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PubMed1977

Reassessment of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid.

The Widal test was done in 100 nontyphoidal febrile pients, 53 patients with proven typhoid, and in 61 patients with immunological disturbances in an are where typhoid is endemic. Salmonella typhi H or O agglutinin titers of 1:160 or more were seen in only 1% of nontyphoidal fevers. Using these criteria, the Widal test was of diagnostic value in 50 of 53 (94.3%) of patients with typhoid. The Widal test was positive in 85.7% of patients even in the first week of the illness, possibly owing to the hyperimmune state of the patients. A false-positive test was found in 11.5% of patients with major immunological disturbances in whom the Widal test must therefore be interpreted with caution.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Agglutination of isolated rat bladder cells by lectins after administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine.

Lectins, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) were used for agglutination of isolated rat bladder cells after administration of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN). The results showed that WGA and RCA, as well as Con A, agglutinated rat bladder cells during the early stage of bladder carcinogenesis. The agglutinations by the 3 kinds of lectins were different; WGA and Con a agglutinated only BBN-treated cells but RCA agglutinated both BBN-membrane alterations during the early phase of bladder carcinogenesis.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1984

The magnitude and duration of titres of leptospiral agglutinins in human sera.

Sixty-nine meat inspectors with titres of leptospiral agglutinins ranging from 1:768 to 1:24, were re-bled and reexamined periodically over a period of 53 months. Some individuals maintained titres of 1:384 and 1:192 for at least 30 months and others with initial titres of 1:48 and 1:24 maintained such titres for 53 months. Only six, of 63 initially seronegative (less than 1:24) meat inspectors, seroconverted during the period of study. The magnitudes of titres at a single sampling from each of 162 people, with previous histories of medically confirmed leptospirosis, were analysed in relation to time elapsed since initial diagnosis. Some individuals had titres of 1:192 seven years after infection, while others had lower titres after more than 20 years. Conversely, 12% of the population was seronegative two years after infection. These results indicate that it is not possible, from the results of a leptospiral agglutination test, to estimate retrospectively the time at which infection may have occurred. In a small proportion of individuals recently affected by leptospirosis, it will not be possible to demonstrate a change in agglutinating titre.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1987

Anti-i cold agglutinins in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome binding study with membrane glycosphingolipids.

An unusual isohemagglutinin caused blood incompatibility in a patient with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome after nine transfusions. The patient's serum agglutinated erythrocytes of all the donors examined. The antibodies were cold agglutinins which agglutinated adult and cord erythrocytes equally. The binding of these antibodies to glycosphingolipids was analyzed by thin-layer chromatogram immunostaining and solid phase radioimmunoassay. The results indicate that the antibodies in the patient's serum bound specifically to lactonorhexaosylceramide and sialosyllactonorhexaosylceramide, glycolipids known to carry the i antigenic determinant. The antibodies did not bind to neolactotetraosylceramide, sialosylneolactotetraosylceramide or lactoisooctaosylceramide (I-active glycolipid). The patient's serum immunostained several components in the acidic glycolipids from OI erythrocytes. The antibody activity was predominantly present in IgG but the IgM showed similar binding specificity. Hemagglutination of OI erythrocytes with the patient's serum could be inhibited with lactonorhexaosylceramide. These results showed that the patient's antibodies recognized the i determinants carried by membrane surface glycolipids. The production of anti-i antibodies in the patient is intriguing in view of the decreased antibody response to carbohydrate antigens and deficient isohemagglutinins which have been generally observed in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1990

Location of the three major agglutinogens of Bordetella pertussis by immuno-electronmicroscopy.

When the three serotypes of Bordetella pertussis (types 1,2,3; 1,2 and 1,3) were labelled with agglutinins and protein-A gold, agglutinogen 1 was found on fimbriae and on the cell surface of types 1,2,3 and 1,2 but on the cell surface only of non-fimbriate type 1,3 organisms. In contrast, agglutinogen 2 was located on fimbriae only. Agglutinogen 3 was not labelled. When protein-A gold was replaced by immunoglobulin-G gold, agglutinogen 3 was found on the cell surface only, even of fimbriate bacteria of type 1,2,3. The implications of these findings for acellular vaccines are discussed.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1975

Agglutinin response to bacterial infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

Agglutinin titres to Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris in the serum of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, patients producing mucoid sputum, and healthy controls were determined. Serological evidence of infection with H. influenzae was found in 38 of 57 patients with acute exacerbations, and Str. pneumoniae infection in 10 of the 57 patients, but was generally absent from healthy control subjects and from patiens producing mucoid sputum. No serological evidence of infection with other organisms named above was found to be associated with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ten patients with acute exacerbations were without serological evidence of infection by any of the bacteria tested.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1985

The diagnostic utility of the febrile agglutinin tests.

The purpose of our study was to analyze the use of febrile agglutinin (FA) serologic tests in the diagnosis of Salmonella (typhi and paratyphi), Rickettsia, Brucella, and Francisella infections. Data were collected in a retrospective chart study of 202 titer requests covering a 42-month period at our teaching hospital. We found that no diagnoses were made by utilizing complete six-antigen FA panels. Three cases of infection were diagnosed serologically, all three with more discriminately selected single-antigen titers. These three cases each had a positive epidemiological history suggestive of disease prior to ordering FA tests. Our data suggest that the FA tests (especially the Salmonella group antigen) are an overutilized set of laboratory tests and are often difficult to interpret. It is much more important to make a diagnosis based on clinical findings and epidemiological criteria.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1986

Neutrophil agglutinins in idiopathic chronic neutropenia of early childhood.

Twelve patients with chronic neutropenia, ranging in age from 7 to 27 months, were studied for circulating antineutrophil autoantibodies. Absolute neutrophil counts ranged from 0 to 500/cu mm. None of the patients was transfused or had a history of prior drug ingestion. Edetic acid-microagglutination was employed to detect leukocyte antibodies. Sera from six of 12 patients contained antineutrophil antibodies, four reacting with neutrophils from the father and two from the mother. Patient sera also reacted with neutrophils of several unrelated normal volunteers. Four of the six patient sera with antineutrophil antibodies also reacted with autologous neutrophils. The duration of neutropenia was seven months in one patient with antibody whose neutropenia resolved. Patients with neutrophil autoantibody did not clinically differ from those without demonstrable antibody. The coexistent fall in leukoagglutinin titer and rise in neutrophil counts in one patient suggested an etiologic role for this antibody. Detection and proper diagnosis have important therapeutic implications.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1988

Agglutinins and antibodies to Francisella tularensis outer membrane antigens in the early diagnosis of disease during an outbreak of tularemia.

Tularemia was diagnosed in 57 patients during an outbreak in central Norway in 1984 and 1985. Clinical categories of the disease showed seasonal variations. A bacterial microagglutination test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with class-specific antibodies against Francisella tularensis outer membrane (OM) antigens were evaluated for the early diagnosis of tularemia. ELISA with immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, or IgM antibodies and the microagglutination test differed only marginally in diagnostic sensitivity. The OM preparation harbored F. tularensis agglutinogens and contained a variety of proteins, several of which functioned as immunogens in tularemia patients, as shown by Western blotting (immunoblotting). All 12 patients tested produced antibodies against a 43,000-molecular-weight OM protein. Individual variation was noted with regard to antibody response against other OM antigens. The OM is a suitable antigen preparation in ELISA for the diagnosis of tularemia and, presumably, contains antigens important in the immunobiology of tularemia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

An N-[(R)-(-)-2-hydroxypropionyl]-alpha-L-perosamine homopolymer constitutes the O polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O144 which has antigenic factor(s) in common with V. cholerae O76.

Chemical and serological studies were performed with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae O144 (O144). The LPS of O144 contained D-glucose, D-galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-fructose, D-quinovosamine (2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-gluco-pyranose) and L-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-manno-pyranose). The perosamine, a major component sugar of the LPS from O144, was in an L-configuration, as is also the case in the LPS from V. cholerae O76 (O76), in contrast to the D-configuration of the perosamine in the LPS of V. cholerae O1. A structural analysis revealed that the O polysaccharide chain of the LPS from O144 is an alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymer of (R)-(-)-2-hydroxypropionyl-L-perosamine. The serological cross-reactivity between O144 and O76 was clearly revealed by cross-agglutination and cross-agglutinin absorption tests with whole cells, as well as by passive hemolysis tests with sheep red-blood cells that had been sensitized with the LPS from O144 and O76. In contrast, in passive hemolysis tests, the LPS of O144 did not cross-react serologically with the LPSs from other strains such as V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa and Inaba), V. cholerae O140, Vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 (Original and Variant) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9. The LPSs from these strains consist of O polysaccharide chains composed of alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymers of D-perosamine with various N-acyl groups, and they share the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1 in common. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the absolute configuration of the perosamine residue in homopolymers plays a very important role in the expression of the serological specificity of the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1981

Effect of calcium on reactions between a salivary agglutinin and a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans.

Using a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans we found that the agglutinating activity could be quantitatively absorbed, and desorbed from the micro-organisms by a phosphate buffer. The desorbed agglutinin was found to be inactive in the absence of calcium. Calcium alone did not induce aggregation. At 0.1 mM calcium most of the activity was regained. Other cations could not substitute for calcium. On a molecular basis the ratio between calcium and agglutinin or bacteria is high, in the order of 10(7) and 10(4) respectively.

Absorption↗

PubMed1996

Membrane characterization of amastigote-like forms of Leishmania donovani.

During in vitro transformation, Leishmania donovani promastigotes converted into amastigote-like forms and underwent several changes in membrane parameters. They exhibited significantly increased microviscosity comparable to true amastigotes. Activities of several functionally important membrane bound enzymes were also altered, thereby indicating a change in their orientation. Peanut agglutinin was found to be specific for agglutination of stationary phase promastigotes whereas wheat-germ agglutinin was specific for the amastigote-like forms as well as for pure amastigotes, implying the presence of specific glycoconjugates on the parasite surface.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The role of natural agglutinins and trypanolytic activity in host specificity of Trypanosoma musculi.

Trypanolytic activity and agglutinins for T. musculi were demonstrated in sera from refractory hosts. The agglutinins in human and bovine serum were specific antibodies. The trypanolytic activity was a result of the ability of the trypanosomes to activate complement in these normal sera. The results suggested that Trypanosoma musculi activates human complement by the alternative pathway. The activity was inhibited by EDTA but not EGTA, and trypanosome lysis occurred in the absence of C2. In addition, conversion of C3 occurred in the presence of EGTA. The trypanolytic activity of bovine serum was similarly inhibited by EDTA but not EGTA. Trypanosome lysis failed to occur in C6 deficient rabbit serum, showing that the late components of complement are required for parasite lysis. Trypanosome lysis by human or bovine serum was inhibited by the addition of mouse serum but not rat serum. These observations suggest that the presence of trypanolytic activity and antibodies to this trypanosome in sera of normal mammals may be responsible for the restricted host range of the trypanosome, and that the absence of these antibodies and the ability of this parasite to evade the trypanolytic activity enables T. musculi to establish infections in the mouse.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1981

The prevalence of anti-leptospiral agglutinins in sera of wildlife in southeastern Australia.

Anti-leptospiral agglutinins were found in the serum from 18 (7 species) of 419 (25 species) animals sampled from various areas of southeastern Australia. Positive serologic reactions were observed in 5 of 25 (20%) brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), 1 of 26 (3.8%) tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), 2 of 12 (16.7%) swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), 1 of 3 (33.3%) koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), 3 of 41 (7.3%) common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), 2 of 100 (2%) bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) and 4 of 12 (25%) rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). The majority (55.5%) of serologic reactions were to serovar hardjo. No serologic reactions were observed in samples from echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), swainson's antechinus (Antechinus swaisonsii), long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta), brown bandicoot(Isoodon obesulus), common ringtail (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), greater glider (Schoinobates volans), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster), black rat (Rattus rattus), eastern swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus), broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), hog deer (Axis porcinus) and fallow deer (Dama dama).

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1993

Prevalence of leptospiral agglutinins among conservancy workers in Madras City, India.

In a study of 584 Corporation conservancy (sanitation) workers who lived mostly in slums, and who worked in four Corporation Circles of Madras City, India, 192 (32.9%) were found to be positive for agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans. Seropositivity prevalence increased with age, but was similar in males and females except in the youngest age group, where males predominated. Prevalence in the four study areas ranged between 17.8 and 40.5% (P < 0.01). Among 152 sera in which one serogroup predominated, Autumnalis was the most commonly recorded (33.6%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (15.1%), Panama (15.1%), Sejroe (14.5%) and others (21.7%). Forty sera reacted to two or more serogroups at the same (highest) titre, most frequently to the first three serogroups above. The titre range was 1:50-1:3200 (geometric mean titre 149). Among a group of 46 male automobile industry workers who lived in middle-class housing, seropositivity prevalence (17.4%) was approximately half that of the sanitation workers (P < 0.05), and the titre range was lower (1:50-1:200, GMT 84). The predominating serogroups were those found in the sanitation workers. Bearing in mind that sanitation workers are the urban group probably at highest risk of leptospiral infection, the prevalence rate (< 33%) found in our study is not considered to be particularly high.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Trypsinization increases lectin-induced agglutinability of uncapacitated guinea pig sperm.

Capacitated guinea pig sperm are more agglutinable by the lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) than uncapacitated sperm (Talbot and Franklin, '78). This study demonstrates that uncapacitated guinea pig sperm become as agglutinable by SBA as capacitated sperm when treated with trypsin, but not chymotrypsin. The pattern of lectin induced sperm agglutination after trypsinization resembles that for capacitated sperm. Also, trypsinization specifically increases SBA induced agglutination and does not affect agglutination by RCA-60; similar results are obtained during in vitro capacitation. Taken together, these data may indicate that a trypsin-like enzyme modifies the sperm surface during capacitation.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1992

Serological cross-reaction between Yersinia enterocolitica O9 and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae bio-serogroup Hakata and antigenic analysis of their relationship by their lipopolysaccharides.

Cross-agglutination and cross-agglutinin absorption experiments were carried out on non-O1 Vibrio cholerae bio-serogroup Hakata (Hakata) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9 (O9). It was shown that the O-antigen of Hakata was closely related to that of O9 in an a, b-a, c type of relationship. The antigenic relationship between the O-antigens of the two bacteria was analyzed by passive hemolysis (PH) and passive hemolysis inhibition (PHI) tests by using their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as antigen for sensitizing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and, in the case of the latter, as an inhibitor in a PH system consisting of LPS-coated SRBC, guinea-pig complement and anti-Hakata or O9 antiserum, both unabsorbed and absorbed with the heterologous Hakata or O9 antigen. In the PH experiment, unabsorbed anti-Hakata antiserum had hemolytic titers of 126,100 and 2,600 against Hakata- and O9-LPS-coated SRBC, respectively, and anti-O9 antiserum had hemolytic titers of 19,400 and 38,800, respectively, against these SRBC. The PH experiment showed that anti-O9 antiserum contains a hemolysin reacting with the heterologous Hakata antigen at a high titer (19,400), while anti-Hakata antiserum contains a hemolysin reacting with the heterologous O9 antigen at a significant titer (2,600). The former was completely removed from anti-O9 antiserum with the Hakata antigen and the latter from anti-Hakata antiserum with the O9 antigen. Thus, serological cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the Hakata and O9 strains.

Agglutination↗

PubMed1977

Differences in agglutinability of adult and fetal human fibroblasts using phytohemagglutinin.

Whereas Concanavalin A (Con A) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) detect differences in the agglutinability of transformed, established and secondary cultures, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) detects differences between cultured adult and fetal human fibroblasts. Adult cells agglutinate with PHA to the same extent as transformed cells, whereas fetal cells show significant agglutination only after trypsinization. Differences in cell size, growth rate, surface architecture or binding of fluorescent PHA could not be demonstrated between adult and fetal cells. Although the basis for this apparent difference in agglutinability remains unknown, it is the first demonstration that fetal cells (even after prolonged in vitro culture) retain at least some surface properties not shared by adult or transformed cells.

Adult↗