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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources

PubMed1977

BRL 13776: a novel antihypertensive agent with interesting monoamine depleting properties.

1. Oral doses of 10-100 mg/kg of BRL 13776 lowered the blood pressure of both deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/NaCl-treated hypertensive rats and untreated normotensive rats. 2. BRL 13776 (100 mg/kg, orally) also reduced the blood pressure of renal hypertensive cats (cellophane perinephritis model). 3. No tolerance developed to the blood-pressure lowering action of BRL 13776 when an oral daily dose of 100 mg/kg was administered repeatedly for up to 15 days to hypertensive rats and cats. 4. The fall in blood pressure to BRL 13776 in rats was associated with a reduction of tissue catecholamines. 5. The catecholamine depletion occurred in all the peripheral tissues examined but in the brain was restricted to certain regions, these being the hind-brain on single dosing and the hind-brain, hypothalamus and mid-brain on repeated dosing. Catecholamine levels in the cerebral hemispheres were not affected by either single or repeated doses of BRL 13776. 6. BRL 13776 caused some reduction of the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the heart but not of whole brain or any brain region. 7. Neither single doses (up to 900 mg/kg orally) nor repeated doses (100-300 mg/kg orally) of BRL 13776 produced any significant behavioural effects in animals. 8. BRL 13776 is a new type of agent to display both antihypertensive and monoamine-depleting properties. The reduction of noradrenaline in certain brain regions may be a cause of the antihypertensive response but depletion in the periphery could contribute in a major or minor way. The differential action on noradrenaline in the brain together with the lack of effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine might also explain the apparent absence of behavioural effects.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review of the experimental and clinical data related to gradual vascular occlusion of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. METHODS: PubMed literature search (1966-2004). RESULTS: Surgical intervention and complete vascular occlusion have been recommended for CPS therapy in dogs; however, acute complete ligation of CPS is often associated with life-threatening portal hypertension. Recently, several investigators have attempted to reduce the risk of postoperative portal hypertension by using gradual vascular occlusion. Successful vascular occlusion has been achieved using partial ligation with silk suture, ameroid constrictors, cellophane bands, thrombogenic coils and hydraulic vascular occluders. Objective comparisons of the reliability and rate of vascular occlusion produced by each of these methods have been limited by differences in experimental models and a lack of definitive follow up evaluation in some clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS: Gradual vascular occlusion is widely used in the clinical treatment of CPS in dogs. Objective evaluation of the experimental and clinical data on each of the techniques for gradual vascular occlusion is necessary for informed clinical practice and for the planning of future research into this important area. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Even from the limited data available, it is clear that the ideal method for gradual vascular occlusion of CPS has yet to be identified.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Microcin production by the yeast Cryptococcus humicola.

Cryptococcus humicola strains secrete killer toxins inhibitory (at pH values ranging from 3 to 5.5) to many ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeast-like fungi. RNA or DNA plasmids were not detected in the killers. The amino acid-containing toxins were of low M(r), soluble in methanol, resistant to proteolysis, thermostable, cellophane-diffusible and were specified as microcins. These findings show that the killer phenomenon in yeasts such as bacteriocinogeny may be due to excretion of two types of killer toxins: mycocins and microcins.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1973

Location of inexchangeable sodium in the nucleus and cytoplasm of oocytes of Bufo bufo exposed to sodium-free solutions.

1. In oocytes exposed to Ringer solution in which Li substitutes for Na, 13-62% Na is inexchangeable with Li.2. Nuclei of oocytes isolated by dissection in salt solutions swell irrespective of the concentration or ionic components of the solution. When isolated in 4% bovine albumin solutions, swelling is negligible.3. When the nuclei of cells exposed to Li are isolated in 4% albumin solution, less than 6% of the inexchangeable Na is found in the nucleus, while 36-88% of it is found in the cytoplasmic fragments remaining after removal of the nucleus.4. When a Li-exposed cell is crushed in a cellophane bag and dialysed against Ringer or Li-substituted Ringer, 86-92% of the inexchangeable Na diffuses out.5. It thus appears that the inexchangeable Na is located almost entirely in the cytoplasm and hardly at all in the nucleus, and is not bound to macromolecules within the cell.

Albumins↗

PubMed2003

Prostate brachytherapy seed identification on post-implant TRUS images.

TRUS is a conceptually appealing alternative to CT-based dosimetry, offering the substantial practical advantage of being readily available intraoperatively. To test the feasibility and reliability of seed identification on post-implant TRUS using standard two-dimensional images, ten patients treated with I-125 or Pd-103 brachytherapy were studied. A set of transverse images (6 MHz) were taken immediately following completion of the implant procedure. Original thermal images were sent to four physicians and the sources were identified independently by placing marks on a cellophane overlay, with grids to match the axial TRUS images. The number and type of seed implanted were not revealed to the investigators. Instead, they were instructed to mark the positions of what they would consider, with reasonable certainty, to be seeds. The overlays were then manually compared for source identification and agreement between observers regarding each alleged source. The actual number of implanted seeds ranged from 44 to 108 (median: 60). In contrast, the mean number of seeds allegedly identified per patients ranged from 26 to 82 (median: 43). The average percent of the seeds allegedly identified per patient ranged from 51% to 83% (mean: 74%). The four physician investigators--KW, JS, BH, and GM--identified an alleged median of 90%, 44%, 63%, and 91% of the total seeds, respectively. There were five instances in which investigators alleged more seeds than were actually implanted. The consistency of seed identification among the investigators was evaluated by noting how many investigators identified each bright spot on the images. The percent of bright spots identified by all four investigators ranged from 8% to 33% (median: 20%). Despite considerable interest among some of our clinical and commercial colleagues in developing TRUS-based intraoperative post-implant dosimetry, the use of TRUS-based seed identification for post-implant dosimetry should be viewed with skepticism.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed2003

Interpretation of pre- versus postimplant TRUS images.

In order to summarize the inter-observer variability of pre- and postimplant TRUS image interpretation. Ten patients treated with Pd-103 brachytherapy were studied. Preimplant prostatevolumes ranged from 21 to 51 cm3. The number of sources implanted ranged from 74 to 155, and the number of sources per cm3 prostate volume ranged from 3.0 to 4.3. A set of transverse images (6 MHz) were taken immediately prior to and following source placement. Original printer images were sent to four investigators and the prostate outlined independently on a cellophane overlay. The overlays were digitized into a Varian MMS 7.0 treatment planning system (Charlottesville, VA) for volume determinations. There was moderate interobserver variability in TRUS volume determination, accentuated for the postimplant images. The standard deviations varied from 2% to 13% of the mean (median: 7%) for preimplant volumes, versus 7% to 32% (median: 13%) for postimplant volumes. Interobserver prostatic edge (border) localization variability was greatest at the base and apex, with closer agreement along the posterior border. For preimplant images, the majority of edge points were within 1.0 mm of the mean. At each coordinate, with the exception of the anterior base, the majority of points were within 2.0 mm of the mean. In general, border identification variability was greater in the post implant images. While all prostate imaging modalities suffer from interobserver variability, preimplant and postimplant TRUS appears capable of consistently determining prostatic volume and borders. It appears that intraoperative TRUS-based dosimetry is a practical goal, provided that seed location coordinates can be added to the prostatic edge information derived from TRUS images.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed1979

Bactericidal effect of combinations of antimicrobial drugs and antineoplastic antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus.

Six antineoplastic antibiotics were tested against ten strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Four showed bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity against each of the ten strains, and two were only bacteriostatic for seven and nine strains, respectively. Using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these antineoplastic antibiotics with 16 antibacterial drugs were screened for combined bactericidal activity. Synergism or antagonism was demonstrated in about one-third of the combinations. Checkerboard titrations and killing curves confirmed these findings and indicated that the effective concentrations of the antibacterial agents were similar to those attainable in the serum after therapeutic doses of these drugs. Although the pharmacokinetics of the six antineoplastic antibiotics in humans are not fully known, at least one of them has a peak serum level corresponding to those values at which a bactericidal effect was produced in vitro.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1979

Bactericidal effect of combinations of antimicrobial drugs and antineoplastic antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli.

Six antineoplastic antibiotics showed little antibacterial activity against 28 strains of four species of gram-negative enteric bacteria. By using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these agents with 16 antibacterial drugs usually showed indifference. However, combinations of mitomycin C, especially with the aminoglycosides, were synergistic on strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bleomycin, on the other hand, often showed antagonism on strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae with the beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antibacterial agents. Checkerboard titrations and kinetic killing curves confirmed these findings.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

Effect of topical antimicrobial treatment on aerobic bacteria in the stratum corneum of human skin.

The efficacy of antimicrobial agents applied topically to the skin surface in eradicating coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) residing in the stratum corneum underlying the surface was examined. Glabrous skin was sampled with a 26-cm2 contact plate containing Trypticase soy agar. Five antiseptic solutions and four antimicrobial ointments were evaluated. The antiseptic solutions (10% povidone-iodine, 2% aqueous iodine, 2% tincture of iodine, 70% ethanol, and 0.5% chlorhexidine-ethanol) were applied for 15 s with a gauze sponge. The antimicrobial ointments (iodophor, silver sulfadiazine, mupirocin, and a triple-antibiotic ointment containing neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin) were applied and covered for 6 h with gauze. After treatment, the surface was sampled, 15 to 25 keratinized layers were subsequently removed by sequential stripping with cellophane tape, and the stratum corneum was sampled. All agents were effective in eradicating CNS from the surface (80 of 88 trials). However, only 2% iodine (17 of 20 trials), iodophor (8 of 12), mupirocin (6 of 10), and the triple-antibiotic ointment (9 of 11) eradicated CNS from the stratum corneum reliably (greater than or equal to 50% of trials). The stratum corneum was repopulated with resident flora within 24 h of treatment with 2% iodine (4 of 4 trials), iodophor (6 of 7), or mupirocin (5 of 6), but repopulation occurred in only 1 of 7 trials with the triple-antibiotic ointment. Topical treatment of skin with antimicrobial agents usually eradicates CNS from the skin surface but may not eradicate CNS from the stratum corneum. Only the triple-antibiotic ointment eradicated CNS from the stratum corneum and prevented repopulation with resident flora.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1985

Microbial decomposition of cellulose in acidifying lakes of South-central ontario.

The rate of cellulose breakdown and density of bacterial populations were measured in the epilimnetic sediments and water columns of lakes in central Ontario that differ in pH, alkalinity, and nutrient status and are particularly sensitive to acidic inputs from atmospheric decomposition. There was no significant difference in decomposition rate in either oxic or anoxic sediment when mean epilimnetic pHs were in the range 5.5 to 6.9. The importance of these findings for the breakdown of autochthonous detritus in Canadian Shield lakes is discussed. Furthermore, the results of these experiments, in which dyed strips of cellophane (regenerated cellulose) were used as substrate, were compared with results of earlier decomposition studies carried out with coarse litter (leaves, twigs). Acridine orange direct counts of bacteria in the top 1 cm of sediment ranged from 5.5 x 10 to 1.0 x 10 per g and in planktonic water samples from 1.1 x 10 to 1.8 x 10 per ml. Bacterial densities were significantly higher in both the shallow sediment (P < 0.01) and the water column (P < 0.05) of dystrophic lakes than at these sites in oligotrophic lakes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Simple method for screening aflatoxin-producing molds by UV photography.

UV absorption by aflatoxins was monitored in GY agar medium by UV photography. In the UV photographs, aflatoxin-producing molds were identified as gray or black colonies, whereas aflatoxin-nonproducing molds appeared as white colonies. By cellophane transplantation experiments and silica gel thin-layer chromatography, the products absorbing UV light substantially were found to be mainly aflatoxins B1 and G1 excreted from the mold mycelium into the agar medium. UV absorption did not occur when the agar medium contained aflatoxin-noninducible carbon sources instead of glucose. Various inhibitors of aflatoxin production, such as dichlorovos and dimethyl sulfoxide, also decreased the intensity of UV absorption. These results indicate that this technique can be used as a simple, safe, and rapid method of screening aflatoxin-producing molds.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1989

Production of enterotoxin A by supposedly nonenterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains.

The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA) and B (SEB) was studied by inoculating six well-defined staphylococcal collection strains into cow's, goat's, or sheep's milk (individually or as a 50% mixture of cow's + goat's or cow's + sheep's), into brain heart infusion, and into a medium generally used to enhance the synthesis of enterotoxins (3+3 medium). Four of the strains used are considered to be SEB producers, another is considered an SEA producer, and the remaining strain is nonenterotoxigenic but produces large quantities of staphylococcal protein A. Staphylococcal protein A masked the results in most cases. Only one strain secreted exclusively SEB, while the other three SEB producers synthesized SEA in different amounts. We conclude that enterotoxin production depends on the natural substrate and may differ from the results obtained when the strain is grown on cellophane over agar to determine its toxigenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Quantifying mold biomass on gypsum board: comparison of ergosterol and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase as mold biomass parameters.

Two mold species, Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor, were inoculated onto agar overlaid with cellophane, allowing determination of a direct measurement of biomass density by weighing. Biomass density, ergosterol content, and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (3.2.1.52) activity were monitored from inoculation to stationary phase. Regression analysis showed a good linear correlation to biomass density for both ergosterol content and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. The same two mold species were inoculated onto wallpapered gypsum board, from which a direct biomass measurement was not possible. Growth was measured as an increase in ergosterol content and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. A good linear correlation was seen between ergosterol content and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. From the experiments performed on agar medium, conversion factors (CFs) for estimating biomass density from ergosterol content and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity were determined. The CFs were used to estimate the biomass density of the molds grown on gypsum board. The biomass densities estimated from ergosterol content and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity data gave similar results, showing significantly slower growth and lower stationary-phase biomass density on gypsum board than on agar.

Agar↗

PubMed1966

Action of lincomycin on staphylococci.

On a solid medium, 0.1 to 1 mug/ml of lincomycin hydrochloride had a bacteriostatic effect upon 95 of 100 strains of staphylococci. Using cellophane transfers, we observed a bactericidal effect upon 54 of these strains after 3 to 14 hr of contact with 1 mug/ml. Five staphylococcal strains resistant to 100 mug/ml of lincomycin were also resistant to penicillin G, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol (three strains), and rovamycin (three strains). Other staphylococcal strains resistant to methicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin were sensitive to lincomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1980

Effect of immunosuppression on recurrent herpes simplex in mice.

Mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus were treated with immunosuppressive drugs either alone or combined with stimuli to the skin. Treatment with cyclophosphamide reduced spleen weights and severely depressed lymphocyte levels, but had no effect on healing after cellophane tape stripping (CTS) and did not affect the cutaneous hypersensitivity response after injection of inactivated herpes simplex virus. The drug, either used alone or combined with CTS, failed to increase the incidence of recurrent clinical disease, but increased the incidence of virus isolation after CTS. Prednisolone and azathioprine used together also reduced spleen weights and circulating lymphocyte levels. They slightly delayed healing after CTS, but had no effect on cutaneous hypersensitivity to herpes simplex virus. The treatment, either used alone or combined with CTS, slightly increased the incidence of recurrent clinical disease but did not increase the incidence of virus isolation after CTS. Treatment with antithymocyte serum severely depressed the levels of circulating lymphocytes and delayed the regression of HeLa cell tumors in mice. Used alone, the treatment slightly increased the incidence of recurrent clinical disease, but it failed to increase the incidence of recurrences after CTS. It increased the duration of recurrent herpetic lesions, although in uninfected mice healing after CTS was not affected. Silica altered the clinical course of primary infection with herpes simplex virus and increased the incidence of latency in the ganglia. It also delayed healing after CTS in uninfected mice, so it was not tested when recurrent herpes after CTS was assessed clinically. Treatment with silica alone did not increase the incidence of recurrent clinical disease or the incidence of virus isolation after CTS. The results demonstrate that potent immunosuppressive drugs are much less effective than simple cutaneous manipulation in inducing recurrent lesions, and thus argue strongly for the importance of local factors in the pathogenesis of disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Characteristics of heat-stable extracellular hemolysin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Heat-stable hemolysin produced by the cellophane-agar plate method consisted of two major acidic glycolipids. One was composed of 2 mol of rhamnose and 2 mol of beta-hydroxydecanoic acid, and the other was composed of 1 mol of rhamnose and 2 mol of beta-hydroxydecanoic acid. The hemolysis-producing moiety of the hemolysin was shown to be the dimer of beta-hydroxydecanoic acid contained in the glycolipid molecule.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMed1984

Mutationally altered ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli: characterization of mutations isolated on multicopy plasmids.

The Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase genes (nrd genes) were mutagenized at random. Point mutations were introduced in vitro into a recombinant nrd plasmid. Transformants were initially screened for altered tolerance toward the drug hydroxyurea and further characterized by enzymatic and immunological methods. The screening procedure could pick out defects in either of the two subunits of ribonucleotide reductase. Cells carrying the nrd plasmid pPS2 were earlier shown to have levels of ribonucleotide reductase molecules that were 10 to 20 times higher than those in wild-type cells. We now demonstrate that the enzymatic activity in gently lysed pPS2-containing cells on cellophane disks is six times higher than in wild-type cells. Supplementation of the pPS2-containing lysates with a purified thioredoxin system results in a further 4.5-fold stimulation of the enzymatic activity, which implies a functional shortage of the electron donor system(s) for ribonucleotide reduction in pPS2-containing cells.

Cloning, Molecular↗

PubMed1963

CULTURE MEDIUM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN A.

Casman, E. P. (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.) and R. W. Bennett. Culture medium for the production of staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. J. Bacteriol. 86:18-23. 1963.-By use of Wadsworth's modification of the gel diffusion test of Ouchterlony for the assay of enterotoxin, cultivation on semisolid Brain Heart Infusion Agar of pH 5.3 permitted the detection of the production of staphylococcal Enterotoxin A with all of 49 strains without concentration of their toxins. The production of appreciably more potent enterotoxin was effected by using a cellophane sac culture technique. The use of the latter procedure, together with Brain Heart Infusion broth, permitted the detection of the production of trace amounts of Enterotoxins A and B.

Antitoxins↗