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PubMed2006

Triangulation of self-report and investigator-rated coping indices as predictors of psychological stress: a longitudinal investigation among public utility workers.

The aims of the present study were to: (a) determine if self-reported coping is consistent with conceptually-equivalent investigator-rated coping indices; (b) establish which types of coping are associated with psychological stress; and (c) establish whether using investigator-rated in addition to self-report coping indices to predict stress outcomes is beneficial in a real life context of worker's stressors. To fulfil these aims, a longitudinal investigation was conducted among 40 Canadian workers from the public utility sector. Results from semi-structured interviews about their worst current stressors revealed main effects for some coping types as assessed with investigator-rated indices, whereas no main effects were observed with self-report coping indices. Still, self-report and investigator-rated coping indices together significantly predicted follow-up stress. Psychological stress was most strongly predicted by investigator-rated behavioural approach. While self-report cognitive approach predicted lower psychological stress, investigator-rated cognitive approach predicted greater stress. Findings underline the importance of using both types of coping indices to predict outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

The roles of sex, gender, and coping in adolescent depression.

This study investigated the roles of coping and masculinity in higher rates of depressive symptoms among adolescent girls, as compared to boys. A model was designed and tested through path analysis, which involved the variables of sex, gender, problem-focused coping, rumination, and distraction. The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale and the Bem Sex Role Inventory, as well as a measure of coping with general stressors was completed by 246 adolescents. Results showed that adolescent girls were more depressed than boys, and that girls used more emotion-focused and ruminative coping than did boys. Greater degrees of ruminative coping were related to high levels of depressive symptoms. Problem-focused and distractive coping were positively correlated with masculinity and negatively associated with depression. Surprisingly, girls were more likely to use problem-focused coping. Problem-focused and distractive coping were found to mediate the negative relationship between masculinity and depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Stress and coping of parents of children in a pediatric intensive care unit.

Knowing what parents find stressful about having a child in a pediatric intensive care unit and how they cope is essential before professionals can bolster their coping and provide support. In a semistructured interview we asked parents to discuss the aspects of the situation that they found stressful and to identify their predominant stressor. Then, using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, we asked them to identify what coping strategies they used to cope with that predominant stressor. The questionnaire is designed to measure whether the strategies used are focused on the problem (situation) or on emotions engendered by the stressor or on both. Data on selected demographic characteristics of the family also were obtained. Fifty percent of the parent subjects identified stressors that were classified as loss of parenting role, 40% uncertainty over outcome, and 10% information need. Although the specific coping strategies used differed by the classification of stressors, all of the parents used a combination of both problem- and emotion-focused forms of coping. Seeking social support and positive reappraisal were the two most often used strategies by all parents regardless of the classification of stressors. No significant associations were found between stress or coping and any of the demographic variables. Research such as this can be useful to practicing clinicians who plan strategies that offer assistance and emotional support to parents of children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

[A comparison of coping behavior among middle-aged males with health problems in different types of communities in Tokyo].

Coping behaviors of middle-aged men living in areas of Tokyo with differing mortality rates were analyzed to determine if regional differences exist and if so why. Coping behaviors were divided into 3 separate levels: 1) coping behavior for slight symptoms, where a small change in lifestyle would seem to be a countermeasure, 2) coping behavior for symptoms which may be signs of a serious illness, and 3) coping behaviors for illness which have been identified and diagnosed by a physician. The sample was randomly selected from men 35 to 64 years of age living in two separate communities, Koto-Ward with a high middle-aged male mortality rate and Bunkyo-Ward where it is low. The following results were obtained. 1) In both communities, the proportion of interviewees who modified their lifestyle when slight symptoms occurred was associated with educational level and occupational status. The individuals who were junior high school graduates, and blue-collar workers in small enterprises, showed a low tendency toward changing their lifestyle when confronted with slight symptoms. College graduates, and white-collar workers who were members of large or medium sized enterprises, showed a strong tendency toward changing their lifestyle when confronted with slight symptoms. 2) In both communities, there were differences in coping behaviors when confronted with potentially serious illness dependent upon self-rated health and working hours per day. Interviewees with good self-rated health status and working more than ten hours a day showed a lower tendency to see a physician. 3) Compliance with the advice of a physician was lower among those interviewees who were younger and among those who did not have a family physician. In Koto-Ward, a correlation was seen between a low rate of compliance to physician advice and the non-availability of adequate medical facilities nearby. 4) In Koto-Ward where middle-aged male mortality is high, the proportion of interviewees who changed lifestyle in response to slight symptoms was significantly lower than in Bunkyo-Ward. The proportion of those who complied with the advice of a physician was also lower. 5) Regional differences in coping behaviors associated with slight symptoms appears to be due to differences in educational level and occupational status. Differences in availability of family physicians and nearby clinics could account for regional differences in the coping behavior of individuals with diagnosed illnesses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Mothers' perceptions of coping behaviors in hospitalized preschool children.

This study determined mothers' perceptions of coping in their hospitalized preschool children. Thirty-two mothers were interviewed using open-ended questions to determine their views of coping, what behaviors they described their children using in difficult situations, and what they did to help their children cope. They indicated which of the 40 items on the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist (CCSC) they considered to be coping behaviors. The answers to the open-ended questions were content analyzed. Twenty-two mothers described coping as an outcome--that is, as the degree of adaptational success. Seventy-five percent or more of the mothers identified 22 of the CCSC behaviors as coping; 15 of these behaviors were from the subscales of Information Seeking, Seeking Comfort/Help, and Growth/Independence. Eight items were viewed by fewer than half of the mothers as coping, and included regression, denial, withdrawal, and control by preventing events. The mothers described the strategies they used to help their children manage difficult situations; the predominant strategies were providing information and comfort. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Coping behaviors of hospitalized preschool children.

This study examined the coping behaviors of 208 hospitalized preschoolers during high stress and low stress events. The children were observed during 722 events and their behaviors were recorded on the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist (CCSC). The group included acutely and chronically ill children. While the preschoolers used more coping behaviors in low-stress events than they did in high-stress events, there were very few differences between the number of coping behaviors used by chronically ill and acutely ill children. The tendency to use fewer coping behaviors in high-stress events was more marked in the acutely ill children. There were larger differences in the specific coping behaviors used in high-stress and low-stress events. The types of coping behaviors used most frequently were Information Seeking (watching and visual examination) and Direct Action (tension reducing involving self, control by active participation, and control by preventing or delaying an event). The children used very few Independence/Growth and Intrapsychic coping behaviors. The research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of stressors and use of coping methods in chronic hemodialysis patients.

To explore relationships among treatment-related stressors, coping methods, and length of time on hemodialysis the Baldree, Murphy, and Powers (1982) study was replicated. Sixty-eight subjects completed the Hemodialysis Stressor Scale and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Although Baldree et al. reported no significant difference in ratings of physiological and psychosocial stressors, results of this study showed that physiological stressors were more troublesome than psychosocial stressors, t = 10.85, p less than .0001. Subjects used problem-oriented coping more often than affective methods to handle stress, t = 10.93, p less than .0001, supporting the Baldree et al. findings. The results did not duplicate previous study findings of no significant relationships between stressor and coping scores. Total hemodialysis stressor scores were related to total coping scores, r = .43, and physiological stressors to affective coping, r = .38. However, psychosocial stressors were associated with affective-oriented, r = .43, and problem-oriented coping, r = .33. Length of time of hemodialysis was associated with problem-oriented coping, r = .26.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping in hospitalized children: an analysis of published case studies.

This study examined the range of coping behaviors identified by the authors of 39 published case studies of hospitalized children age 20 months to 10 years and the pattern of coping revealed when the behaviors described in the published studies were analyzed according to the category system based on the Lazarus stress and coping paradigm. The behaviors reported in the case studies were subjected to a content analysis of the various labels attributed by the authors to the behaviors and then to a detailed content analysis according to the Type of Coping Behavior Category System. The range of labels of coping behavior used in the case studies showed that there had been no systematic and consistent approach to analysis of the children's coping strategies. The results of the analysis using the category system indicated that the coping strategies could be categorized in a systematic way. The pattern of coping revealed indicates that the system is sensitive to the influence of level of development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

HIV-infected adolescents with hemophilia: adaptation and coping. The Hemophilia Behavioral Intervention Evaluation Project.

OBJECTIVE: It is estimated that 70% of individuals with factor VIII deficiency hemophilia who received blood products before 1985 are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The goal of the current study was to assess how adolescents with hemophilia cope with reminders of their HIV status, because adaptation is likely to have implications for these individuals' quality of life and adherence to safer sex recommendations. METHODS: Participants included 297 HIV-positive adolescents with hemophilia who were recruited from 11 sites across the United States. Adolescents reported on the use and effectiveness of strategies for coping with reminders of their HIV status. RESULTS: A significant degree of distress was reported in response to such reminders, with anger being the most commonly reported emotion. Although a wide variety of coping strategies had been tried, participants reported using resignation (80.9%), self-calming (78.8%), and distraction (76.4%) most frequently in their attempts to cope with reminders of HIV. Self-blame (3.6%), engaging in risky behaviors (22.2%), thinking about sex (25.4%), and drug/alcohol use (29.1%) were used least. These adolescents tended to rate more active cognitive and behavioral coping strategies (eg, cognitive restructuring, seeking social support, physical activity) as most effective, whereas passive strategies (eg, wishful thinking, blaming others) were reported to be least helpful. Those individuals who reported being distressed by reminders of HIV endorsed most of the coping strategies significantly more often than the nondistressed group, although ineffective strategies were commonly chosen. Sexually active adolescents were more likely than their abstinent peers to cope by thinking about sex, engaging in risky behaviors, or using alcohol and drugs. CONCLUSION: In this population of adolescents who have known their serostatus for several years, distress about everyday reminders of HIV appears to be associated with ineffective coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Contribution of coping to medical adjustment and treatment responsibility among children and adolescents with diabetes.

Youngsters with diabetes face numerous, daily challenges associated with their treatment. Previous research has examined coping in relation to global medical adjustment. However, the role that coping with diabetes-specific stressors plays in adherence to different treatment components, and child responsibility for these components, is not well understood. The present study examined the contribution of coping strategies to medical adjustment (i.e., metabolic control, treatment adherence) and level of child responsibility for treatment among children (n = 27) and adolescents (n = 29) with diabetes. Youngsters reported coping strategies in response to three diabetes-related situations (social, diet, fingerprick). Coping strategies accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in predicting most adjustment and responsibility variables, above and beyond the effects of relevant background variables (i.e., age, duration of diabetes, diabetes knowledge). Higher levels of approach-coping strategies related to better adherence to diet. Higher levels of avoidance-coping strategies related to poorer metabolic control and adherence to fingerpricks and higher levels of child responsibility for diet. These findings suggest that the role that coping strategies play in youngsters' medical adjustment is best understood within the context of diabetes-specific situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping behaviors of young children during a chest tube procedure in the pediatric intensive care unit.

This descriptive correlational study examined the coping behaviors of young children experiencing a chest tube procedure in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and explored specific variables that may affect coping. A developmental model of stress and coping among children provided the theoretical framework for the study. A sample of 24 children, age 2.9 to 6.8 years old, participated. Mothers completed the Dimensions of Temperament Scale-Revised and a demographic information form. In the PICU, children's coping behaviors during chest tube removal were observed and recorded on the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist-Intrusive Procedures. Analysis used descriptive statistics, correlations, chi-squares, t-tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Findings indicate that the predominant coping behaviors represented a self-protective approach to the procedure, followed by reaching out and controlling behaviors, and information-seeking behaviors. Correlations between coping and nine temperament dimensions revealed significant results between coping and Activity-General, Activity-Sleep, and Flexibility.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Coping differences between college women and men in China and the United States.

We examined and compared the direct and moderating effects of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping in male and female college students in the United States and the People's Republic of China. American students reported more interference with academic activities as a result of stress; Chinese students reported more interference with personal development. American students reported a greater occurrence of stressful life events and higher stressfulness of these events. American students also reported less problem-focused coping than Chinese students. We found little evidence for an additive effect of coping; moderating effects, both buffering and maladaptive, differed by gender and culture. Particularly for American students, interference was more directly related to stress levels in men, whereas coping exhibited more moderating effects in women. Contrary to predictions, only American women exhibited a buffering effect for problem-focused coping, and no maladaptive effects of emotion-focused coping were found for any group. Chinese women, and to a lesser extent, Chinese men, exhibited a pattern of buffering effects for emotion-focused coping and maladaptive moderating effects for problem-focused coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping in spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the usage and perceived effectiveness of coping strategies of spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan, the Republic of China, during the acute phase of the illness. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Visitors room for a coronary care unit in Taiwan, the Republic of China. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one female and 10 male spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Revised Ways of Coping Scale was modified to assess both frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of coping strategies. It was also translated into Chinese. RESULTS: Seeking Social Support was the most frequently used coping strategy, whereas Confrontive Coping was used the least. There were significant positive relationships between the extent of usage of coping strategies and their perceived effectiveness. Men used Planful Problem-Solving more often and found it be more effective than did women; they also found the Self-Controlling and Accepting Responsibility strategies to be more effective than did women. Older spouses reported the Planful Problem-Solving strategy to be more effective than did younger subjects. The more family members living with a spouse, the less Accepting Responsibility was used as a coping strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan, the Republic of China, report using a variety of coping strategies. Those used most often are perceived to be the most effective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping in the family context: active and avoidance strategies in adolescents from divorced families].

Studies on children's response to divorce have mainly emphasized negative psychological sequalae such as poor social adjustment and emotional disorders. In many studies children's coping strategies were important moderator variables. In a meta-analysis, Suls and Fletcher (1985) found better short-term outcomes related to avoidant coping. On the long run, however, active strategies were better off. To date, little is known about family climate influences on adolescents' coping. In the current study, 128 children (62 girls, 66 boys) from German middle class families were observed 6 months, 1, 2, and 7 years after the divorce of their parents. At the time of divorce their mean age was 14,8 years (SD = 2,5). The models presented in this article are based on 39 adolescents (17 girls, 22 boys) for whom complete data were available. The study relates adolescents' coping strategies to measures of family functioning, as assessed through Family Environment Scale (Moos 1974). Coping strategies were assessed by Ways of Coping (Lazarus 1980), Impact of Event Scale (Horowitz 1979), and Stressverarbeitungs-Fragebogen (Janke 1985). Results, analyzed with LISREL models, indicate that supportive family climate, operationalized by openness and control, are good cumulative predictors for active coping. In a second model constraining family climates predicts avoidant coping in adolescents. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

[Coping behaviors of the elderly with positive physical examination results in Kaohsiung City].

The objectives of this study were as follows: first, to investigate the coping behaviors of the elderly facing the stress of disease after free physical examination; Second, to identify personal and disease characteristics, and the social support that influences coping behaviors in the elderly. The study sample consisted of 661 elderly patients who were found to have abnormal findings during a free physical examination provided by 11 regional health stations in Kaohsiung City. Data were collected with questionnaires through home interview. Four hundred and eighty-four subjects completed the questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SAS computer program. The major findings were as follows: 1.Problem-oriented coping behaviors were the more frequently used. The most frequently used coping behaviors were "accepting the situation as it is", "reling on myself to solve problems", "hoping that things would get better", "seeking professional help", and "letting things follow their natural cause". 2. The relative variables for problem-oriented coping were marital status, religion, medical insurance, educational level, disease characteristics, and social support. Sex, marital status, religion, medical insurance, perceived disease severity, characteristics of health problem, and newly found abnormality at this free physical examination were the relative variables for affective-oriented coping. 3. The best predictive variables for using problem-oriented coping behaviors were medical insurance, self-esteem support from family and friends, tangible support from health professionals, emotional support from health professionals, and whether it was the first time the patients knew their health problems. Findings from this study had implications for development of nursing care plans for elderly clients, as well as for collaborative team exploration of coping behaviors in the elderly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Cognitively-oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE). Preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the results of the pilot testing of a therapy we have developed for people with first-episode psychosis. Cognitively-oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE) is aimed at facilitating the adjustment of the person, and at preventing or alleviating secondary morbidity in the wake of the first psychotic episode. METHOD: Eighty people formed three groups: those who were offered and accepted COPE (COPE subjects); those who refused COPE (refusal subjects); and those who were offered neither COPE nor any other continuing treatment from our service (control subjects). The individuals were assessed prior to, and at the end of, COPE treatment (a 12-month period) on the Integration/Sealing Over, Explanatory Model, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Quality of Life, SCL-90-R, and Beck Depression Inventory measures. RESULTS: People who received COPE obtained significantly superior scores (P < 0.05) to the control group on four of the seven measures but only significantly out-performed the refusal group on one of the seven measures (P < 0.05). The COPE group performed significantly worse on the BDI than the refusal group (P < 0.05). Effect sizes are also provided for each measure. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be a place for psychological therapy in this group of people but our results need to be replicated in a more definitive randomised controlled trial and such a study is now in progress.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Growing or just getting along? Technical and adaptive competence in coping among adolescents.

This study examined coping among African American adolescents with learning disabilities. Ninety-seven African American adolescents and their mother or primary caregiver participated in the study. The study centered on a new conceptual distinction between technical competence in coping and adaptive competence in coping. Technical competence referred to short-term, reactive attempts at coping based on individuals' abilities to find techniques for reducing their feelings of distress. Adaptive competence referred to longer-term, developmental processes of adaptive change that resulted in more global benefits for the individual. Past literature was reassessed on the basis of this conceptual distinction, and a new model of technical and adaptive competence in coping was proposed based on developmental theory. Perceptions of coping efficacy and the incidence of behavioral problems were regressed on measures of technical and adaptive competence in coping. Results were explored first as a general test of the model on the total sample, and second as a comparative analysis between gender subsamples. Total sample findings were consistent with hypothesized results. Technical competence was a better predictor of feelings of efficacy and adaptive competence was a better predictor of behavioral problems. Gender subsample differences were significant and supported a picture of gender-typed approaches to coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2025

Psychological interventions for children with chronic physical conditions: a systematic review assessing the role of coping, emotional and cognitive processes.

OBJECTIVES: Coping, emotional and cognitive processes are crucial in child development, particularly in children with pediatric chronic physical conditions (CPC). No systematic review in pediatric psychology has investigated the effectiveness of interventions on these processes concurrently. This review addresses this gap by focusing on the effectiveness of psychological interventions on coping, emotional and cognitive processes in children with CPCs. METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched for studies assessing at least one of these processes. Only randomized-controlled trials with children (8-12 years) with a CPC (e.g. diabetes, asthma), which implemented a psychological intervention were included. This study is registered in (CRD42021233505). RESULTS: Ten intervention studies were identified. While cognitive interventions (Cogmed) showed some improvements in working memory, the effects varied across studies despite similar methodologies. Coping interventions (e.g. Coping Skills Training) showed little effect on coping strategies or psychological health variables and were no more beneficial than control groups. No study trained coping, emotional processes and cognitive processes together. CONCLUSION: This review shows current limitations in evaluating psychological interventions targeting coping, cognitive or emotional processes in children with CPCs, limiting a comprehensive understanding of the interventions' action mechanisms. Systematically including underlying processes in intervention studies could help to better adjust those interventions.

Humans↗