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PubMed1983

[Serotonin precursors as antidepressive agents: a review].

The serotonin hypothesis postulates a decreased function of this neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of depressed patients. L-tryptophan and--more specific--5-hydroxytryptophan are natural precursors of this biogenic amine. Results of numerous therapeutic trials with L-tryptophan are not convincing of this compound's antidepressant efficacy in marked to severe endogenous depressions. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded that it is effective in moderate dysphoric states with apathy and sleep disturbances. However, possible toxic effects of high and long term use render its clinical use doubtful. The antidepressant efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptophan has not been proven. However, the possibility exists that a serotonin deficient subgroup of depressed patients responds to this substance and further, that it has depression prophylactic properties. As both tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan are less effective than tricyclic antidepressants and not without side effects they do not appear to be useful antidepressants.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical evaluation of the antidepressive agent noveril].

Altogether 32 patients with different depressive states received noveril. The drug was administered in the doses of 180, 160, 240 and 320 mg in the first half of the day. Complete egress from the depressive state and considerable improvement were observed in 46% of the patients, slight improvement in 38% and no visible improvement was recorded in 16% of the patients. The data obtained enable the assessment of noveril as a primarily activation antidepressant with a rapid manifestation of therapeutic effect. The drug is indicated in classical depressions, adynamic subdepressions, obsessional depressions and cyclothymic subdepressions. The drugs are used in the doses about 160-240 mg. It was established that noveril should be used with caution in patients with arterial pressure fluctuations. In senesthopathic and hypochondriac conditions, noveril is either ineffective or leads to the patients' state deterioration.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2003

Therapeutic effects of two antidepressant agents in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder characterised by an acute emotional response to a traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress (natural disasters, wars, epidemics, rape, assaults, physical torture, catastrophic illness or accident), which may be identified in cognitive, affective or sensory motor activities. The objective was to perform a pilot clinical trial designed to compare the effects of older (tricyclic) and newer "second-generation" (selective inhibitors of serotonin uptake) antidepressants in the treatment of PTSD. A total of 20 hospitalised chronic military combat Bosnian veterans with PTSD symptoms were randomly assigned into two groups of 10 patients each. One group was treated with amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMYZOL) 75 mg/day as a representative of older antidepressants and the other with fluoxetine hydrochloride 60 mg/day (OXETIN) as a representative of newer antidepressants. Those drugs were administered by mouth two or three times-a-day in equally divided doses for at least 8 weeks. Favourable response was achieved in 70% of patients treated with amitriptyline hydrochloride and 60% of patients treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride. Amitriptyline hydrochloride was more effective in the treatment of acute PTSD symptoms (emotional numbing, startle reaction, nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, vulnerability, poor impulse control or irritability and explosiveness). Fluoxetine hydrochloride showed a greater efficacy in the treatment of chronic PTSD symptoms (avoidance and numbing symptoms, hyperarousal, nightmares and a feeling of guilt).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Fatal poisoning with the antidepressive agent opipramol.

An ingestion of an unknown quantity ( < or = 3000 mg) of opipramol dihydrochloride in a suicide case is described. Quantitation of opipramol and its deshydroxyethyl metabolite was performed simultaneously after liquid-liquid extraction from alkalinized samples prior to HPLC analysis. Postmortem concentrations of opipramol and of the metabolite in body fluids and organs are given. The distribution pattern of opipramol in tissue was comparable to findings from animal studies. The results showed the high uptake of opipramol in parenchymal tissues resulting in a low blood concentration. A possibly low contribution of deshydroxyethyl opipramol to the antidepressive effect may be concluded as the concentration was considerably lower in brain compared to other organs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Electrophysiological studies on the effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant agent, on isolated guinea-pig papillary muscle.

We studied the effects of mianserin on the action potentials of papillary muscle from the guinea-pig. Mianserin (above 10 microM) reduced the maximum rate of the rise (Vmax) of the action potential, and shifted the Vmax-Em relationship to more negative potentials. The compound also depressed the slow action potentials of K+-depolarized papillary muscles. It is concluded that relatively high concentrations of mianserin had an inhibitory action on the electrophysiological properties of both the fast- and slow-response fibers of the heart.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1988

Inhibitory actions of amoxapine, a tricyclic antidepressant agent, on electrophysiological properties of mammalian isolated cardiac preparations.

1. The electrophysiological effects of amoxapine were examined in guinea-pig isolated papillary muscles and rabbit sinoatrial nodes using a conventional microelectrode technique. 2. In papillary muscles, amoxapine above 10 microM caused a dose-dependent decrease in the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of the action potential and in the action potential amplitude (APA), whereas the action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) was significantly prolonged. For a decrease in Vmax, amoxapine produced a negative shift of the curve relating Vmax to the resting potential (Em) along the voltage axis to more negative membrane potentials. 3. Amoxapine also decreased Vmax and the overshoot potential of K+-depolarized slow action potentials of papillary muscle preparations. 4. In spontaneously beating sinoatrial node preparations, amoxapine above 3 microM reduced the heart rate, Vmax, APA and the slope of phase 4 depolarization in a dose-dependent manner. 5. It was concluded that amoxapine exerts inhibitory actions on fast- and slow-response fibres of the heart and these actions can be mainly explained by inhibition of both fast Na+ and slow Ca2+ channels.

Action Potentials↗