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At least 559 records · Page 31Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Reprogramming of the activity of the activator/dissociation transposon family during plant regeneration in rice.

Many aspects of epigenetic phenomena have been elucidated via studies of transposable elements. An active transposable element frequently loses its ability to mobilize and goes into an inactive state during development. In this study, we describe the cyclic activity of a maize transposable element dissociation (Ds) in rice. In rice genome, Ds undergoes the spontaneous loss of mobility. However, an inactive state of Ds can be changed into an active state during tissue culture. The recovery of mobility accompanies not only changes in the methylation patterns of the terminal region of Ds, but also alteration in the steady state level of the activator (Ac) mRNA that is expressed by a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. Furthermore, the Ds-reactivation process is not random, but stage-specific during plantlet regeneration. Our findings have expanded previous observations on Ac reactivation in the tissue culture of maize.

DNA Transposable Elements↗
PubMed2003

Reprogramming the genome: role of the cell cycle.

In nuclear transfer reconstructed embryos, the co-ordination of donor nuclear and recipient cytoplasmic cell cycle phases is essential to maintain ploidy and prevent DNA damage. However, the stage of the cell cycle at the time of reconstruction and the method of reconstruction may also have a significant impact on the subsequent development of the embryo and fetus through a number of other mechanisms. This paper reviews some of the information currently available and proposes that consideration of the cell cycle may lead to improvement of methods for embryo reconstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genetic reprogramming by retroviruses: enhanced suppression of translational termination.

Viruses often exploit or subvert host machinery for their own purposes during replication. A search for proteins interacting with the murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (RT) recently provided a new example of such exploitation. RT was found to bind the eukaryotic translational release factor 1 (eRF1), the protein that recognizes stop codons and, in complex with eRF3, causes termination and polypeptide release from the ribosome. RT is derived from a large Gag-Pol polyprotein, and its synthesis requires a translational readthrough, a suppression of termination, at a stop codon at the end of the gag gene. The binding of eRF1 by RT was found to inhibit eRF1 action, enhance the efficiency of readthrough, and thus cause higher levels of RT synthesis. The observations suggest that retroviruses manipulate the translational machinery in sophisticated ways to fine-tune their own gene expression.

Codon, Terminator↗
PubMed2004

Reprogramming RelA.

The diversity of activators and targets of the NF-kappaB transcription factor family demands that there be regulatory mechanisms in place to control the specificity with which genes under their control are induced. In part this can be achieved through selective induction of different NF-kappaB subunits and through co-operative interactions with heterologous DNA-binding proteins and co-activators. Recent work from our laboratory indicates another critical mechanism regulating NF-kappaB. We find that the RelA(p65) NF-kappaB subunit does not always function as an inducer of gene expression, but under certain circumstances can be programmed to actively repress these same target genes. This repressor form of NF-kappaB appears to be induced by distinct, atypical pathways of activation and also through the action of some tumor suppressors. The identification of these pathways not only allows a reinterpretation of NF-kappaB function in normal cells and during tumorigenesis but could also have implications for both traditional and NF-kappaB based cancer therapy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Plasticity of the central nervous system and treatment strategies for sensory and motor reprogram: comparison between two cases of cerebrovascular disease in the middle cerebral artery territory].

INTRODUCTION: Injury to the central nervous system causes a series of symptoms, which lead to a process of cerebral plasticity. Proprioceptive and exteroceptive information processing from the outside to the brain, influence the development of neuroplasticity, which contributes to either the recovery or maintenance of sensory-motor alterations after a stroke. CASE REPORTS: Two patients with cerebrovascular accident in the left middle cerebral artery territory, one of them ischemic and the other hemorrhagic, whose sensory and motor therapy applied show big differences. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment strategies for functional rehabilitation following a cerebrovascular accident, must be established in relation to current hypotheses on cerebral neuroplasticity and central nervous system pathways, which shows less damage or better sensory motor response. The assessment of neurological signs and symptoms, can indicate which tracts show more or less damage and which ones show greater response to motor recovery treatment. Nevertheless, functional neuroimaging diagnosis provides us with the data in a more reliable way. Even so, among patients that show similar lesion zones, according to diagnosis of computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, there exists a significant clinical variability among different cases, in which case we confirm, in reference to physical treatment, that there are no patients alike, or identical patients even if they have the same clinical diagnosis of the disease.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nuclear bodies domain changes with microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis.

We analysed the presence of nuclear bodies and particularly Cajal bodies during representative stages of gametophytic and haploid embryogenic development in isolated microspore and anther cultures of a model system (Brassica napus cv. Topas) and a recalcitrant species (Capsicum annuum L. var. Yolo Wonder B). The nuclear bodies domain is involved on several important roles on nuclear metabolism, and Cajal bodies are specifically involved on the storage and maturation of both snRNPs and snoRNPs, as well as other splicing factors, necessary for mRNA and pre-rRNA processing, but not directly on the transcription. In this study, immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling with anti-trimethylguanosine antibodies against the specific cap of snRNAs, ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis were performed on cryoprocessed samples at confocal and electron microscopy respectively. Results showed that Cajal bodies increase during the early stages of microspore embryogenic development (young pro-embryos), compared to microspore and pollen development. Our results suggest that Cajal bodies may have a role in the transcriptionally active, proliferative stages that characterise early microspore embryogenic development.

Brassica napus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphogenetic reactions of cells and the reprogramming of their syntheses].

Several groups of experimental findings concerning the influence of alteration of cell shape on cell proliferation and differentiation are reviewed. Analysis of the data suggests that interactions between cells and extracellular matrix may control the programming of intracellular synthesis. The pathways of this control remain obscure. It is stressed that this control mechanism plays essential role in development.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Reprogramming the social environment of an autistic child.

The effects of a token reinforcement and response cost procedure on the social skills, and academic and problem behaviours of a nine-year-old autistic child were assessed using a token economy treatment programme. The treatment was carried out in the child's home environment with his parents acting as therapists. It was found that the child's learning was enhanced and his problem behaviours were brought under parental control. These results seem particularly significant because it demonstrates the feasibility of using a token economy treatment programme with autistic children.

Autistic Disorder↗