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PubMedDate not supplied

Measles immunity and immunization in developing countries of Africa: a review.

Although an effective vaccine against measles has been available for several years, the disease is still prevelant in Africa. The disease is characterized by its occurrence in younger age groups and high morbidity and mortality. The African child is born with a high transplacentally acquired measles antibody level. However, the antibody declines rapidly, so that it is virtually absent after the age of 6 months. The measles vaccine with which the African child is immunized is of reduced potency because of poor storage and transportation facilities and the adverse effect of tropical climate on the vaccine. The pattern of measles immunity in Africa is different from that in developed countries. Measles immunization schedule in Africa, as in any other part of the world, must be based on sound epidemiological and serological data.

Africa↗
PubMed1983

[Hygiene problems in inland and sea navigation].

Both waste and sewage disposal are ubiquitous problems which have also affected navigation. Shipping is a very important transport carrier on a worldwide basis which together with the fishing industry employs roughly two million people. The problems associated with waste and sewage disposal obviously present a severe hazard to the coastal areas, narrow sea basins and, in particular, to inland and open-sea waterways. These problems are particularly alarming in large sea-ports, docks without outfall etc. The reduction of the crews aboard the ships operated by the industialised countries has helped to quantitatively ease the problem of waste and sewage disposal caused by the crews. However, passenger steamers with high waste and sewage volumes cause considerable nuisance in small harbours and the same holds for the disposal of technical waste products from ships such as dunnage packing material, ropes, plastic material, oil, etc. The quantity of waste water aboard a sea-going vessel including that from the toilets, washrooms, galley, and cleaning is rather considerable and is estimated at 300 litres per person and day under tropical climates. The volume of waste varies greatly and depends mainly on the type of material used aboard as mentioned above. Passenger liners with a very high volume of kitchen refuse and other solid waste give rise to specially insidious problems. In the past, sea-going vessels as well as ships employed in inland navigation used to throw overboard any type of refuse and sewage. However, during the last few decades the port authorities and also governments have introduced local and national regulations ruling that waste may no longer be thrown into harbour basins, but must be collected and disposed of on shore. Most ships have complied with these provisions, but some of them kept the collected refuse aboard and disposed of it on the open sea outside the harbours. International agreements on the prohibition of emptying oil and oil-containing waste into the sea were reached as early as 1954. The first rigorous provisions on the strict prohibition of discharging sewage and throwing spoilage overboard on the sea were promulgated around 1960 for the Great Lakes (USA and Canada) as well as for some Baltic Sea and Black Sea harbours (USSR). This legislation has been increasingly tightened. The international agreement on the prevention of sea pollution by ships, submitted by the International Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) in 1973 and 1978, strictly bans the throwing overboard or discharging of oil, plastic material, stowing and packing materials etc. as well as unperishable substances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Fresh Water↗
PubMed1983

[Health problems of workers in the Americas].

Most of the problems concerning the health of the workers in developing countries exist in Latin America : rapid urbanisation, dearth of information on the risks the workers face, intensification of efforts to increase returns. The geographic situation of a country also has its importance: working conditions are more difficult in tropical climates. Over populated, poor districts increase the danger of transmission of infectious diseases. Loneliness, a change in the mode of life are an incentive to alcoholism. The vast majority of Latin American workers are employed in small workshops. In Puerto Rico, 90 per cent of them work in firms employing less than fifty people. It is precisely in these small workshops that health problems are the most serious. The publication of laws to protect health is not sufficient, education campaigns must be organized at all levels: government officials, trade-unions, entrepreneurs and the workers themselves. Education programmes to protect the health of the workers must include the prevention of new risks due to environmental conditions. Health education is essential to protect and improve the health of the workers in Latin America.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1983

[Anesthesiological care in a field hospital in Thailand with special regard to ketamine (Ketanest)].

From mid-May to mid-July 1980, 363 anaesthesias were carried out in the refugee camp Khao I Dang on the border between Thailand and Kambodia. These were done in a tropical climate under difficult conditions. The patients were refugees, mostly injured in the war. Regional anaesthesias were generally preferred as they are safer for the patients and not so much surveillance is necessary. For general anaesthesia ketamine combined with diazepam and in most cases assisted respiration by a combination of nitrogen oxide - oxygen and halothane were selected. Anaesthesia was induced by thiopental or diazepam on patients with eclampsia or head injuries or toxic goitre. Apart from a laryngospasm no other severe complication occurred. To reduce pain after an operation, ketamine infusion was successfully employed in isolated cases.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resistance of medical equipment to exposure to molds].

When operating biomedical equipment and instruments in areas with tropical climate there arises danger of their microbiological damage. All pieces of equipment and instruments that have to meet requirements as to their resistance to the action of moulds are subjected to testing for mould-resistance. The paper sets forth the results of such tests and their analysis. The resistance of the equipment and instruments depends on the physical and chemical properties and on the technology of manufacture of their materials. The results of the analysis of the results obtained served as a background for recommendations as to the use of resistant materials and effecting measures raising their quality. Such measures include the choice of resistent components, biocides, additives and admixtures to materials and coatings.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1981

Health policy and the politics of health: priorities and planning for health care in Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico, with the rest of the Caribbean, inherited the historical legacy of colonialism, slavery, and ethnic diversity. With its neighbors, Puerto Rico shares a tropical climate, a strategic location, and an agricultural past. Despite such similarities, Puerto Rico's health systems have evolved at rates and in directions different from its Caribbean neighbors. The ways in which services are organized have varied as a function of each country's political relationship with its respective metropolitan power, its stage of economic development, its endowment in terms of natural and other resources, its size and population, and its cultural environment, among other factors. For this reason, the Caribbean presents a veritable kaleidoscope of patterns of delivering health care. The following comments are primarily devoted to Puerto Rico, where the author is directly involved with health policy and the politics of health.

Ambulatory Care↗