacillin susceptibility testing by agar dilution with no NaCl supplement. The reasons are not clear but may be related to variations in media. The 4% NaCl supplement or extended incubation to 48 h eliminated this difference. The cefazolin and cefotaxime susceptibility results in the agar disk diffusion test were unreliable if accepted at face value. Cefamandole testing correlated well with the reference method regardless of the method used, and salt supplementation is not recommended. Most of the oxacillin-resistant CNS were resistant to the other beta-lactam drugs except cefamandole. Of 22 CNS resistant to cefamandole, 21 were S. haemolyticus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

Systemic and local immune response of cows to intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

The association between Staphylococcus aureus chronic mammary gland infection and the resulting immune response expressed by the production of specific IgG and IgA antibodies in blood and milk was studied in Israeli Holstein cows. Specific antibodies of the IgG class were detected in sera of 82.6 per cent of the cows chronically infected by S aureus, while in 17.4 per cent no such antibodies could be detected. Specific IgG antibodies to S aureus were neither detected in sera of cows free of mammary infection nor in those infected with different coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) such as S intermedius, S chromogenes or S haemolyticus. In milk, specific IgG antibodies to S aureus were detected only in cows with positive serology. The end point dilutions in the milk were 5 to 30 per cent of that of blood from the same cow. No significant difference in IgG titres was found in the same cow if the quarter was infected with S aureus or not. Specific antibodies to S aureus of the IgA class could not be detected in the sera of any of the cows included in this study. In milk, a specific IgA antibody was detected only in the samples from the S aureus infected quarters in which S aureus was isolated at the time of the experiment. In the same cow, quarters infected by S aureus were found to have a significantly higher IgA titre (P < 0.0001) than that of the non-infected ones.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Simultaneous detection of the mecA and ileS-2 genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from Brazilian hospitals by multiplex PCR.

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) has been associated with primary bloodstream infections and implanted medical devices. Its importance is increasing due to the acquisition of resistance to oxacillin (Oxa) and, recently, resistance to mupirocin (Mup). Mupirocin, a topical antimicrobial, has been used in the prevention of staphylococci catheter colonization. Susceptibility to Oxa and Mup was analyzed by different testing methods in clinical CNS isolates. Among 112 CNS strains, 69 (61.6%) were Oxa(R) by the disk diffusion (DD) method and 72 (64.2%) grew on the oxacillin agar screen plate. S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus presented high rates of oxacillin resistance, 75.4% and 96.1%, respectively. Twenty four (21.4%) strains were Mup(R) by the DD test and 21 of them (87.5%) were identified as S. epidermidis. The detection of the mecA and ileS-2 genes, determined by multiplex-PCR, showed that 72 (64.2%) CNS strains possessed the mecA gene, while 16 (14.3%) possessed the ileS-2 gene. Fifteen of these strains presented the two resistance genes simultaneously. The isolates containing the ileS-2 gene presented a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >1024 microg/mL in the E-test, while low-level mupirocin resistance (MICs of 12-16 microg/mL) was observed in those strains without ileS-2. The resistances to high and low levels of mupirocin could not be distinguished when the DD test was used. The analysis of the Mup(R) S. epidermidis strains by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis showed that 17 (80.9%) strains belonged to one of two patterns (A and B), which have been shown to be prevalent in hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. This report showed that the PCR method for detection of oxacillin and mupirocin resistance in CNS is necessary to determine accurate rates of these resistance, and will can help in the staphylococcal infections prevention and control policies in Brazil.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1989

[Typing of skin staphylococci using the commercial identification system Staphy-Test].

The authors examined 150 strains of S. aureus and 180 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from different dermatoses. The determination of S. aureus and S. epidermidis was based on common routine tests as plasmacoagulase, production of hemolysin, acid production from mannitol and production of pigment. This determination was verified with the aid of a new identification system STAPHYtest. The STAPHYtest confirmed the previous diagnosis of S. aureus in 60.66% and that of S. epidermidis in 31.66% of strains only. The remaining strains were identified by means of STAPHYtest as S. simulans, S. xylosus, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. auricularis, S. sciuri and Micrococcus sp. The authors discuss the importance of an curate identification of skin staphylococci by means of STAPHYtest for taxonomic purposes and for classification of staphylococci influence on different dermatoses.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1981

Toxinogenicity of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci towards various animal cells.

The toxinogenicity of fifty coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from various clinical syndromes was compared, using lysis of human erythrocytes, leakage of a radio-active marker from human embryonic lung fibroblasts by culture filtrates, and direct cytotoxicity of growing bacteria towards mouse skin fibroblasts in an agar overlay assay. Good correlation was obtained between those strains which elaborated greater than or equal to 16 HU/ml delta-toxin in culture, measurable also in terms of radioactive nucleotide leakage from tissue culture cells and those strains which caused a direct cytotoxicity effect in the colony overlay test. delta-toxin was implicated in the genesis of such cellular damage. Speciation of the coagulase-negative staphylococci revealed that isolates identified as S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus were most active in each of these tests. The colony overlay technique is suggested as being a potential screening assay for toxinogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with clinical infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Identification of Staphylococcus species and subspecies with the MicroScan Pos ID and Rapid Pos ID panel systems.

The accuracies of the MicroScan Pos ID and Rapid Pos ID panel systems (Baxter Diagnostic Inc., MicroScan Division, West Sacramento, Calif.) were compared with each other and with the accuracies of conventional methods for the identification of 25 Staphylococcus species and 4 subspecies. Conventional methods included those used in the original descriptions of species and subspecies and DNA-DNA hybridization. The Pos ID panel uses a battery of 18 tests, and the Rapid Pos ID panel uses a battery of 42 tests for the identification of Staphylococcus species. The Pos ID panel has modified conventional and chromogenic tests that can be read after 15 to 48 h of incubation; the Rapid Pos ID panel has tests that use fluorogenic substrates or fluorometric indicators, and test results can be read after 2 h of incubation in the autoSCAN-W/A. Results indicated that both MicroScan systems had a high degree of congruence (greater than or equal to 90%) with conventional methods for the species S. capitis, S. aureus, S. auricularis, S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii, S. arlettae, S. carnosus, S. lentus, and S. sciuri and, in particular, the subspecies S. capitis subsp. capitis and S. cohnii subsp. cohnii. The Rapid Pos ID panel system also had greater than or equal to 90% congruence with conventional methods for S. epidermidis, S. caprae, S. warneri subsp. 2, S. xylosus, S. kloosii, and S. caseolyticus. For both MicroScan systems, congruence with conventional methods was 80 to 90% for S. haemolyticus subsp. 1, S. equorum, S. intermedius, and S. hyicus; and in addition, with the Rapid Pos ID panel system congruence was 80 to 89% for S. capitis subsp. ureolyticus, S. warneri subsp. 1, S. hominis, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum, and S. simulans. The MicroScan systems identified a lower percentage (50 to 75%) of strains of S. lugdunensis, S. gallinarum, S. schleiferi, and S. chromogenes, although the addition of specific tests to the systems might increase the accuracy of identification significantly.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1985

Species distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical sources.

The distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococcal species from clinical material was investigated in order to detect possible tropisms. 398 strains of staphylococci (336 coagulase-negative and 62 coagulase-positive strains) and 3 micrococcus strains were isolated. Differentiation between the two genera was achieved by testing sensitivity to lysostaphin and anaerobic growth in thioglycolate. Four S. hominis strains reacted like micrococci in these tests. Staphylococci were classified according to the Kloos and Schleifer biotyping scheme in a modified way on microtitre plates. Additionally coagulation and reduction of methylene blue milk were determined and the test proved to be useful. Identified coagulase-negative species included S. epidermidis (205 strains), S. hominis (64), S. haemolyticus (35), S. warneri (15), S. capitis (5), S. simulans (6), S. saprophyticus (5), and S. species (1). A high predominance of S. epidermidis was found among isolates from nasopharyngeal (91%) and tracheobronchial (80%) tracts and most other localizations. A different distribution of species was observed in urine and vaginal swabs where non-S. epidermidis species accounted for over 50% of identified strains. The majority of S. hominis and S. haemolyticus strains was isolated from these sources. S. simulans, like S. saprophyticus was found in urine specimens only and occurred predominantly in women of the sexually active age.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1996

[The taxonomic distribution, characteristic and susceptibility against antimicrobial agents of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from blood].

The species, mecA gene, beta-lactamase activity, the ability of slime formation and drug susceptibilities of 386 strains of staphylococci which were isolated from blood in our laboratory were studied. The coagulase typing of each strains identified as S. aureus was also determined. These 386 strains consisted of various species, e.g., S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. caprae, S. hominis, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. lugdunensis. mecA (methicillin-resistant gene) was detected in 84 (67.7%) of 124 S. aureus and 195 (75.3%) of 259 CNS, but there was no statistical difference. However mecA positive rate was higher in S. epidermidis and S. caprae, lower in S. hominis compared with S. aureus, S. lugdunensis having mecA has not been reported, but one of two our S. lugdunensis strains had mecA. The positive rate (77.4%: 65/84) of beta-lactamase of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was lower than that (95.5%: 187/195) of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS). Concerning the ability of slime formation, CNS had higher positive rate, especially in case of MRCNS (46.2%: 84/182) than S. aureus. On the other hand, MRCNS showed a tendency to be less resistant to some antimicrobials than MRSA. Especially against cephalothin (CET), the resistant rate of MRSA and MRCNS were 86.9% and 5.6%, respectively. Among the main species of MRCNS, S. capitis and S. caprae were more resistant than S. epidermidis and S. simulans to cefaclor (CCL), cefmetazole (CMZ), flomoxef (FMOX) and fosfomycin (FOM). Hereafter, one should be careful about infectious disease caused by CNS especially in immuno-compromised host, because many species of CNS have higher positive rate of beta-lactamase and slime formation than S. aureus beside mecA.

Aminoglycosides↗