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PubMed1975

Antigenicity of sperm: immunization of rabbits with pig's sperm.

The state of antibody production and the tissue and species specificities together with the sperm immobilizing action of various antibodies in rabbits were examined after immunization with pig's sperm. Before the immunization, the titers of various antibodies against pig's sperm seemed to be generally higher in male than in virgin female, but they became no obvious difference between the two sexes after the immunization. Precipitins of the sera obtained by immunizing rabbits with pig's spermatozoa extract reacted not only with pig's spermatozoa extract but also with heterologous spermatozoa extract to moderate degree, but no cross reaction with pig's serum or heterologous serum was visible, and it was not associated with the sperm immobilization. The sperm-microagglutinin obtained by immunization with pig's spermatozoa showed strong species specificity and moderate tissue specificity. The motility of the sperm was not obviously inhibited by sperm agglutinin. The titer of it was the highest among the immune antibodies, but there are problems in detecting the specific antibody because spontaneous sperm agglutination is common and it is difficult to determine whether the agglutination is due to antisperm antibody or to a nonspecific factor. The evidence that strong tissue and species specific sperm-immobilizing antibody could be produced by immunizing rabbits with heterologous pig's sperm in both sexes gives us the confidence that sperm immobilization by immunization of both sexes with homologous sperm could contribute to human population control in the future.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1992

Seminal inhibin--prospects for immunocontraception.

Passive immunization of adult rats, hamsters and marmosets with rabbit anti-seminal inhibin resulted in complete or partial block of fertility. The antiserum treatment presumably neutralized endogenous inhibin resulting in an unopposed rise in circulating FSH. This probably led to a refractoriness of the testes to FSH resulting in complete spermatogenic arrest. Nevertheless, there was no change in the mating behaviour of the animals. The antibodies also affected the epididymal spermatozoa by causing large scale agglutination.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antifertility effects in rats actively immunized with 80 kDa human semen glycoprotein.

A 80 kDa human sperm antigen has been identified using the serum of an infertile woman having circulating antisperm antibodies. The antigen was then purified to homogeneity by gel permeation chromatography using HPLC (protein PAK-125 column) system and on FPLC (superose-12 column) system. The antigen was found to be a glycoprotein. The antigen was mainly localized in the postacrosomal region of the human sperm, while it was localized in the head region of the rat sperm as demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining. The presence of this antigen was also demonstrated in the human prostate and endometrium and in the rat testis; epididymis and the prostate by immunocytochemical staining. The purified protein upon active immunization in female rats caused infertility in 100 percent animals. While in male rats it caused infertility in 90 percent animals. On morphometric analysis of testicular tissue it was observed that there was no significant change in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, but significant decrease in spermatids and sperm number as well as daily sperm production in the immunized male rats. The epididymal spermatozoa were markedly reduced in number and were largely found to be agglutinated. The results suggest that 80 kDa human sperm antigen appears to be a suitable candidate for immunocontraception both in male and female.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunogenicity of deglycosylated zona pellucida antigens and their inhibitory effects on fertility in rabbits.

Influence of carbohydrates on the immunogenicity and immunocontraceptive potential of zona pellucida glycoproteins has been investigated in rabbits. Porcine zonae pellucidae, following deglycosylation with trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid, retained significant immunogenic potential, as shown by the ability to generate antibodies which cross-reacted with the heterologous antigen. Antibody response, however, was much stronger against the native zona glycoproteins, thereby suggesting that both carbohydrate and protein moieties contribute to the overall immunogenicity of the zona pellucida antigens. Contraceptive efficacy of active immunization with the deglycosylated zona antigens, when evaluated by mating experiments, demonstrated inhibition of fertility in all immunized rabbits. Normal ovarian functions were disrupted in these animals, as revealed by the reduction in ovarian weights and gross impairment of folliculogenesis. Flushing of the oviducts of the immunized animals yielded a markedly reduced number of ova ovulated in response to hCG administration, none of which were fertilizable. Results collectively suggest that active heteroimmunization with deglycosylated zona pellucida antigens is effective in reducing fertility in rabbits.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Progress in researches on sperm antigen fertilin beta].

Fertilin beta plays an important role in fertilization by its disintegrin domain as a sperm-specific antigen. This paper reviews its structure, localization and roles in fertilization, and suggests that fertilin beta, as an important target antigen, has a very promising value in the development of human immunocontraceptive vaccine.

ADAM Proteins↗
PubMed2004

[Advances in the research of sperm protein 17].

Sperm protein 17 (Sp17) is a testis-specific protein involved in acrosome reaction in spermatozoa. However, the Sp17 gene has been recently detected in normal non-testis tissues and malignant neoplasias. Therefore Sp17 may be a potential target for immunocontraception and a suitable target for tumor immunotherapy. This paper reviews the advances in the protein characterization, expression and distribution, and biological function of Sp17 and its clinical research.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Advances in the study of epididymal protease inhibitor].

The epididymal protease inhibitor (Eppin) has recently been cloned in human and mice, which is specifically expressed in the epididymis and testis. Eppin is a cystine-rich secretory protein which contains signal peptide, WAP and BPTI motifs. Eppin is involved in sperm maturation and fertilization, and in the innate immune system of human epididymis. Immunocontraception with Eppin is effective and reliable, but its safety is to be further proved. This paper summarizes the effects of Eppin of fertilization and immunity, as well as its utilization in immunocontraception.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Antigen recognition in feral mares previously immunized with porcine zonae pellucidae.

Twenty-six free-roaming feral mares were immunized against porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) between February and May, 1988. Eight sexually mature mares received 2 inoculations 2 weeks apart, and 18 mares received 3 inoculations at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. Analysis of urinary oestrone conjugates (E1C) and non-specific progesterone metabolites (iPdG) in samples collected in October, 1988, revealed that none of the 18 mares that received 3 and only 1 of the 6 mares that received two inoculations were pregnant, whereas 3 of 6 sham-injected control mares and 5 of 11 untreated mares were pregnant. In February and March, 1989, 14 of the immunized mares that were not pregnant were given a single booster inoculation of PZP. Urinary E1C and iPdG analysis, from samples collected in August and October, 1989, revealed only a single pregnancy among the 14 boosted mares, whereas 33% of mares treated in 1988, but not given a booster inoculation in 1989, and 7 of 16 untreated controls, were pregnant. Foaling was reflected accurately by the urinary steroid metabolite analyses. These results suggest that once recognition of PZP antigen occurs in mares, subsequent annual inoculations will raise antibody titres sufficiently to inhibit fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Induction of anti-progesterone immunity and pregnancy blocking by anti-progesterone anti-idiotypes. Variable efficacy of polyclonal Ab2 antibodies directed against a panel of closely related Ab1 antibodies.

Polyclonal rabbit anti-idiotypes (Ab2) have been raised against three mouse monoclonal antiprogesterone Ab1 antibodies (DB3, 11/32, 11/64) closely related in VH and VL sequences. The anti-idiotypes were characterized for specificity and used to immunize groups of female mice. The latter responded with production of anti-progesterone (Ab3) antibodies, confirming the ability of anti-idiotypes to mimic the immunogenicity of a steroid. The response to one of the anti-idiotypic reagents (anti-DB3-id) was 5-10 times stronger than those to the others, despite close sequence homology between the idiotypes. Moreover, immunization with anti-DB3-id led to a reduction in fertility rate from 90% (control) to 30%, whereas immunization with the other anti-idiotypes was without effect. Sequence and structural comparisons suggest that residues associated with VH CDR3 and VL CDR3 may have a key role in determining the efficiency of anti-idiotypic immunization against progesterone. The variability in outcome of using anti-idiotypic reagents against a defined panel of related antibodies is relevant to the use of anti-idiotypes as surrogate antigens.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Relevance of immuno-contraceptive vaccines for population control. II. Gamete antigens.

Some new information on the sperm and seminal plasma antigens which can induce responses which decrease fertility has been obtained. This recent development has not, however, brought the understanding of the subject to a stage where the production of a contraceptive antisperm vaccine for the female can be discussed realistically. Many laboratories are continuing the active investigation of the potentials of zona pellucida antigens for contraceptive approach. Also, passive immunization with human monoclonal antibodies promises to be an effective and safe method for short-term contraception and early pregnancy termination.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Antigenic sites of lactate dehydrogenase-C4.

Use of antipeptide antibodies plus a panel of monoclonal antibodies to screen the testicular lactate dehydrogenases should provide highly sensitive discrimination of their evolutionary relatedness. When this is combined with sequence information and peptide synthesis, it will be possible to describe the precise limits of each epitope on the surface of LDH-C4. From the standpoint of contraceptive vaccine development, a synthetic antigen consisting of one or more epitopes can be prepared. This will eliminate the necessity of attempting to isolate antigens from natural products, and will provide a useful strategy for developing this approach to fertility control.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Active immunization of female rabbits with purified rabbit acrosin and effect on fertility.

Acrosin immunogen was purified from rabbit testes by sequential acid extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, cation-exchange, and affinity chromatography. Twelve females received intradermal injections of purified acrosin in Freund's complete adjuvant followed by a booster injection 6 weeks later. A radioimmunoassay for rabbit acrosin was developed and used to monitor the immune response of the recipients. The females were mated at the time when serum titers of acrosin antibodies were maximal. Four of the animals did not become pregnant, and three of these had the highest antibody titers in the total group. The remaining eight rabbits delivered normal litters at term. Of four control females (immunized with bovine serum albumin), one did not become pregnant. The pregnancy rates for the control and acrosin-immunized rabbits were 75% and 67%, respectively. It is concluded that, although active immunization with acrosin had no significant effect on fertility, the antibody titer produced may be a factor.

Acrosin↗