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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Adult living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation: a 6-year single center experience.

No long-term (>3 years) prospective comparison of adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (A2ALLTx) to adult deceased donor liver transplantation (ADDLTx) has been reported. This is a prospective, IRB approved, 6-year comparison of A2ALLTx to ADDLTx. Data include: age, gender, ethnicity, primary liver disease, waiting time, pretransplant CTP/MELD score, cold ischemia time (CIT), perioperative mortality, acute and chronic rejection, graft and patient survival, charges and post-transplant complications. In 6 years, 202 ADDLTx (74.5%) and 69 A2ALLTx (25.5%) were performed at VCUHS. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was the most common reason for transplantation in both groups (48.1% vs. 42%). Data regarding overall patient and graft survival, monetary charges and retransplantation rates were similar. Comparison of patient/graft survivals, retransplantation rates in patients with and without HCV were not statistically different. A2ALLTx patients had less acute rejection (11.5% vs. 23.9%) and more biliary complications (26.1% vs. 11.4%). Overall, A2ALLTx is as durable a liver replacement technique as the ADDLTx. Patients with A2ALLTx were younger, had lower MELD scores, less acute rejection and similar histological HCV recurrence. Biliary complications were more common in A2ALLTx but were not associated with increased graft loss compared to ADDLTx.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Rhinovirus inactivation by nasal tissues treated with virucide.

Rhinovirus colds may be transmitted by hand-to-hand contact followed by self-inoculation of nasal and/or conjunctival mucosa with virus contaminating the fingertips. The purpose of this study was to determine whether impregnation of nasal tissues with virucidal compounds could prevent rhinovirus from passing through the tissue and thus provide a means of preventing hand contamination during nose blowing. Paper tissues treated with a combination of citric acid, malic acid, and sodium laruryl sulfate were compared to placebo tissues containing sodium saccharin. Recovery of infectious virus was significantly reduced by passage of the virus-containing medium through virucidal versus placebo tissue (1/18 vs. 17/18 respectively, P less than 0.001, Fisher exact test). The virucidal effect of treated tissues was demonstrated for multiple rhinovirus serotypes suspended in either cell culture medium or nasal mucus. Virus contained in mucus from infected volunteers was also inactivated.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2005

Genetic stability of live, cold-adapted influenza virus components of the FluMist/CAIV-T vaccine throughout the manufacturing process.

FluMist is a live-attenuated, trivalent influenza vaccine (LAIV) recently approved for intranasal administration. To demonstrate genetic stability during manufacture of the vaccine viruses in LAIV and a similar vaccine in development (CAIV-T), full genome consensus sequences were determined at multiple manufacturing stages for four influenza type A and five type B strains. The critical cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) mutations were preserved in the virus manufacturing intermediates. Moreover, sequence identity was observed for all vaccine intermediates of the same strain. Minor sequence differences were noted in the shared gene segments of the vaccine viruses and their common progenitor master donor virus (MDV) and several of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes contained nucleotide differences when compared to the wild-type parent. Nonetheless, all vaccine viruses retained the ca, ts, and att phenotypes. Thus, genetic and phenotypic stability of the vaccine viruses is maintained during the manufacture of LAIV/CAIV-T vaccines.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Rhinoviruses replicate effectively at lower airway temperatures.

Rhinoviruses are epidemiologically connected to the majority of acute asthma exacerbations; however, their ability to infect and replicate in the lower airways is disputed. A frequent argument against this possibility involves the temperature preference for rhinovirus replication, generally accepted to be 33 degrees C, the temperature of the nasal passages. However, this argument is based on studies with a single rhinovirus serotype. In this study, differences in temperature preferences were evaluated between several serotypes and relative titers were determined than can be achieved at upper and lower airway temperatures. Rhinovirus serotypes 1b, 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 41, and 70 were titrated in Ohio-HeLa cell cultures at either 33 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Possible selection by culture temperature was examined by continuous culture at 33 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 2-4 passages and subsequent titration at both temperatures. Finally, nasal aspirate samples derived from patients with wild-type rhinoviral common colds were cultured at 33 degrees C and 37 degrees C and RT-PCR was used to assess rhinovirus replication at each temperature. The majority of the serotypes and wild-type viruses replicated slightly better at 33 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. However, titers achieved after one or more replicative cycles at 37 degrees C were still high enough to initiate infection. Furthermore, in some instances equal or even better replication was observed at 37 degrees C. It is concluded that temperature preferences may vary between rhinoviruses and are not likely to be a prohibitive factor for infection of the lower airways.

HeLa Cells↗
PubMed1980

Role of infectious secretions in the transmission of rhinovirus.

In a series of studies aimed at investigating the role of environmental surfaces in the transmission of certain respiratory virus infections, it was shown that small amounts of nasal mucus containing rhinovirus (infectious mucus) can spread from fingertips to door knobs, faucet handles, or other environmental surfaces and remain infectious for many hours. These surfaces can serve as a reservoir of virus and may provide sufficient infectious material to contaminate hands. Recent studies have shown that once virus is on the fingers, it may be transferred to the nasal and conjunctival mucosa by means of autoinoculation. It has been estimated that as little as 1.0 plaque-forming unit can produce an infection in a susceptible human. In the present experiments, the amount of rhinovirus transmitted from fingers contaminated with infectious mucus to environmental surfaces and from there onto the fingers of a volunteer who touched the contaminated objects was quantitated, and the efficiency of transfer was studied. From 3 to 1,800 plaque-forming units of rhinovirus were recovered from the fingertips of volunteers (recipients) who handled either a door knob or a faucet that had previously been manipulated by another volunteer (donor) whose fingers were contaminated with infectious mucus. The average amount of rhinovirus recovered from the fingers of the recipients was approximately 13.5% of the amount recoverable from the fingers of the donor. In experiments in which there was direct hand-to-hand contact between donor and recipient, about 6.7% of the virus present on the fingertips of donors was recoverable from the recipients.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1986

Interferon-beta ser as prophylaxis against experimental rhinovirus infection in volunteers.

The first test of intranasal recombinant human interferon-beta ser (IFN-beta ser) as prophylaxis against common colds is reported. IFN-beta ser was cleared from the nose like IFN-alpha. A total of 10 volunteers were each given a total of 2.6 X 10(7) units of IFN-beta ser as 13 doses administered three times daily over 4 days and there were negligible symptoms that were not significantly different from those in 10 given placebo. Twenty-seven volunteers were then given the same regime and challenged after the fourth dose with rhinovirus types 9 and 14. Compared with 27 volunteers given placebo and virus, there were significant reductions in the mean total clinical scores, the amount of nasal secretion, and the frequency of virus excretion. It is concluded that IFN-beta shows antiviral activity in the human respiratory tract and should be tested to determine whether it is tolerated on continued administration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Respiratory infections in ambulatory adults. Choosing the best treatment.

The diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in ambulatory adults is challenging. The prevalence of these conditions outstrips the medical profession's efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with them. However, selecting diagnostic techniques that identify causative organisms and therapeutic agents targeted to those organisms should lead to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Rhabdomyolysis after infection and taking a cold medicine in a patient who was susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.

A case of rhabdomyolysis after a possible viral infection and the use of a cold medication is reported. A 41-year-old man who presented with dysarthria, dysphagia, progressive weakness of his muscles and a high grade fever was admitted. He suffered from massive rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and bronchopneumonia. Hemodialysis, antibiotics, and hydration therapy were effective in the treatment of his illness. Although the cause of the rhabdomyolysis was not completely clear, he was subsequently shown to be susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH) based on the results of a caffeine-halothane contracture test. When a mild recurrence occurred during a follow-up muscle biopsy, intravenous dantrolene sodium was administered and he improved immediately. This case suggests that MH should be considered in patients with rhabdomyolysis when the cause is unclear. The caffeine-halothane contracture test may also be helpful in the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Does acute bronchitis really exist? A reconceptualization of acute viral respiratory infections.

BACKGROUND: Considerable overlap exists in patient presentations and physical findings in viral upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and acute bronchitis. Our goal was to determine whether there are any clinical cues that could help physicians differentiate between these 2 conditions. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart audit on 135 patients who had been given a diagnosis of acute bronchitis and a random sample of 409 patients with URIs over a 2.5-year period. Patient and provider characteristics, patient symptoms, and physical findings were compared with bivariate analyses and then entered into a logistic regression model. RESULTS: In bivariate analyses, a number of demographic variables, symptoms, and signs were associated with acute bronchitis. Multivariate analysis showed that the strongest independent predictors of acute bronchitis were cough (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=21.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.01-74.26), and wheezing on examination (AOR=12.16; 95% CI, 5.39-27.42). Nausea was the strongest independent predictor that the diagnosis would not be acute bronchitis (AOR=0.01; 95% CI, 0.01-0.85). However, there was considerable overlap between the 2 conditions, and the logistic model explained only 37% of the variation between the diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that sinusitis, URI, and acute bronchitis are all variations of the same clinical condition (acute respiratory infection) and should be conceptualized as a single clinical entity, with primary symptoms related to different anatomic areas rather than as different conditions.

Acute Disease↗