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PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of atypical features across mood, anxiety, and personality disorders.

This study examines and compares the prevalence rates of the atypical features subtype across each of the major mood, anxiety, and personality disorders (PDs). It also evaluates the impact that comorbid anxiety and PDs have on the likelihood that depressed patients will present with atypical symptoms. Eleven hundred thirty psychiatric outpatients were evaluated for the presence of atypical symptoms. All axis I diagnoses were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). PDs were assessed in a subset of 530 patients using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV). From a sample of 579 patients diagnosed with a current major depressive disorder, 22.5% met criteria for the atypical subtype. Prevalence rates were similar in bipolar and unipolar patients, although the pattern of symptoms was distinct. Prevalence rates were lower in patients with dysthymic disorder (12.5%), adjustment disorder with depressed mood (9.4%), and depression not otherwise specified (NOS) (7.9%). When major depression existed in the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder, the likelihood of presenting with atypical features doubled. Nine percent of the patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (without a comorbid depressive disorder) met criteria for atypical features. Two of the four atypical symptoms, leaden paralysis and rejection sensitivity, were found to be especially prominent in nondepressed anxiety disorder patients. Of the 10 PDs listed in DSM-IV, only avoidant PD was associated with the atypical features subtype. In large part, this was accounted for by the high rate of rejection sensitivity in these patients. In conclusion, as many as one quarter of depressed patients who present for outpatient psychiatric treatment meet criteria for the atypical features subtype. There appears to be a strong association between anxiety and atypical depression, but the exact nature of this relationship needs to be further elucidated. It is unclear whether personality pathology is independently associated with the atypical features subtype.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The role of the histologic subclassification of tumor cells in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung and central nervous system metastases.

One hundred eleven patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) were histologically subtyped according to the recent consensus report by the Pathology Committee of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Using pretreatment material the authors examined retrospectively the significance of subtyping of SCLC as a prognostic factor for central nervous system metastasis. The results did not reveal any significant differences between the SCLC subtypes in patients with central nervous system metastases. It was concluded that among the subtypes of SCLC significant differences with regard to the propensity for CNS metastases do not exist.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Echocardiographic changes associated with risk of developing embolic complications in patients with ischemic stroke].

AIM: To study echocardiographic parameters associated with embolic complications in patients with cardioembolic and other pathogenetic subtypes of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 330 patients with ischemic stroke (IS) were examined. Transthoracal echocardiography was made in all the patients, transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 53 (16.1%) patients. The patients were divided into two groups: 104 (31.5%) patients who survived cardiocerebral embolism (group 1), 226 (68.5%) patients with other pathogenetic subtypes of stroke (group 2). RESULTS: Cardiac pathology was detected in 220 of 330 (66.7%) examinees with ischemic heart disease in 50.0% and 51.3% patients of group 1 and 2, respectively; infectious-inflammatory diseases--in 27.9 and 4.4%, respectively (p < 0.0001), other diseases (mitral prolapse, aneurysm and interatrial defect, idiopathic arhythmia) in 25.0 and 5.3% patients, respectively (p < 0.0001). Left atrial myxoma was diagnosed in 1.9% patients of group 1. CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic changes associated with a risk of embolic complications were visualized in all pathogenetic subtypes of ischemic stroke. In cardioembolic stroke echocardiography detected most frequently prolapse with myxomatous degeneration of the cusps and mitral vegetations, mitral failure, calcinosis of the mitral ring, local hypokinesia of the left ventricle, dilation and thrombosis of the left atrium. Rare changes, indicating cerebral embolism, include replaced aortic and mitral valves, mitral stenosis, cardiac tumor, aneurysm and defect of the interatrial septum.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Gene expression profiling of localized esophageal carcinomas: association with pathologic response to preoperative chemoradiation.

PURPOSE: Patients with localized esophageal carcinoma have a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Patients are often treated similarly (ie, with preoperative chemoradiotherapy) but the outcomes vary greatly. Chemoradiotherapy and surgery can result in significant undesirable consequences. Currently, however, there are no tools to help select optimum therapy. We hypothesized that gene expression profiling could provide clues and biomarkers for selection of therapy. METHODS: Pretreatment endoscopic cancer biopsies from 19 patients (16 with adenocarcinoma, two with squamous cell carcinoma, and one with adenosquamous carcinoma) enrolled onto a preoperative chemoradiotherapy protocol were profiled using oligonucleotide microarrays. Surgical specimens following therapy were assessed for the degree of pathologic response. On the basis of array data, selected genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis segregated the cancers into two molecular subtypes, each consisting 10 and nine specimens, respectively. Most cancers (five of six) that had pathologic complete response (pathCR) clustered in molecular subtype I. Subtype II, with one exception, consisted cancers that had less than pathCR (< pathCR). Using a combination marker approach, levels of PERP, S100A2, and SPRR3 allowed discrimination of pathCR from < pathCR with high sensitivity and specificity (85%). Pathway analysis identified apoptotic pathway as one of the key functions downregulated in molecular type II in comparison with type I. CONCLUSION: These encouraging, albeit preliminary, data suggest that expression profiling may distinguish cancers with different pathologic outcome. This is the first report to show subtypes of esophageal cancers with distinct molecular signatures. The potential of PERP, S100A2, and SPRR3 as biomarkers of pathCR warrants further validation.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2002

Sonographic findings in focal fibrocystic changes of the breast.

The purpose of this study was to identify the spectrum of sonographic appearances in histologically proven focal fibrocystic changes (FC) of the breast to enhance understanding of imaging findings in this commonly encountered benign condition of the breast. During a 28-month period, the pathology database at two breast centers was searched to identify all patients with a pathologic diagnosis of focal FC resulting from biopsy of a focal mammographic, sonographic, or palpable abnormality and who had undergone sonographic evaluation before biopsy. The authors included lesions with a pathologic diagnosis of FC with or without a specific histologic subtype, such as stromal fibrosis, sclerosing adenosis, and apocrine metaplasia. In 58 patients, there were 60 lesions with a pathologic diagnosis of focal FC. Sonographically, focal FC appeared as solid mass in 28 cases (46.6%) and as cysts in eight (13.3%). In nine cases (15%), heterogeneously echogenic tissue was seen, and in the remaining 15 (25%) cases, there was no sonographically visible focal change. Thirteen of the 28 (46.4%) masses were classified as sonographically indeterminate. One mass was classified as probably malignant, and 14 masses were sonographically benign. A significant number of focal FC appear as solid masses. The sonographic features are not specific enough to differentiate between those that have a dominant component of focal fibrosis, sclerosing adenosis, or apocrine metaplasia from FC without a specific histologic subtype. Many of these solid masses may appear indeterminate, based on published criteria. An understanding of the imaging findings also helps to avoid repeat biopsy for discordant histologic and imaging findings.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

[Expression of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-beta) subtypes in oral squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subtypes and their relationship with the mechanisms of squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) growth. METHODS: Totally 40 cases of surgical specimens of OSCC resected between 1998 and 2000 and 20 cases of normal human oral mucosa were investigated. Strepto-adridinibiotin complex (SABC) immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze the expression of TGF-beta protein subtypes and their relations with clinical prognosis of OSCC. RESULTS: Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that the subtypes 1, 2 and 3 of TGF-beta protein could be found in OSCC cells and normal oral epithelial cells, however the intensity of protein expression was different. Comparing with those in normal oral mucosa epithelial cells, the subtypes 1 and 2 of TGF-beta were over-expressed in OSCC cells. The over-expression of subtypes 1 and 2 of TGF-beta protein were associated with their pathological grades, clinical stages and neck lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), whilst the subtype 3 protein of TGF-beta was not. CONCLUSION: It will be useful to detect the expression of TGF-beta subtypes in OSCC, as the subtypes 1 and 2 of TGF-beta may play an important role in OSCC growth and metastasis.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Impact of discordant radiologic and pathologic tumor size on renal cancer staging.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the discrepancy in the radiologic and pathologic size of renal cell carcinoma influences the final cancer stage. METHODS: Renal masses resected from December 1999 to September 2004 were identified using a pathologic database and compared by surgical accession number to an existing clinical renal tumor database to identify those T1 and T2 tumors for which radiologic and pathologic data were available. The tumor histologic features, maximal pathologic diameter, and maximal radiologic diameter were recorded. The percentage of tumor size reduction was then calculated using these data. RESULTS: Of the 236 renal cancers evaluated, 52% had regressed in size when comparing the pathologic and radiologic sizes. When stratified by histologic subtype, clear cell tumors regressed more often and to a greater degree than those that were chromophobe or papillary. Also, 15 organ-confined tumors were downstaged when comparing the maximal radiologic diameter and the maximal pathologic diameter, and 13 of these were clear cell tumors. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in kidney tumor size is commonly observed at surgical resection because of a loss of blood flow to the tumor. This tumor size reduction has an impact on the final pathologic stage in organ-confined tumors for which size is the only criterion. The greatest tumor size reduction, and most frequent downstaging, was observed for conventional (clear cell) tumors. We believe this may explain, in part, the worse stage-stratified outcomes for clear cell tumors compared with other tumor types. We propose that renal cancer staging should be determined from accurate measurement of the radiologic size, rather than the pathologic size.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Sporadic and familial CJD: classification and characterisation.

Prion diseases are unique transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that have diverse phenotypes and can be familial, sporadic, or acquired by infection. Recent findings indicate that the PrP genotype and the PrP(Sc) type have a major influence on the disease phenotype in both sporadic and familial human prion diseases. This review attempts to classify and characterise sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) as a function of these two disease determinants. Based on the genotype at codon 129 on both PRNP alleles, the size of protease resistant PrP(Sc) fragments and disease phenotype, we divide sporadic CJD into six subtypes: sCJDMM1/sCJDMV1, sCJDVV2, sCJDMV2, sCJDMM2, sCJDVV1, and sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI). Familial CJD is classified into many haplotypes based on the PRNP mutation and codon 129 (and other polymorphic codons) on the mutant allele. The clinical and pathological features are summarised for each sporadic CJD subtype and familial CJD haplotype.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

cagA gene variants in Malaysian Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients of different ethnic groups.

Helicobacter pylori infection of a distinct subtype of cagA may lead to different pathological manifestation. The aim of this study is to determine the presence of cagA gene and its variants in H. pylori infection among different ethnic groups and its effect on gastroduodenal diseases. Overall detection of cagA among the 205 clinical isolates of H. pylori was 94%. Variations in size of the 3' region of cagA gene were examined among 192 Malaysian H. pylori cagA-positive strains. Results showed that three cagA variants differing in fragment length of PCR products were detected and designated as type A (621-651bp), type B (732-735bp) and type C (525 bp). Although there was no association between any of the cagA subtypes with peptic ulcer disease (p>0.05), an association between cagA subtypes with a specific ethnic group was observed. Specific-cagA subtype A strains were predominantly isolated from Chinese compared to Malays and Indians (p<0.0005), and cagA subtype B strains were predominantly isolated from Malays and Indians compared to Chinese (p<0.05). The cagA type A strains of H. pylori is commonly found in the Chinese patients who have a higher risk of peptic ulcer disease, thus indicating that it could be used as an important clinical biomarker for a more severe infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Correlation of clinical picture (event free survival and overall survival) in childhood acute leukemia patients with immunophenotype and chromosomal abnormalities.

In a group of 102 children with different immunological subtypes of acute leukemia, both lymphoblastic and nonlymphoblastic, the clinical parameters - event free survival and overall survival were correlated with numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. In a group of 80 ALL patients genetic abnormalities were observed in 40 patients, from those 19 of numerical type, 17 of structural type and 4 with both, numerical and structural anomalies. From the whole ALL group observed 23 patients (28.75%) died. In 10 died patients genetic abnormalities were found and in 6 cases less mature T-phenotype ALL has been documented. It seems, therefore, that immature T-phenotype with pathological karyotypes of all types of genetic anomalies presents the most risk group of patients of which all children died. ALL patients, as a whole, with pathological karyotype have shown significantly lower event free survival rate, comparing to the group of ALL patients with normal karyotype. Overall survival rate was also lower in the first group, but statistically not significant. In T-ALL patients, in both groups, with and without pathological karyotype, event free survival rate and overall survival rate were also lower in the first group, but statistically not significant. In B-ALL patients with pathological karyotypes vs. normal ones overall survival rate was lower in the first group, but statistically not significant. There was no difference in overall survival rate in these patients between pathological and normal karyotypes. In ANNL group of patients pathological karyotype was observed in 14 of them, with numerical anomalies in 6 patients, structural in 4 patients and both of them - numerical + structural in 4 children. From the whole ANLL group observed 11 (50%) patients died during the follow-up period (9 in relapse and 2 of treatment complications). From 11 died patients in 81.8% pathological karyotype was present. The prevalence of pathological karyotypes was observed in less mature M0-M2 ANLL subtype (71.4%). ANLL patients with pathological karyotype have shown significantly lower event free survival rate (in one of the two statistical log-rank analyses), comparing to the group of ANLL patients with normal karyotype. Overall survival rate was also lower in the first group, but statistically not significant. The presence/absence of CD34 marker expression in blast cells of our group of acute leukemia patients did not show any difference in event free survival and overall survival rates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Analysis of survivin expression in subtypes of lymphoma].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to diagnose and classify lymphoma in clinical pathology. This study was designed to examine the expression of survivin, an important anti-apoptosis gene, in subtypes of lymphoma,and to investigate its value in classification of lymphoma. METHODS: Biopsies from 83 cases of lymphoma and 5 cases of lymph node reactive proliferation were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2001 to June 2003. Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expression of survivin. In addition, the survivin expression in four tumor cell lines (K562, HL60, Raji, and Jurkat cell line) were also determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Semi-quantity assay was used to evaluate the quantity of survivin protein and mRNA expression in subtypes of lymphoma. RESULTS: Protein expression of survivin was high and strong in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) (87.2%,34/39), Burkitt lymphoma (BL) (100%,2/2), and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) (85.7%,6/7), while their expression were lower and weaker in follicular lymphoma (FL)(22.2%), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) (33.3%), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL)(40.0%). There exist a significant difference between the higher expression group (DLBL, BL, and LBL) and lower one (FL, MZL, and MALT) in expression of survivin. Chi-square test,Chi(2)=24.77,P< 0.01. Furthermore, survivin protein expression level in older patients (media age: 57-year old) with DLBL was higher than that in younger patients (media age: 41-year old). Almost all of Reed-Sternberg cells (R-S cells) in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) showed strongly positive expression of survivin. The protein expression of survivin was positively correlated with mRNA (r=0.627 0,P< 0.01). CONCLUSION: The expression level of survivin mRNA and protein shows significant difference in subtypes of lymphoma,and it might be act as a biomarker to classify the subtypes of lymphoma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Detection of human papilloma virus (HPV) genomes by the primed in situ (PRINS) labelling technique.

Primed in situ Labelling, a technique based on primer mediated DNA synthesis, has become a useful tool in cytogenetics, especially for chromosome mapping, banding and the investigation of sequence organization in fresh metaphase preparations. Its application in the routine surgical pathology laboratory has been hampered by the fact that the technique did not work on paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue. We investigated cervical biopsies (n = 20) with morphological signs of HPV infection and found that the PRINS method is at least as sensitive as a classical in situ hybridization assay for detecting HPV DNA in paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue. In all investigated cases (n = 20), HPV DNA was found by both methods. The PRINS method was able to demonstrate HPV DNA not only in superficial koilocytotic squamous cells but also in non-koilocytotic cells in the deeper spinous cell layers, and even in some basal cells. We describe an economical protocol using conventional consensus HPV oligonucleotide DNA primers. The described method is rapid (approximately 3 hours) and easy to perform for screening and subtyping HPV infection in the routine surgical pathology laboratory.

DNA Primers↗

PubMed2000

Application of computer tomography-oriented criteria for stroke subtype classification in a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To apply stroke subclassification criteria based on computer tomography (CT) to strokes in the Nurses' Health Study and to assess reliability and validity of the criteria. METHODS: Among 121,701 women aged 30-55 years at entry, subclassification criteria were applied to 1369 incident strokes which occurred from 1976 to 1994. Reproducibility of the subclassification criteria was assessed in a systematic sample of 100 strokes reviewed by two independent reviewers. As a validation, relative risks (RR) for stroke subtypes were examined in a prospective analysis of 112,282 women aged 34 to 59 years, free of cardiovascular disease and cancer in 1980, with follow-up through 1994. RESULTS: Strokes were subclassified as follows: 226 subarachnoid hemorrhages, 135 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, 103 embolic, 217 large-artery occlusive, 309 lacunar, and 97 other thrombotic infarctions, as well as 282 strokes of undetermined type. No intercoder discrepancies were found in classification of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, or embolic infarction, whereas there were four discrepancies relative to subclassification of thrombotic infarction, mostly due to inconsistent documentation of CT findings. In multivariate models, associations of older age (> 60 years), current smoking, history of diabetes, and high cholesterol with stroke subtypes were consistent with previous epidemiologic, clinical, or pathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke diagnostic criteria based primarily on CT were found to have a high rate of reliability and validity. These stroke subclassification criteria may be useful in examining whether associations for various lifestyle and health behaviors differ with stroke subtypes.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Prognostic biomarker study in pathologically staged N1 non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: The prognostic influence of 6 biomarkers correlated to histologic subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on loco-regional control, overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS), and distant disease control (DDC) rates, all measured at 5 years, were examined. MATERIALS & METHODS: Cell blocks from the primary tumors of 137 patients with pathologically staged N1 NSCLC at MDACC were analyzed by 6-biomarker status correlated to histological subtypes and their outcomes. RESULTS: The ranges of biomarker values were as follows: apoptotic index, 0.2-2.8%; mitotic index, 0-1.8%; the proportion of cells in S+G2M, 3-36%; p53 status, 0-100%; Ki-67, 0-9.3%; DNA index, 1.0-2.74. Subtypes of 137 cases from the postoperative pathology specimen showed that 74 patients had squamous carcinoma and 63 patients had adenocarcinoma. Mean and median lengths of follow-up were 4.21 years and 2.43 years, respectively. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) had a better 5-year survival (p = 0.006), DFS (p = 0.002), and distant metastasis control (p = 0.002) than patients with adenocarcinoma (AC). Among patients with AC, the DNA index was a significant predictor of 5-year DFS (p = 0.02), DDC rate (p = 0.04), and local-regional control (p < 0.05). Higher apoptosis (p = 0.03) and mitosis indices (p = 0.03) were also univariate predictors of increased distant disease among patients with AC. Multivariate analysis of patients with AC revealed that the DNA index and Ki-67 were the only significant independent predictors of distant metastasis (p < 0.04 and p < 0.02, respectively) and DFS (p < 0.04 for both). Among patients with SCC, univariate analysis showed that S+G2M proportion (p < 0.05) and Ki-67 levels (p < 0.02) were significant predictors for local-regional control; for SC, multivariate analysis showed that only mitosis was a significant predictor in this case for overall survival (p < 0.04). CONCLUSION: Spontaneous apoptotic index and Ki-67 were significantly higher in SC than in AC. Patients with SC had less distant metastasis better DFS and overall survival than those with AC. Multivariate analysis revealed that DNA index and Ki-67 status were significant predictors for DDC and DFS in patients with AC, but only mitotic index was a significant predictor of overall survival for patients with SCC.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Physiologic-pathologic correlation in Guillain-Barré syndrome in children.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate electrophysiologic patterns with sural nerve pathology in children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). BACKGROUND: Based on electrophysiologic and pathologic observations, GBS has been divided into demyelinating and axonal subtypes. The acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) involves predominantly motor nerve fibers with a physiologic pattern suggesting axonal damage, whereas the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) involves both motor and sensory nerve fibers with a physiologic pattern suggesting demyelination. In this study, we sought to confirm these observations by correlating sural nerve pathology with electrophysiologic findings in GBS patients. METHODS: Biopsies of sural nerve from 29 of 50 prospectively studied GBS patients were obtained. Nerves were examined by light and electron microscopy, and with immunocytochemistry for macrophages, lymphocytes, and complement activation products. RESULTS: Sural nerves from AMAN patients were normal or had only a few (0.1% to 0.7%) degenerating fibers without lymphocytic infiltration or complement activation. One patient with reduced sural sensory nerve action potential classified as acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) had many degenerating fibers (2.3%) in the sural nerve. All three AIDP patients displayed active demyelination, and in two patients, lymphocytic infiltration and complement activation products were observed on the abaxonal Schwann cell surface. CONCLUSION: Classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes based on motor conduction studies correlates closely with pathologic changes seen in sural nerve. In acute motor axonal neuropathy cases, the sural nerve is almost completely spared pathologically. In acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy cases, macrophage-mediated demyelination and lymphocytic infiltration are common in the biopsies of sural nerves.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1992

NMDA receptor-mediated arachidonic acid release in neurons: role in signal transduction and pathological aspects.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive subtype of glutamate receptor, which gates Ca(2+)-permeable ion channels, is known for its role in learning and memory formation, in the induction of long-term potentiation, and also in seizure activity and neurotoxicity. In primary cultures of cerebellar neurons, agonists of NMDA receptors induce a dose-dependent release of [3H]arachidonic acid ([3H]AA), which is potentiated by activation of the glycine-positive modulatory site and inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonists. NMDA receptor-induced [3H]AA release is inhibited by quinacrine and partially depends on the presence of extracellular calcium. The [3H]AA release is not sensitive, however, to pretreatment with pertussis or cholera toxin, which suggests a Ca(2+)-dependent activation of phospholipase A2 not employing G proteins. Pretreatment of cultures with the natural and semisynthetic sphingolipids GT1b and PKS 3, respectively, inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated [3H]AA release. We also demonstrated glutamate-evoked [3H]AA release from rat hippocampal slices, which is NMDA receptor mediated, calcium dependent and sensitive to quinacrine. Arachidonic acid and its metabolites have been shown to play a role as second messengers and to modulate neuronal activity. Moreover, they are thought to act as transsynaptic modulators in the mechanism of NMDA receptor-induced long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Their role in ischemic brain pathology has also been postulated. Our experiments on cultured cerebellar granule cells, incubated in a Mg(2+)-free medium deprived of glucose and oxygen, demonstrated a time-dependent stimulation of [3H]AA release. This release was inhibited by antagonists of NMDA receptors and by quinacrine. Stimulation of NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptors and the subsequent calcium-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 may play a role in the in vivo release of arachidonic acid during brain ischemia. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the enhanced level of thromboxane B2 in the gerbil brain after 5 min of global ischemia is reduced by the systemic application of either the NMDA antagonist MK-801 or the ganglioside GM1.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Extension modes in Borrmann-4 stomach carcinoma estimated by macroscopic appearances].

The clinico-pathologic findings on 91 patients with Borrmann-4 gastric carcinoma were studied. Based on macroscopic appearance of the gastric lesions, Borrmann-4 carcinoma was classified into 4 subtypes; (1) giant rugae type, (2) IIc surface type, (3) erosion type and (4) stricture type. According to the clinico-pathological characteristics of each subtype, these main modes of cancerous extension are suggested: Carcinoma of the giant rugae type develops from a small lesion at the gastric body into peritoneal sclerosing infiltration, cancer of the stricture type originates from the gastric antrum and progresses to peritoneal sclerosing infiltration, cancer of the IIc surface type and erosion type develops from large erosive lesions into lymphangitis carcinomatosa.

Female↗

PubMed2005

[Usher syndrome: an example of genetic heterogeneity].

Usher syndrome includes hereditary pathologies characterized by bilateral sensorineural deafness and visual impairment due to retinitis pigmentosa. Clinically, there are three distinct subtypes referred to as USH1, USH2, and USH3. Each subtype is genetically heterogeneous. Eleven different genes are implicated in the pathology; most of them are also implicated in isolated auditory or visual pathologies. MYO7A is responsible of 75% of the USH1 cases and Usherin is responsible of 82% of USH2A patients. The proteins have direct interactions with each other, are expressed in cochlea and retina and perform an essential role in stereocilia homeostasis. From 1995 we approach the study of Usher syndrome in Spain from different points of view: epidemiological, clinic, genetic and molecular. This study will provide additional insight into the pathogenic process involved in Usher syndrome, prognosis factors, and guide to the search for targeted therapies.

Genetic Heterogeneity↗