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PubMed1986

Effects of mellitic acid (MA) and sodium fluoride (NaF) on the histological appearance of murine fetal tibiae cultured in vitro.

The aim of this study was to develop a standardized image analysis method for localization and quantitative measurement of calcified structures of murine fetal tibiae cultured in vitro as a completion and verification of previous biochemical studies. The calcified structures of bone stained by von Kossa silver technique and the epiphyseal cartilages showing intensive metachromasia with toluidine-blue staining were converted with grey-value window programs and afterwards the areas of the selected structures were measured. The histomorphological investigations showed that the murine tibiae, incubated for a period of 6 days in a medium with addition of 5 mmol mellitic acid, showed both a significant reduction of calcium deposits and an increase of epiphyseal intercellular cartilage matrix. The tibiae incubated in a medium with addition of 0.5 mmol sodium fluoride significantly showed an increase of calcium deposits in the thickened lamellae of the compacta. These histomorphological results confirm previous biochemical studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Blood supply to the periosteum of the canine tibia.

A study was undertaken to determine which arteries supply the periosteum of the normal adult canine tibia. The vessels were found to arise from locations distinct from the muscular vascularization. The venous drainage of the tibial periosteum had a satellite relationship with the arteries. On the surface of the periosteum, the vessels formed rectangular patterns. All surfaces of the distal end of the tibia seemed to have less distinct anastomoses of the transverse periosteal twigs, compared with the proximal end of the tibia.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Stereological characteristics of the mesenchymal complex in the degenerative-osteogenic zone of the growth cartilage of the tibia of premature neonates.

The volume density of the so-called mesenchymal complex in the degenerative-osteogenic zone of growth cartilage from tibiae is determined by stereological methods. The mesenchymal complex in ossification includes several types of cells of mesenchymal origin (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondroclasts, vasothelial and haemopoetic cells) taking part in the processes of cartilage erosion, new formation, growth and shaping of bone tissue. The complex includes also capillary loops and other components of connective tissue located among the remnants of calcified cartilage matrix. In the degenerative-osteogenic zone of the proximal and distal growth cartilage of the tibia, the volume density decreases from the epiphysis to the diaphysis. From the peripheral to the central sections of the zones, there is almost no variation of volume density. The obtained data are related to the rates of the longitudinal growth of the tibia.

Bone Development↗

PubMed1985

[Association of Ewing's sarcoma with fibrous dysplasia of the tibia. Apropos of a case report].

The authors have observed a child of 14 presenting fibrous dysplasia localised to the right femur and right tibia and complicated by an Ewing's sarcoma of the right tibia. The complication was marked only by pain and the radiographs were not typical. It was diagnosed only by microscopic examination after biopsy. Scintigraphy did not reveal any other site of fibrous dysplasia. The tibia was treated by a reinforcing nail followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After a 4 year follow-up there was neither recurrence nor metastasis. After a review of the literature it is concluded that this combination was purely accidental and that there is no known relationship between Ewing's sarcoma and Jaffe-Lichtenstein type of fibrous dysplasia. It is remarkable that the sarcoma was not typical clinically and that the satisfactory result was probably related to very early treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

In vivo bone strain in the equine tibia before and after transection of the peroneus tertius muscle.

The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of the peroneus tertius muscle on the loading regime of the tibia in the horse. Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the cranial and caudal cortices of the left and right tibiae in six Shetland ponies. In vivo bone strain recordings were made before and after unilateral transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. Relatively large individual variations in response to transection were observed in both the experimental and the contralateral control limbs. The principal strain values on the cranial and caudal cortices increased during the second peak in the support phase by approximately 10 per cent; the angle between the larger principal strains and the long axis of the bone, measured proximal to the gauges, rotated approximately 4 degrees medially in experimental limbs, but did not change in the control limbs. It seems unlikely that the peroneus tertius muscle has a substantial influence on the loading regime of the tibia during normal walking.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Effect of organic and inorganic mercury compounds on the growth of incisor and tibia in rats.

The pharmacological effects of methyl mercury chloride (MMC) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (2-16 mg/Kg per day subcutaneously, for 6 d) upon the growth were studied in the incisors and proximal tibiae of immature rats histologically. Lead acetate was used as a time marker. 1. Mercury compounds slightly affected the body weight gains of the rats but apparently inhibited the longitudinal growth of proximal tibia and the effect increased with higher dosages. 2. Mercury compounds definitely inhibited not only the longitudinal growth (incisor growth) but also the appositional growth (dentin formation) of incisal dentin. 3. The inhibitory effect on the growth was ranked as follows: bone growth greater than dentin formation greater than incisor growth. 4. The actions of MMC on the growth of incisors and proximal tibiae appeared gradually and the response was biphasic; stimulatory and then inhibitory. The inhibitory effect appeared even after the injection was discontinued and appeared more extremely than during the injections. 5. In HgCl2 groups the inhibitory effect on the growth appeared rapidly. The effect increased with higher dosages and became stronger as the injections were repeated. However, this effect was weakened promptly after the injection was discontinued. 6. The repeated injections of mercury compounds hardly affected the level of serum calcium but disturbed the calcification of incisal dentin. From the above-mentioned results a possible mechanism was discussed. It is suggestive that MMC acts directly upon a cell and is transported into it. Once MMC was introduced into a cell it is slowly demethylated to inorganic Hg and acts as the demethylated mercury. When accumulated mercury is slight in volume, it stimulates and then inhibits the cell function with increasing mercury. However HgCl2 binds directly with an effector cell membrane in loose fashion. This may cause the ready reversibility of the effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[The effect of hypophysectomy on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibia--electron microscopy and histochemistry of the epiphyseal proliferative zone (author's transl)].

It is a well-known fact that longitudinal bone growth is affected especially by hypophysis among other various endocrine organs. Using young rats, changes in body weight and in length of the tibia were studied after removal of hypophysis, and alterations occurring in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage plate of the tibia playing an important role in longitudinal bone growth were examined under light and electron microscopes, with special emphasis on the proliferative zone. Alterations of ATP-ase activity of ruthenium red affinity were also examined electron microscopically. Further, quantitative analyses of the alterations of cell organelles were performed using low power electron micrographs. 1) Following hypophysectomy, immediate suppression in weight gain occured, and little or no gain was seen from 14 to 28 days after removal of the gland with plateau in body weight. Longitudinal bone growth of tibia was also suppressed, and little or no growth was seen from the 14th day afterward as was the case for body weight. 2) Changes revealed by light microscopic examination included reduced width of epiphyseal cartilage plate, decreased number and disturbed arrangement of chondrocytes, rapid transition from proliferative zone to degenerative zone, and disturbed formation of the subchondral trabecula. 3) Electron microscopic examination revealed poor development of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cell of proliferative zone, Golgi apparatus ocnsisting of lamellae and a relatively large numbers of vesicles and pronounced decrease in vacuoles. In addition, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen granules were seen together with mitochondria exhibited swelling and elevation of electron density in their matrices. ATP-ase activity was decreased. In the cartilage matrix of the proliferative zone, collagen fibrils and ruthenium red positive granules were decreased in number. 4) Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were treated quantitatively by dividing the proliferative zone into two parts of upper and lower layers. The data showed marked decrease in the every item examined after hypophysectomy. 5) These results indicate that hypophysectomy causes a decrease in intracellular metabolism of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone with a reduced function of matrix formation. The suppression of longitudinal bone growth after hypophysectomy appears to occur under an intimate correlation with a decrease in matrix formation by the chondrocytes of proliferative zone and inhibition of proliferation of the cells in this zone.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

In vitro strain distribution in the proximal tibia. Effect of varus-valgus loading in the normal and osteoarthritic knee.

Six human cadaver legs were tested with strain-gauge rosettes to determine the effects of varus/valgus loading on the distribution of strain on the cortical bone of the proximal tibia at loads of up to 250 kg. Changes in the femorotibial angle of 1.5 degrees and 3.1 degrees, to create varus/valgus deformities, produced significant unloading of the opposite aspect of the normal leg. A varus deformity of 3.1 degrees in the medial compartment osteoarthritic model virtually unloaded the lateral compartment and, because of the bending effect, placed the whole of the lateral aspect of the leg into axial tension. Under these conditions, the axial strains in almost the whole of the medial aspect of the tibia were doubled, from an initial value of 250 microstrain (compressive) to a value of approximately 500 microstrain (compressive). While a change in load-action, to simulate a 3.1 degrees valgus deformity in the medial compartment osteoarthritic model, did not completely unload the medial plateau of the tibia, it was suggested that such unloading could be achieved with slightly greater valgus loading. Successful clinical results, employing valgus osteotomies in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis, are obtained by unloading the medial compartment while markedly increasing compressive loads on the whole of the lateral aspect of the leg.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia and fibula.

Patterns of growth and development are presented for 33 patients with congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia and fibula. The bowing is accompanied by shortening of the tibia and fibula, an initial calcaneovalgus deformity of the foot, and a decrease in ankle motion that does not improve with age. In general, the greater the initial bowing, the greater the ultimate extremity length discrepancy. The proportionate length differences between the normal and the bowed tibiae remained stable after the age of 12 months. This allowed a projection of anticipated extremity length discrepancy at maturity and a determination of the proper treatment. At birth the bowing varied from approximately 25 to 70 degrees, and at maturity the absolute tibial length discrepancies varied from 3.3 to 6.9 cm. Both the posterior and the medial components of the bow became markedly reduced with increasing age, but a mild residual medial portion of the bow remained. Soft tissue enlargement was observed in the posterior aspect of the affected legs in early life and developed to a relative muscle atrophy in later years.

Child↗

PubMed1984

Discriminant function sexing of the tibia.

The objective of the study was to test whether the shaft dimensions of the tibia were as sexually dimorphic as those of the femur and to develop a new sex determination technique from the tibia. Stepwise discriminant function subroutine based on a sample of 159 tibiae of blacks and whites of both sexes of the Terry Collection was employed for the study. Osteometric measurements included were the length, proximal and distal breadths, the circumference of the nutrient foramen and of the smallest shaft regions, and anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the nutrient foramen levels. The results indicated that in all dimensions proximal epiphyseal breadth and the minimum circumference were the variables selected by the stepwise function in blacks and that all but the transverse diameter participated in the function in whites. Average accuracy of sex determination was 87.3% for whites and 90.0% for blacks. For both races proximal epiphysis was a better indicator of sex differences than the remaining dimensions. While the study provided statistically reliable results sexual dimorphism was observed to be race dependent. This was especially true for blacks who provided higher prediction accuracy and more dimorphism than whites. Thus it was suggested that determination of sex required a consideration of not only growth related sex differences, and physical activity, but also the genetic (racial) nature of a population.

Anthropology, Physical↗

PubMed1978

[Modification of the operative technics for the ventralisation of the tuberositas tibiae (Maquet-Bandi) (author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: There is given a modification of operative technics for ventralisation of the tuberosity of the tibia (Maquet-Bandi-Operation). Similar to a sand-glass two triangular cortical/spongious bone grafts are taken from the medial side of the tibia, just beside the tuberosity. Their size can be determined exactly. After having chiseled the proximal part of the tuberosity from both sides and lifted it up, the bone grafts are put under it, one from the medial, the other one from the lateral side by the way, that the top of the triangle is looking in distal, the base in proximal direction. The cortical surfaces of the grafts, showing to the medial and lateral side, make sure the stable keeping place, while their spongious surfaces, showing to the internal side, by direct contact to the spongious backside of the tuberosity and its spongious bed guarantee the quick osseous consolidation. A minimal osteosynthesis by drilling 2 Kirschner-wires in ventro-dorsal direction through the tuberosity, the cortical part of the bone grafts up to the opposite cortex of the tibia finishes the operation. ADVANTAGES: 1. The bone graft can be taken directly at the field of operation. 2. The bone material is homogenous. 3. The cortical part of the grafts guarantee stable keeping place. 4. Their spongious parts make sure the quick osseous consolidation. 5. Minimal osteosynthesis is necessary.

Humans↗

PubMed1984

The effect of medial meniscectomy on strain distribution in the proximal part of the tibia.

The tibiae of five fresh adult human cadaver legs (amputated proximal to the knee) were instrumented with twenty-five strain-gauge rosettes and were tested in axial compression, simulating single-limb stance, at loads of as much as 2450 newtons. We compared the status of the normal knee, with menisci intact, with the status of the same knee after partial or total medial meniscectomy. The resultant changes in strain on the cortical bone of the tibia indicated that medial meniscectomy caused reduced compressive strains on the whole of the lateral aspect of the tibia, while on the medial aspect compressive strains were increased at all levels beyond seventy millimeters distal to the joint-line; however, within fifty millimeters of the joint-line on the medial aspect, there was a significant reduction of compressive strains.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Tibia vara or Blount's disease: pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment.

Tibia vara or Blount's disease is a rare disorder characterised by varus deformity of the upper epiphysis and metaphysis of the tibia, caused by osteochondrosic changes in the proximal growth cartilage of the tibia. The infantile form appears at about 3 years of age, while the post infantile form, which is more rare, appears after the age of 6. Treatment consists of valgizing tibial osteotomy. If performed at an early stage, this can, with time, lead to complete recession of the anatomical and radiological changes in the proximal epiphysis. In the later form, distraction epiphysiolysis (after Monticelli) applied asymmetrically, is a new alternative to osteotomy.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

The effect of tibia-foot rotatory position on the anterior drawer test.

The effect of the position of the foot and tibia on the anteroposterior drawer test was quantified using a clinical testing device. Maximum laxity occurred at 15 degrees of external rotation of the foot. Extreme rotation of the foot and tibia resulted in reductions of anteroposterior laxity of 63% for internal rotation and 50% for external rotation. The ratio of foot rotation to tibia rotation was approximately 2:1. Medial meniscectomy alone did not result in increased anteroposterior laxities when compared with normal knees. Medial meniscectomy with an unrepaired anterior cruciate ligament tear resulted in increased anteroposterior laxities at 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and maximum external rotation of the foot.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with direct current stimulation.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia presents surgeons with one of the most challenging of all orthopedic problems. The results of various forms of surgical treatment are rarely successful. This is a preliminary report on an implanted direct current bone growth stimulator (DCBGS) for treatment of congential pseudarthrosis of the tibia. The implanted stimulator achieved encouraging results in 6 patients when it was used in conjunction with cancellous bone grafting and efficient immobilization of the tibia. The leg requires long-term protection of the fracture site until skeletal maturity is complete.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of severity of angulatory deformity of rat's tibia on spontaneous correction.

In order to estimate the spontaneous correctability of tibial deformity, retrocurvature of various degrees in the growing rat tibia was observed roentgenologically at 2 to 3 weekly intervals for eight week periods. The results obtained were: in the retrocurvated rat tibia of groups I, II and III, 11.1 +/- 2.6%, 7.2 +/- 1.7% and 7.4 +/- 1.1% respectively of initial base angle were corrected in observation periods of between 3 to 8 weeks and the correction obtained between 3 to 5 weeks in groups I, II and III were 4.2 +/- 1.3 degrees (65.5%), 4.3 +/- 1.5 degrees (64.2%) and 5.0 +/- 1.3 degrees (67.9%), and between 5 to 8 weeks were 2.2 +/- 0.6 degrees (34.4%), 2.4 +/- 0.5 degrees (35.8%) and 2.7 +/- 0.9 degrees (32.1%), respectively. This study confirms that spontaneous correctability of deformed rat tibia decreased when the deformity is severe, and, irrespective of the severity of initial deformity, more than half of the initial base angles were corrected in an early phase, and remainders later. This fact indicates that the physeal and diaphyseal remodelling process is affected to some degree by the severity of the deformity.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Blood flow and mineral content of the tibia of female and male rats: changes following castration and/or administration of estradiol or testosterone.

We studied changes in the local circulation and mineralization of the rat tibia under different experimental conditions. Four experiments were performed on a total of 155 female and male rats: after oophorectomy (OOX) or orchidectomy (ORX), after the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB, Agofollin Depot, 1 mg/rat once a week or 5 mg/kg body weight once every 5 days for 4 weeks), or after the administration of testosterone (T, Agovirin Depot, 25 mg/kg body weight once every 5 days for 4 weeks). We estimated 85Sr-microsphere uptake and blood flow in the tibia, density of the tibia, and ash weight per bone volume unit. The scheme of the experiments was uniform: experiment A--females--controls, OOX, EB, OOX + EB; experiment B--males--controls, ORX, EB, ORX + EB; experiment C--females--controls, OOX, T, OOX + T; experiment D--males--controls, ORX, T, ORX + T. A sham operation was performed on the animals in the uncastrated groups. The results showed that OOX and ORX stimulated the uptake of 85Sr-microspheres and bone blood flow and reduced both bone density and ash weight, whereas T inconstantly and EB constantly reduced 85Sr-microsphere uptake and bone blood flow and increased bone density and ash weight in both sham-operated and castrated animals. The described changes in the bone blood flow and mineral content under the given experimental conditions suggest a relation in the regulations of both processes, a possible association with resorption of bone, and the importance of the circulation of blood in the metabolism of bone tissue.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Morphologic and radioautographic studies of bone formation in relation to titanium implants using the rat tibia as a model.

A rat tibia model was developed to analyze bone formation leading to osseointegration with threaded titanium implants. Miniaturized titanium implants were placed in the anterior aspect of the upper tibia of rats weighing 350 g. Twenty-four rats were involved; 12 rats were sacrificed at 6 weeks, and another two rats were sacrificed weekly for 6 weeks following implantation. Four days prior to sacrifice, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with 3H-proline (10 microCi/g body weight). The rats were fixed by perfusion with 5% glutaraldehyde, and the tibia were decalcified and embedded in Epon. The implants were removed from the embedded bone by fracturing, and the specimens re-embedded. Sections were prepared for light and electron microscopy and radioautography. Morphologic observations indicated that implant placement resulted in bone necrosis and resorption. This was followed by bone growth from the old bone surfaces filling the threads with vascular channels and new lamellar bone. Osseointegration was complete at 6 weeks in all animals examined. Electron microscopy at various places along the bone-titanium interface showed an amorphous layer, a granular electron-dense layer, or a layer of uncalcified collagen fibrils. At each week after surgery, radioautography showed the position and thickness of new bone labeled with 3H-proline during the last 4 days. Radiolabeled new bone was deposited only on previously existing bone and extended toward the available space. Since there was no apparent relationship between the implant and the new bone, it was suggested that titanium is biocompatible, but not necessarily osteoinductive.

Animals↗