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PubMed2001

Migration and metalloproteinases determine the invasive potential of mouse melanoma cells, but not melanin and telomerase.

The biological characteristic cell locomotion and invasion, melanin content, metalloproteinases and telomerase activity were studied in a parental mouse melanoma cell line B16 and two descendents B16BL6 and B16F10. The invasive potential of melanoma cells was assayed in a transwell cell culture chamber. Melanin content was determined by the absorbance value at 470 nm per 10(6) cells. Tumor cells migration within the 3-D collagen matrix was microscopically recorded with a time-lapse video recorder and analyzed by computer-assisted cell tracking. Gelatin zymography was adopted to assay the metalloproteinases secretion. A polymerase chain reaction-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was used for measuring telomerase activity. The results demonstrated that B16BL6 and B16F10 cells were highly invasive compared to B16 cells, but the melanin content of B16F10 was very low. B16F10 and B16BL6 were hypermotile and secreted much more metalloproteinases than B16. No differences were observed in telomerase activity among the three melanoma cell lines. Invasion of mouse melanoma was closely correlated to tumor cell migration and secretion of metalloproteinases. Melanin content and telomerase activity were phenotypically not related to invasiveness in these three mouse melanoma cell lines.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

From exercise and education to movement and interaction. Treatment groups in primary care for women with chronic muscular pain.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a group-based treatment programme in primary health care for women with chronic muscle pain, and adjust programme development according to experiences obtained by the participating women and health personnel. The aim of the programme was to help the women develop a tool for handling their chronic state of pain. The article describes and discusses experiences essential for elaboration of the treatment programme. DESIGN: Action research design. SETTING: Existing therapy groups in Stovner for women with chronic muscle pain. SUBJECTS: We arranged eight treatment groups, each lasting 12 weeks, and three groups lasting 10 months, with a total of 133 participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Experiences were systematised by means of pragmatic analysis of qualitative data from field notes, tape recordings of focus group interviews, and video recordings of training and discussion groups. RESULTS: While initially the training programme aimed at increasing physical fitness and muscle strength, it gradually developed into activity based on movement with an emphasis on noticing and experiencing. The instruction programme initially aimed at providing information, and developed towards discussion groups with emphasis on mutual understanding and recognition. CONCLUSIONS: The training programme is now concentrated on a few, simple exercises and is characterised by awareness of the relationship between breathing and muscle tension. Groups were found to be the main pillar of the programme, characterised by security and a feeling of belonging with room for reflection and development.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Anti-invasion and anti-angiogenesis effect of taxol and camptothecin on melanoma cells.

Two highly invasive melanoma cell lines B16BL6 and B16F10 were used to investigate the anti-invasion and antiangiogenesis action of taxol and camptothecin (CPT). The adhesion of melanoma cells was tested by optical absorbance at 545 nm. The invasive activity of these cells was tested in a transwell chamber assay. The cell migration within a 3D collagen matrix was recorded with a time-lapse video recorder and analyzed by computer-assisted cell tracking. Gelatin zymography was used to study the metalloproteinase activity. The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was used to study the anti-angiogenesis effect of the two drugs. The results demonstrated that both taxol and CPT could inhibit the migration of B16F10 cells, and inhibit the adhesion of B16F10 to fibronectin and laminin. They can reduce the metalloproteinase secretion of HT1080 and exhibit the antiangiogenesis effect in the CAM model. Taxol showed a highly anti-invasion effect on B16BL6 cells while CPT did not exhibit such an effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Low cost Video Scaler and Gray Scale Integrator.

A hybrid digital/analog device capable of making high-resolution linear and area measurements from a standard monochromatic video image is described. The device is capable of dynamic as well as static data acquisition when used in conjunction with standard NTSC video recording equipment. Digital output allows for computer interfacing. Linear dimensions are obtained by electronically superimposing two horizontal and two vertical scaling lines on a video monitor. Each linear dimension has an eight-bit resolution and is displayed on the front panel with seven segment LED's. Eight-bit, digital-to-analog converters are also used to provide analog outputs. A measurement of the temporal deformation pattern of the accessory capsule surrounding a mechanoreceptor (Pacinian corpuscles) in response to vibratory displacements is demonstrated. Area measurements are obtained via a window comparator, a 6-MHz clock, and a 16-bit digital-to-analog converter. Data is only valid within the zone set by the scaling lines, allowing data regions to be isolated from noise, etc. The 16-bit digital signal measuring the area of interest is then converted for analog output. The measurement of the consensual pupillary reflex in response to full-field illumination (Ganzfeld) is given as an example.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The effect of human calcitonin on the cytoplasmic spreading of rat osteoclasts.

We previously found that calcitonin (CT), which inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, abolished the cytoplasmic motility of isolated osteoclasts. The transition from motility to immotility was accompanied by a characteristic change in cell shape which coincided with the loss of pseudopodial ruffling activity and gradual cytoplasmic retraction. In this report we used computer-assisted morphometry to quantify the reduction in cytoplasmic spreading induced by human CT (hCT). Osteoclasts, isolated from neonatal rat long bones, were allowed to spread on a plastic surface for 120 min. The outlines of six osteoclasts were recorded on a time-lapse video recorder. hCT, other hormones, or plasma samples were then added. The outlines of the same six osteoclasts were recorded after incubation, and the area covered by the cells after incubation was calculated as a percentage of the area covered by the same cells before hormone addition. Osteoclastic spreading was reduced by hCT in a dose-dependent manner and was significantly decreased by concentrations of 2 pg/ml and above. High concentrations of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had no effect on osteoclasts. This technique is a sensitive and quantitative assay of hCT concentration which is unaffected by the presence of other calcium-regulating hormones likely to be present in plasma.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Functional activity of ciliated outgrowths from cultured human nasal and tracheal epithelia.

Primary cultures of respiratory epithelium were produced as outgrowths from human fetal and adult tracheal and nasal polyp explants. Video recordings of the epithelial cell outgrowths were carried out after 5 days of culture and the ciliary beating frequency was analyzed by using a video technique. Uniform fields of differentiated ciliated cells were observed near the edge of the explant. In the transition region of the outgrowth from the explant to the outgrowth periphery, isolated ciliated cells were present, as well as cells with fused cilia. The ciliary beating frequency of the outgrowth of well-differentiated ciliated cells (13.5 +/- 1.4 Hz) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the beating frequency of both the explant (11.9 +/- 0.7 Hz) and the ciliated cells with fused cilia (9.8 +/- 1.7 Hz). The same differentiation stages and functional activities were observed in the outgrowth cultures, whatever their origin. These in vitro models are comparable with each other and therefore could be useful for studying the ciliogenesis and functional activity of the human respiratory epithelium.

Cilia↗

PubMed2001

[Correlation between the biological behavior and invasion potential in three mouse melanoma cell lines].

OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between biological behavior and invasion potential in three homologous mouse melanoma cell lines (B16, B16F10, B16BL6). METHODS: The invasion potential of melanoma cells was assayed in a Transwell cell culture chamber. Melanin content was determined by the A value (optical density) at 470 nm in spectrophotometry. Tumor cells migration within the 3-D collagen matrix was microscopically recorded with a time-lapse video recorder and computer-assisted cell tracking system. Gelatin zymography was adopted to assay the type IV collagenase secretion. A PCR-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was used for assaying telomerase activity. RESULTS: B16BL6 and B16F10 cells showed higher invasion potential than B16, but the melanin content in B16F10 was very low. B16F10 and B16BL6 possessed a higher migration ability, secreting much more type IV collagenase than the B16 though without significant difference as discovered in telomerase activity of the three melanomas cell lines. CONCLUSION: Invasion capability of mouse melanoma is closely correlated to tumor cells migration ability and secretion of type IV collagenase. Melanin content and telomerase activity are not related to the invasion ability of mouse melanoma cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Dual camera sequencer for microsurgical documentation.

All currently available documentary formats have inherent compromises. The use of both video and 35-mm still photography seems to be a practical solution but introduces image quality loss (when using a beam splitter type of dual camera adapter) or increased complexity of operation and resultant surgeon distraction (when using a movable mirror type of dual camera adapter). An electronic sequencer was designed to simplify the operation of a movable mirror type of dual camera adapter, permitting the efficient production of high image quality video recordings and 35-mm slides.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed2000

Digital recording in microsurgery. Technical note.

The authors examine the quality of intraoperative photography in which digital recording technology, including a microdigital camera and digital video paired with an operating microscope, is used during neurosurgery. A microdigital camera developed for this purpose (1.4 million pixels) was attached to an operating microscope and used during surgery. The same surgical views with precisely the same optical conditions were taken through the microscope by using both a conventional 35-mm camera and the microdigital camera, and the quality of the final output was compared. In addition, the quality of the digital camera photographs was compared with the still photograph clipped from the digital video recording. The quality of the photographs taken with a microdigital camera was superior to the quality of those obtained with the conventional 35-mm camera. The success rate of recording (what you see is what you get) was almost 100%. The quality of the still photographs clipped from the digital video was nearly equal to those taken with the digital camera. The microdigital camera system is superior to the conventional 35-mm camera in neurosurgery in terms of its success rate and the quality of the photography. It is also a space-saving system for storing the huge amount of data generated in the recording of surgical procedures, and the cost/performance ratio is superior to that of the conventional method. Digital technology including digital cameras and videos is very useful for clear recording of microsurgical procedures.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A method for study of dilemmas during health care consultations.

No scientific methods have been developed for study of the difficulties or dilemmas which physicians and nurses experience during day-to-day consultations. Such methods have relevance for designers of computer-based decision support systems, medical educators, and administrators. This paper describes the theoretical background and details of a method where a video-recording is reviewed for stimulated recall of the perceived difficulties that occur during doctor-patient consultations. A phenomenological analysis is performed of the video-review comments. The stated dilemmas are categorized, using Habermas's epistemological theory, into those involving medical knowledge, social knowledge and personal competence. In a study of 46 primary care consultations, 262 dilemmas were identified from 400 comments. The influence of the research arrangements on the practice setting, as perceived by physicians and patients, were small.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1996

Changes in the calcaneal pitch during stance phase of gait. A fluoroscopic analysis.

Calcaneal pitch has been considered to be an indirect measure of subtalar joint function. The aim of this pilot study was to assess changes in the calcaneal pitch angle during dynamic gait. Sixty female subjects underwent videofluoroscopy to obtain 27 usable gait cycle data. A single-frame, shuttle-advance video recorder was used to identify midstance of the gait cycle. The calcaneal pitch angle was measured during three midstance periods. The study confirms findings from video and forceplate analysis and reintroduces videofluoroscopy as a gait research tool.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between speed, contact time and peak plantar pressure in terrestrial walking of bonobos.

The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we investigate whether contact times, as recorded by pedobarographic systems during quadrupedal and bipedal walking of bonobos, can be used to reliably calculate actual velocities, by applying formulae based on lateral-view video recordings. Secondly, we investigate the effect of speed on peak plantar pressures during bipedal and quadrupedal walking of the bonobo. Data were obtained from 4 individuals from a group of bonobos at the Animal Park Planckendael. From our study, we can conclude that both walking speeds calculated from contact times and lower leg length or simply from recorded contact times are good estimators for walking speed, when direct observation of the latter is impossible. Further, it was found that effects of speed on peak plantar pressures and vertical forces are absent or at least subtle in comparison to a large variation in pressure patterns. In bonobos, the same pressure patterns are used at all walking speeds, and, in consequence, we do not expect major changes in foot function.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

A continuous noncontact method for measuring in situ vascular diameter with a video camera.

A new, continuous, on-line, video diameter-measuring technique, utilizing a video camera mounted on the sidearm of a stereo microscope, is described. Vessel diameter is derived from changes in the video output signal of the camera or a video recorder when the vessel of interest is displayed horizontally on a monitor and well contrasted with its background. A comparator threshold is set on the filtered video output signal and generates an output pulse that is used to gate horizontal video sync pulses to a digital counter-timer. The number of pulses counted for each video field (no. of horizontal video lines) is proportional to the vessel diameter. The video-derived diameter is calibrated using known standards and correlates well with sonomicrometer-derived diameters of the carotid artery and jugular vein during increasing pressure ramps (r greater than 0.999). The diameter update rate is 60 Hz, and the resolution of the system is one horizontal video line, independent of the vessel size. With suitable magnification and contrast both arteries and veins as small as 200 micron have been measured using this system.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Muscle activity in slalom and giant slalom skiing.

The purpose of this study was to document and compare the muscular activity patterns observed in seven competitive racers during slalom (SL) and giant slalom (GS) skiing using quantitative parameters of EMG and qualitative video recordings. Twelve muscles of the leg and trunk were monitored using surface electrodes and telemetry. EMG activity was related to phases of movement determined from the video. SL was partitioned into two phases (initiation and turning) and a third phase (completion) was distinguished for GS. The majority of muscles were active at a moderate to high level for the whole turn, with average amplitudes (AA) between 58% and 112% maximum voluntary contraction. Large peak amplitudes (PA) were attributed to the substantial components of centrifugal and gravitational force that the skier must resist in the latter part of the turn. The similarity in muscle activity between SL and GS was surprising. The only significant differences were increases of 11.8% in AA for the AT in SL and 8.8% in PA for the EO in GS. There was ample evidence of co-contraction, suggesting a quasistatic component to skiing.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1998

Function of the nasal muscles in normal subjects assessed by dynamic MRI and EMG: its relevance to rhinoplasty surgery.

The external nose is generally considered to have a relatively static shape. Movement of the nose and the potential for change of external shape and the internal airway have been assessed by (1) cadaver dissection and (2) dynamic studies during a standardized series of facial expressions in 13 subjects; video recording of the movement of skin markers, electromyography, and moving magnetic resonance images. A standard description of muscle anatomy is presented. The dynamic investigations indicated the following. Video analysis showed the components of muscle action: dilatation, constriction of the nostril, depression of the tip, vertical contraction in the bridge, and elevation of the alar, in different expressions. Electromyography confirmed muscle actions during expression and phonation. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated large changes in the external shape of the nose and nasal aperture due to muscle actions. Muscle function should be given greater consideration in aesthetic and cleft rhinoplasty.

Electromyography↗

PubMed2005

Pupillographic evaluation of the time course of atropine effects in the mouse eye.

PURPOSE: The nonselective muscarinic antagonist atropine is currently the most potent drug against myopia development in both humans and animal models. However, the mechanism by which myopia is suppressed is still unknown, and the time course of its action is not well documented. Therefore, we have studied the duration of mydriasis in the mouse, a new model of myopia, after topical application of a single eye drop with different doses of atropine. METHODS: The light-induced pupil response of the C57BL/6 (B6) wildtype strain was studied in alert mice that were restrained by grasping their necks. A video image-processing program detected the pupil and measured its diameter at 25 Hz sampling rate. To stimulate, an arrangement of green LEDs, which was attached to the recording video camera, could be flashed for 40 ms by pressing a key on the keyboard. A single drop of atropine solution (1, 0.5, or 0.1%) was instilled in one eye and the recovery of the pupil responses was followed for at least 150 h. Both eyes were measured. RESULTS: 1) Under the defined stimulation conditions, untreated wildtype mice displayed a pupil constriction of 23.7 +/- 2.4%. 2) All doses of atropine caused complete suppression of the pupil responses in the treated eyes within 1 min. 3) The pupil responses of the fellow eyes remained unaffected and were not different from those in untreated animals. 4) The recovery from mydriasis was very slow and did not show clear differences with dose. The extrapolated duration of complete recovery was about 10 d (0.1%: 217 h; 0.5%: 230 h; 1%: 294 h). CONCLUSIONS: Atropine caused a longlasting suppression of the pupil responses in the mouse eye. That the duration of recovery was not obviously dose-dependent suggests that all doses used in this study were saturating the receptors in the iris musculature.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Computer support for recording and interpreting family histories of breast and ovarian cancer in primary care (RAGs): qualitative evaluation with simulated patients.

OBJECTIVES: To explore general practitioners' attitudes towards and use of a computer program for assessing genetic risk of cancer in primary care. DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews and video recordings of simulated consultations. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sample of 15 general practitioners covering a range of computer literacy, interest in genetics, age, and sex. INTERVENTIONS: Each doctor used the program in two consultations in which an actor played a woman concerned about her family history of cancer. Consultations were videotaped and followed by interviews with the video as a prompt to questioning. MAIN OUTCOME MESURESs: Use of computer program in the Consultation. RESULTS: The program was viewed as an appropriate application of information technology because of the complexity of cancer genetics and a sense of "guideline chaos" in primary care. Doctors found the program easy to use, but it often affected their control of the consultation. They needed to balance their desire to share the computer screen with the patient, driven by their concerns about the effect of the computer on doctor-patient communication, against the risk of premature disclosure of bad news. CONCLUSIONS: This computer program could provide the necessary support to assist assessment of genetic risk of cancer in primary care. The potential impact of computer software on the consultation should not be underestimated. This study highlights the need for careful evaluation when developing medical information systems.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish.

Weakly electric fish emit and receive low-voltage electric organ discharges (EODs) for electrolocation and communication. Since the discovery of the electric sense, their behaviours in the wild have remained elusive owing to their nocturnal habits and the inaccessible environments in which they live. The transparency of Lake Malawi provided the first opportunity to simultaneously observe freely behaving mormyrid fish and record their EODs. We observed a piscivorous mormyrid, Mormyrops anguilloides, hunting in small groups in Lake Malawi while feeding on rock-frequenting cichlids of the largest known vertebrate species flock. Video recordings yielded the novel and unexpected finding that these groups resembled hunting packs by being largely composed of the same individuals across days. We show that EOD accelerations accompany prey probing and size estimation by M. anguilloides. In addition, group members occasionally synchronize bursts of EODs with an extraordinary degree of precision afforded by the mormyrid echo response. The characteristics and context of burst synchronization suggest that it may function as a pack cohesion signal. Our observations highlight the potential richness of social behaviours in a basal vertebrate lineage, and provide a framework for future investigations of the neural mechanisms, behavioural rules and ecological significance of social predation in M. anguilloides.

Action Potentials↗