SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Training”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Living high-training low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers.

The "living high-training low" model (LHTL), i.e., training in normoxia but sleeping/living in hypoxia, is designed to improve the athletes performance. However, LHTL efficacy still remains controversial and also little is known about the duration of its potential benefit. This study tested whether LHTL enhances aerobic performance in athletes, and if any positive effect may last for up to 2 weeks after LHTL intervention. Eighteen swimmers trained for 13 days at 1,200 m while sleeping/living at 1,200 m in ambient air (control, n=9) or in hypoxic rooms (LHTL, n=9, 5 days at simulated altitude of 2,500 m followed by 8 days at simulated altitude of 3,000 m, 16 h day(-1)). Measures were done before 1-2 days (POST-1) and 2 weeks after intervention (POST-15). Aerobic performance was assessed from two swimming trials, exploring .VO(2max) and endurance performance (2,000-m time trial), respectively. Reticulocyte, serum EPO and soluble transferrin receptor responses were not altered by LHTL, whereas reticulocytes decreased in controls. In POST-1 (vs. before): red blood cell volume increased in LHTL only (+8.5%, P=0.03), .VO(2max) tended to increase more in LHTL (+8.1%, P=0.09) than in controls (+2.5%, P=0.21) without any difference between groups (P=0.42) and 2,000-m performance was unchanged with LHTL. In POST-15, both performance and hematological parameters were similar to initial levels. Our results indicate that LHTL may stimulate red cell production, without any concurrent amelioration of aerobic performance. The absence of any prolonged benefit after LHTL suggests that this LHTL model cannot be recommended for long-term purposes.

Altitude↗

PubMed2006

Interspersed normoxia during live high, train low interventions reverses an early reduction in muscle Na+, K +ATPase activity in well-trained athletes.

Hypoxia and exercise each modulate muscle Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity. We investigated the effects on muscle Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity of only 5 nights of live high, train low hypoxia (LHTL), 20 nights consecutive (LHTLc) versus intermittent LHTL (LHTLi), and acute sprint exercise. Thirty-three athletes were assigned to control (CON, n = 11), 20-nights LHTLc (n = 12) or 20-nights LHTLi (4 x 5-nights LHTL interspersed with 2-nights CON, n = 10) groups. LHTLc and LHTLi slept at a simulated altitude of 2,650 m (F(I)O(2) 0.1627) and lived and trained by day under normoxic conditions; CON lived, trained, and slept in normoxia. A quadriceps muscle biopsy was taken at rest and immediately after standardised sprint exercise, before (Pre) and after 5-nights (d5) and 20-nights (Post) LHTL interventions and analysed for Na(+), K(+)ATPase maximal activity (3-O-MFPase) and content ([(3)H]-ouabain binding). After only 5-nights LHTLc, muscle 3-O-MFPase activity declined by 2% (P < 0.05). In LHTLc, 3-O-MFPase activity remained below Pre after 20 nights. In contrast, in LHTLi, this small initial decrease was reversed after 20 nights, with restoration of 3-O-MFPase activity to Pre-intervention levels. Plasma [K(+)] was unaltered by any LHTL. After acute sprint exercise 3-O-MFPase activity was reduced (12.9 +/- 4.0%, P < 0.05), but [(3)H]-ouabain binding was unchanged. In conclusion, maximal Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity declined after only 5-nights LHTL, but the inclusion of additional interspersed normoxic nights reversed this effect, despite athletes receiving the same amount of hypoxic exposure. There were no effects of consecutive or intermittent nightly LHTL on the acute decrease in Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity with sprint exercise effects or on plasma [K(+)] during exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance-trained cyclists.

This study examined the effects of sustained high-intensity interval training (HIT) on the athletic performances and fuel utilisation of eight male endurance-trained cyclists. Before HIT, each subject undertook three baseline peak power output Wpeak tests and two simulated 40-km time-trial cycling performance (TT40) tests, of which the variabilities were 1.5 (1.3)% and 1.0 (0.5)%, respectively [mean (SD)]. Over 6 weeks, the cyclists then replaced 15 (2)% of their 300 (66) km.week-1 endurance training with 12 HIT sessions, each consisting of six to nine 5-min rides at 80% of Wpeak, separated by a l-min recovery. HIT increased Wpeak from 404 (40) to 424 (53) W (P < 0.01) and improved TT40 speeds from 42.0 (3.6) to 43.0 (4.2) km.h-1 (P < 0.05). Faster TT40 performances were due to increases in both the absolute work rates from 291 (43) to 327 (51) W (P < 0.05) and the relative work rates from 72.6 (5.3)% of pre-HIT Wpeak to 78.1 (2.8)% of post-HIT Wpeak (P < 0.05). HIT decreased carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, plasma lactate concentration and ventilation when the cyclists rode at the same absolute work rates of 60, 70 and 80% of pre-HIT Wpeak (P < 0.05), but not when they exercised at the same relative (% post-HIT Wpeak) work rates. Thus, the ability of the cyclists to sustain higher percentages of Wpeak in TT40 performances after HIT was not due to lower rates of CHO oxidation. Higher relative work rates in the TT40 rides following HIT increased the estimated rates of CHO oxidation from approximately 4.3 to approximately 5.1 g.min-1.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1987

Guidelines for optimal physician training in echocardiography. Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee for Physician Training in Echocardiography.

Over the past few years, the clinical use of echocardiography has continued to expand. Echocardiographic techniques are used widely to define normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy, evaluate cardiac chamber sizes and dynamics, assess valvular and pericardial diseases, detect intracavitary masses, measure pressure gradients across discrete stenoses, determine flow volumes, detect and assess the severity of valvular regurgitation, demonstrate and quantitate intracardiac shunts, and measure the timing of cardiac events. These and related applications have led to the increasing use of echocardiography in the diagnostic evaluation of many cardiac disorders. Echocardiography requires considerable theoretical knowledge, technical skill and practical experience to be used in an optimal manner. Previous publications have suggested guidelines for physician training in the techniques of M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography. The clinical applications of echocardiography continue to grow, however, and Doppler techniques for evaluating blood flow have become an established component of the echocardiographic evaluation of many disorders. This article presents the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography as to the background knowledge, the nature and amount of practical experience, and the type of training site that are optimal for the training of physicians who take responsibility for the conduct and interpretation of echocardiographic studies.

Cardiology↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of relaxation training and competing response training to eliminate hair pulling and nail biting.

A 17-year-old female with a 14-year history of hair pulling and nail biting was treated with relaxation training and competing response training. While introduction of relaxation training produced an initial decline in hair pulling, there was a gradual recovery of the maladaptive behavior to baseline levels. The competing response procedure consisted of clenching fists for 3 min whenever hair pulling or nail biting occurred or were likely to occur. By the use of the competing response hair pulling and nail biting decreased, eventually to zero. Follow-up over a 2-year period revealed that the treatment effects were maintained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Audiology training in Nigeria--II: A cost-effective approach to training programs.

The purpose of this article is to provide some ways and means so that an audiology training program can be implemented in a developing country (Nigeria). Specific problems facing students, faculty and the training process itself are examined. Suggestions are provided to reduce these problems. In addition to mobilization of local resources, it is suggested that international cooperation be sought in the development, establishment and implementation of audiology training programs in developing countries. While the present approach may not be unique, it may provide some cost-effective means for meeting the shortage of hearing health care professionals in many developing countries.

Audiology↗

PubMed1989

Training lay persons to use automatic external defibrillators: success of initial training and one-year retention of skills.

This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of recruitment of lay persons to use automatic external defibrillators (AEDs), the effectiveness of their initial training, and the need for and frequency of retraining over time. Volunteers (n = 146), recruited from a variety of settings, included security personnel and administrative staff from large corporate centers, supervisors from senior care and exercise facilities, and employees in high-rise office buildings. Seven sites for 14 AEDs were recruited. In a single, two-hour class, participants learned to identify and respond to cardiac arrest, to notify emergency personnel, to retrieve and attach the semiautomatic (shock advisory) AED, and to respond to instructions presented on the display screen of the device. A skills check list was used to grade each student on performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, operation of the device, and time required to deliver an electric countershock. Retesting was performed one or more times after initial training to assess skill retention. The study lasted 1 year. All age groups, both sexes, and each responder type easily learned to operate the AED, with a trend for lower performance scores in people aged greater than 60 years. Performance time and skills declined significantly after initial training, but returned to satisfactory levels after one retraining session and were even higher after two retraining sessions. With retesting, errors that would have prevented delivery of countershocks to patients in ventricular fibrillation were rare (six of 146 tests, 4%). During the year of this study only three cardiac arrests occurred in the study sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in trained and non-trained healthy whippets.

Numerous factors including non-thyroidal systemic diseases and drug administration can significantly alter canine thyroid function test results. Furthermore, the importance of breed specific variations has probably been underestimated. In this study, total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), canine endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) serum concentrations and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) were determined in a population of healthy whippets and compared to a control group of different breeds. Mean TT4 values were significantly lower in the whippets but no significant differences were seen between whippets and control dogs for FT4 and for cTSH. The prevalence of serum TgAA in the whippets was 2%, and this was not significantly different from the controls. The results suggest a breed variation for TT4, but not for FT4, cTSH and TgAA serum concentrations in whippets. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were also compared between trained and non-trained whippets and it was concluded that regular training did not seem to have any significant influence.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of EMS management training offered during emergency medicine residency training.

Physician involvement in the provision of both direct and indirect medical control to emergency medical providers is critical to the effective operation of an emergency medical services (EMS) system. We conducted a survey of all accredited emergency medicine residency programs in the United States to determine the content of EMS instruction provided to these physicians-in-training. The majority of programs provide an introduction to direct medical control, to EMS organizational structure, and the opportunity to participate in EMS-related research. Less than 65%, however, provide formal instruction in EMS risk management or quality assurance or the opportunity to observe policy-making bodies related to EMS. The importance placed on EMS during residency training is variable. EMS is the domain of emergency medicine, and adequate training of residents for these responsibilities is imperative.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2003

Comprehensive validation of competencies for dental vocational training and general professional training.

This paper outlines a study designed to validate competencies for dental vocational training (DVT) and general professional training (GPT) in order to ensure their accuracy and acceptability. A highly inclusive approach is described whereby all trainers in Scotland were invited to participate in the exercise. The 168 individuals recruited were drawn from all branches of the dental services and all regions in Scotland. Using online or paper questionnaires, quantitative and qualitative data were collected for each competency statement over 9 months, after which focus groups discussed and decided which changes should be made. A high response rate was observed and from the 160 competencies originally identified, almost half (47.5%) were redrafted as a direct result of the validation process. Sections of the competency document that required most attention are discussed, as are the nature of changes made to the competencies. As a result of this study, a fully validated competency document for DVT and GPT has been produced and will allow a high degree of standardization of training through the provision of essential consistent information to trainers and VDPs.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2005

We don't train in vain: a dissemination trial of three strategies of training clinicians in cognitive-behavioral therapy.

There has been little research on the effectiveness of different training strategies or the impact of exposure to treatment manuals alone on clinicians' ability to effectively implement empirically supported therapies. Seventy-eight community-based clinicians were assigned to 1 of 3 training conditions: review of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manual only, review of the manual plus access to a CBT training Web site, or review of the manual plus a didactic seminar followed by supervised casework. The primary outcome measure was the clinicians' ability to demonstrate key CBT interventions, as assessed by independent ratings of structured role plays. Statistically significant differences favoring the seminar plus supervision over the manual only condition were found for adherence and skill ratings for 2 of the 3 role plays, with intermediate scores for the Web condition.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The development of an assessment system for dental vocational training and general professional training: a Scottish approach.

The role of competencies in postgraduate dental education and training has been a major topic of interest in recent years. Concerns have been voiced from all sides of the profession about how the competence of trainees and the quality of training can be assured so that high standards of patient care can be maintained. A three year project which seeks to develop a competency-based assessment system for general professional training is underway which hopes to answer some of the concerns and provide an evidence-based system of assessment for the early postgraduate years. This paper looks at the reasoning behind the project, its aims, and the progress made to date.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1999

The NECTAR-study: development of nutrition modules for general practice vocational training; determinants of nutrition guidance practices of GP-trainees. Nutrition Education by Computerized Training And Research.

OBJECTIVE: To identify determinants of nutrition guidance practices of general practitioner-trainees (GP-trainees), to investigate whether these determinants differ from those found by experienced general practitioners; to reveal educational directions towards the development of computer-based instruction on nutrition. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by means of validated questionnaires. SUBJECTS: All GP-trainees in training at the eight university departments for vocational training in the Netherlands in September, 1998 (n = 985). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reliability of determinants of nutrition guidance practices was calculated by means of Crohnbach's alpha. The mechanism of action of determinants was identified by means of linear structural relationship analysis (LISREL) using a model developed for GPs. RESULTS: Crohnbach's alphas for factors ranged from 0.58-0.90. The empirical GP-trainee-data fitted with the corresponding GP-model on the mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS: The same predisposing factors, driving forces and barriers as found with GPs were identified with GP-trainees. Comparing the GP-and GP-trainee-models, only minor differences were found in the path coefficients between factors. Lack of nutrition training and education proved to be of great influence on the extent of nutrition information given. The GP-trainee-model will be of use in developing computer-based instruction on nutrition. It is expected that GPs may also benefit from this instruction.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

The impact of training in unselected patients on mortality and morbidity in carotid endarterectomy in a vascular training center and the recommendations of the European Board of Surgery Qualification in Vascular Surgery.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of training of vascular fellows on the results of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in unselected patients and to evaluate the recommendations of the European Board of Surgery Qualification in Vascular Surgery (EBSQ-VASC) concerning CEA. METHODS: Complication rates and selection criteria of all CEAs, performed between 1995 and 2000 (n = 200) were retrospectively analysed and correlated to operating surgeon; supervised, nonsupervised vascular trainees, and consultant vascular surgeons. The number of CEAs were compared with the required minimal procedures according to the EBSQ-VASC. RESULTS: Selection criteria for CEA did not differ significantly between operating surgeon groups, except that combined procedures were more performed by nonsupervised trainees and asymptomatic stenosis by consultant surgeons. The overall persistent disabling stroke rate and stroke-related mortality was 3%, with 4.3% in the supervised group, 0% in the unsupervised, and 2.8% in the consultant surgeon group, respectively. The amount of CEAs corresponded to the demands of the EBSQ-VASC. CONCLUSIONS: In our institution, no significant differences in neurological morbidity and mortality following CEA could be demonstrated in relation to surgeon training level. The number of CEAs performed by residents fulfill the criteria of the EBSQ-VASC. We conclude that CEA can be safely taught to vascular trainees in unselected patients in a vascular training centre.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Carbohydrate dependence during hard-intensity exercise in trained cyclists in the competitive season: importance of training status.

To test the hypothesis that intensive endurance training increases CHO utilisation during hard-intensity exercise, seven competitive road cyclists (Cy) performed three 50-min steady-state exercise tests on a cycle ergometer above their ventilatory threshold (+ 15 %) over the course of a cycling season (January [ET1], May [ET2] and September [ET3]). We compared the data with the baseline values of seven sedentary controls (Sed). CHO oxidation in Cy was higher in ET2 and ET3 than in ET1 (p < 0.05), was lower in ET3 than in ET2 (p < 0.05) and was higher in Cy than in Sed only in ET2 (p < 0.05). Lactate kinematics were lower in Cy than in Sed in all conditions (p < 0.05), but in Cy they were lower in ET2 than in ET1 and higher in ET3 than in ET2 (p < 0.05). Race performance was impaired and the overtraining score was increased at ET3 in comparison with ET2 (p < 0.05). We conclude that competitive cyclists increase CHO oxidation during hard-intensity exercise over the course of a season, but show a decline by the end of the season in association with the appearance of an overtraining state. Thus, well-trained cyclists develop a CHO dependence, which is modified with training status.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Randomised training after myocardial infarction: short and long-term effects of exercise training after myocardial infarction in patients on beta-blocker treatment. A randomized, controlled study.

In this study we assessed the short- and long-term effects of 4-weeks of exercise training (MI) soon after myocardial infarction in patients on beta-blocker treatment. Thirty-seven male patients < or = 65 years of age were included in the study, 19 of them randomized to exercise training (ET) and 18 to a control group (Ctr). Cumulated work (CW), calculated in kiloJoules (kJ), was recorded before immediately after the intervention period and again six months after the MI. In the short term the mean (SD) CW increased by 22% (from 65(20) to 79(25) kJ) in the ET group, compared with no change in the Ctr patients (65(24) vs 65(21) kJ) (p = 0.009). At late follow-up CW was 14% above baseline in the ET patients (65(20) vs 74(20) kJ) p = 0.036, compared with only 6% in the 15 Ctr patients who were still available for follow-up (68(24) vs 72(29) kJ), but without a significant between-group difference. In post-MI patients on beta-blocker treatment, and with a high baseline exercise capacity, physical training improved exercise capacity in the short term, but there was no significant between-group difference at long-term follow-up.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1996

Improved athletic performance in highly trained cyclists after interval training.

This study determined whether a 4-wk high-intensity interval training program (HIT) would improve the 40-km time trial performances (TT40) of 8 competitive cyclists (peak O2 uptake 5.2 +/- 0.4 I.min-1) with a background of moderate-intensity endurance training (BASE). Before intervention, all cyclists were tested on at least three separate occasions to ensure that their baseline performances were stable. In these tests, peak sustained power output (PPO) was measured during a progressive exercise test, muscular resistance to fatigue was determined during a timed ride to exhaustion at 150% of PPO (TF150), and a TT40 was performed on a cycle-simulator. The coefficient of variation for all baseline tests was < 1.7 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SD). Cyclists then replaced 15 +/- 2% of their approximately 300 km.wk-1 BASE training with HIT, which took place on 6 d and consisted of six to eight 5-min repetitions at 80% of PPO, with 60-s recovery between work bouts. HIT significantly improved TT40 (56.4 +/- 3.6 vs 54.4 +/- 3.2 min; P < 0.0001), PPO (416 +/- 32 vs 434 +/- 34 W; P < 0.01) and TF150 (60.5 +/- 9.3 vs 72.5 +/- 7.6 s; P < 0.01). The faster TT40 was due to a significant increase in both the cyclists' absolute (301 +/- 42 vs 326 +/- 43 W; P < 0.0001) and relative (72.1 +/- 5.6 vs 75.0 +/- 6.8% of PPO; P < 0.05) power output after HIT. These results indicate that a 4-wk program of HIT increased the PPO and fatigue resistance of competitive cyclists and improved their 40-km time trial performances.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Risk factors for training-related injuries among men and women in basic combat training.

PURPOSE: Past investigations indicate that training-related injuries are associated with certain performance-oriented measures of physical fitness and certain lifestyle characteristics. This study examined associations between injuries, direct (physiological) measures of physical fitness, and lifestyle characteristics. METHODS: Subjects were 756 men and 474 women performing the standardized activities involved in U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). Before BCT, a subsample of subjects (182 men and 168 women) were administered a series of tests that included a treadmill running test (peak VO2), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (for body composition), several measures of muscle strength, a hamstring flexibility test, and a vertical jump. A questionnaire addressed smoking habits and prior physical activity. All subjects were administered the Army Physical Fitness test consisting of push-ups, sit-ups, and a 3.2-km run. Gender, age, stature, and body mass were obtained from physical examination records. Injuries incurred during BCT were transcribed from medical records; for each medical visit, the diagnosis, anatomical location, disposition (final outcome of visit), and days of limited duty were recorded. RESULTS: Women had over twice the injury rate of men. For men and women, fewer push-ups, slower 3.2-km run times, lower peak VO2, and cigarette smoking were risk factors for time-loss injury. Among the men only, lower levels of physical activity before BCT and both high and low levels of flexibility were also time-loss injury risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed that lower peak VO2 and cigarette smoking were independent risk factors for time-loss injury. CONCLUSIONS: Lower aerobic capacity and cigarette smoking were independently associated with a higher likelihood of injury in both men and women during a standardized program of physical training. Further studies are needed to assess associations between injury and body composition and muscular strength.

Adolescent↗