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PubMed1996

Intracardiac injection of T-61, a veterinary euthanasia drug.

CASE REPORT: We report a suicidal attempt by intracardiac injection of T-61, a veterinary euthanasia drug containing embutramide, mebezonium and tetracaine in dimethylformamide. The main complications were reversible acute renal failure and pericardial effusion. There was a delayed abnormality of the liver function tests possibly related to the dimethylformamide solvent. A liver biopsy on day 16 showed a normal hepatic architecture with lipid-containing lysosomes and prominent vesicular endoplasmic reticulum noted on electron microscopy.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed1992

[Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography of tetracyclines].

The present paper describes a quantitative determination method of tetracyclines by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The method used a Waters 10 C18 4.6 nm ID x 250 nm reversed phase column, with a mobile phase composed of 14% acetonitrile-3% dimethylformamide-83% water containing 0.02 mol/L citric acid (pH-2.5), the detector wavelength was set at 350 nm, and the flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. Demethylchlortetracycline, epi-demethylchlortetracycline, demethyltetracycline, epi-demethyltetracycline, tetracycline, epi-tetracycline, chlortetracycline and epi-chlortetracycline can be separated highly efficiently. The tetracyclines and their anhydro- products can be separated on the same column with 15% acetonitrile- 15% dimethylformamide- 70% 0.02 mol/L citric acid as the mobile phase, and detected at UV 270 nm.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Azathioprine transport through rat skin and its immunosuppressive effect.

The objective of this research was to study the in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of azathioprine with and without the effect of penetration enhancers. In vitro permeation of azathioprine was studied using a Franz diffusion cell and rat skin. Both azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine were detected in the receiver solution with a reversed phase HPLC system. The steady state flux of azathioprine, permeability coefficient, and lag time were reported. Penetration enhancers such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and urea were added to the donor compartment to increase the skin permeation of azathioprine. The flux of azathioprine was increased by 20.7%, and 22.4% using dimethylsulfoxide, and dimethylformamide respectively. The in vivo permeation was determined by measurement of antibody titers by the slide latex agglutination test. The in vivo permeation study showed that the titers of antibody induced in the rats were not affected by topical application of azathioprine solution. The results show that azathioprine has low flux to exert a systemic effect with and without penetration enhancers. However these results may support the use of topical azathioprine for the treatment of some dermatological disorders with minimum side effects.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1991

3,3-disubstituted 1-acyl-1-phenylthioureas with platelet antiaggregating and other activities.

This paper describes the synthesis in excellent yields of N-acyl-N-phenyl-1-pyrrolidine-, 1-piperidine-, 4-morpholine-, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinoline-, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-isoquinoline-, 10-phenothiazine- and 2,2'-dipyridylamine-carbothioamides by reaction of the corresponding 3,3-disubstituted 1-phenylthioureas, prepared in situ from the appropriate secondary amine and phenylisothiocyanate, with aromatic or heterocyclic acyl chlorides in pyridine solution or, in lower yields, in anhydrous dimethylformamide or pyridine solution in the presence of sodium hydride. N-phenyl-1-pyrrolidinecarbothioamide prepared in situ reacted with iodomethane in dimethylformamide solution and in the presence of sodium hydride to give excellent yield of the S-methyl derivative, namely the methyl ester of N-phenyl-1-pyrrolidinethiocarboximidic acid. Some of the above compounds, in particular the phenothiazine acylthioureas, showed platelet antiaggregating activity in vitro superior or comparable to that of acetylsalicylic acid; moreover, some acylthioureas exhibited moderate hypoglycemic activity in rats and competitive antiacetylcholine and H1-antihistaminic effect in vitro inferior to that of atropine and chlorpheniramine, respectively.

2,2'-Dipyridyl↗

PubMed1991

[Study of trans-placental transport of methylamphotericin B in albino rats after intravenous administration].

Transplacental penetration of amphotericin B, an methyl derivative, was studied on rats after its intravenous administration. Microbiological and radioisotopic methods were used. When the microbiological method was applied the drug was administered on days 16 to 20 or on day 20 of pregnancy in a dose of 4 mg/kg. For extraction of the antibiotic dimethylformamide was added to the substrates. The labeled antibiotic was administered in a dose of 3.3 mg/kg on days 6 to 16 and on day 20 of pregnancy. It was noted that the antibiotic accumulated in the placenta. The accumulation was more pronounced after antibiotic use in the course doses. A significant part of the antibiotic was in the placenta in the bound state. The methyl derivative amphotericin B was not detected microbiologically in the umbilical cord serum, fetal organs and amniotic fluid. Neither was it detected by extraction with ++dimethylformamide. The labeled antibiotic was neither detected in the amniotic fluid and fetal organs during the whole observation period. Therefore, the methyl derivative amphotericin B did not penetrate through the placental barrier either in the free or bound state. The direct teratogenic action of amphotericin B, a methyl derivative, after its intravenous administration to female rats is likely possible.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed1985

[The kinetics of hydrolysis of alanine peptide esters and -p-nitroanilides by thermitase, a thermostable serine protease from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris: secondary specificity, influence of temperature and solute].

The kinetic parameters Km and kcat and the resulting proteolytic coefficients kcat/Km for the hydrolysis of blocked alanine peptide esters (X(Ala)nOMe) and -p-nitroanilides (X(Ala)n-pNA) of variable length (n = 1 to 5 alanine residues) by the cationic, microbial serine protease thermitase are determined in order to delineate the number of subsites involved in catalysis. Thermitase has at least five secondary subsites (S1 to S5) being hydrophobic in S1 to S4. Arrhenius plots for both, esterase and amidase activity were biphasic with a break at 30 degrees C, followed by a downward bend. The influence of dimethylformamide, solute for many substrates, on the thermitase-catalyzed esterolysis of Z(Ala)2OMe was also investigated. In contrast to the kcat values being unaffected by 5 to 30% dimethylformamide, the Km values increased logarithmically with enhancing its concentration.

Alanine↗

PubMed1985

Induction of branchial (gill) neoplasms in the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

Juvenile medaka were exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in water under static renewal conditions for 28 days. Two groups of 134 fish each were pulsed 3 times weekly at nominal concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mg/liter with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine dissolved in dimethylformamide. A third group of 134 fish was exposed to the solvent control, 0.01% dimethylformamide in water. Following the 28-day exposure, and during the recovery period, fish were sampled at intervals of approximately 0, 3, 6, and 9 months and examined grossly. Selected tissues were evaluated microscopically. Many tumor types developed in both N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine exposure groups, but only the gill lesions will be discussed. Approximately 50% of the fish in both treatment groups died from gill damage in the second to third month of the recovery period. More than 90% of the surviving treated fish displayed gill lesions, which progressed from mild epithelial hyperplasia of gill filaments at 0-months recovery to epitheliomatous hyperplasia at 3 months and advanced to a more focal nodular appearance of gill filaments at 6 months. Eight to 9 months after the treatment period, at least four fish displayed branchial blastomas. The control fish had no gill lesions. Chemically induced gill tumors have not been previously observed in fish. Even gill tumors of unknown origin are very rare.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[The role of ointment bases in the formulation of 2 antifungal drugs. II. Liberation studies on 5-fluorocytosine and tolnaftate ointment bases by the microbiological agar plate method].

In this study a microbiological in vitro agar plate method was developed to measure the liberation of two antifungal agents; 5-Fluorocytosine and Tolnaftate; comparatively from six different type ointment bases. The effect of dimethylformamide to the liberation of these two antifungals was also studied. Cetyl alcohol ointment and Emulsion ointment (B.P. 1968) bases gave the best results for the two active agents. Dimethylformamide accelerated the release of these antifungals from the emulsion type bases (Emulsion Ointment and Simple Ointment).

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed1984

Development of the superoxide-generating system during differentiation of the HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line.

Utilizing the induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells as a model of myeloid maturation, we examined the development of the superoxide-generating system, focusing on NADPH oxidase activity, membrane depolarization, and cytochrome b content. NADPH oxidase activity, measured as NADPH-dependent superoxide production, increased with both spontaneous and N,N-dimethylformamide-induced differentiation. Activity in particulate fractions from induced HL-60 cells and human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes was proportional to their relative rates of superoxide production, but activity from uninduced cells was surprisingly high: one-third that from induced cells, despite only 7% their rate of superoxide generation. NADPH oxidase activities in phagocytic vesicles from induced HL-60 cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were equal, indicating the equivalence of the enzyme system in active portions of their cell membranes. Separation by centrifugal elutriation of the HL-60 cell population into fractions of varying maturity confirmed the relationship of NADPH oxidase activity to advancing differentiation in both dimethylformamide-induced and spontaneously maturing cells. Membrane potential change, an early event related to activation of the oxidase, was followed by 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine dye fluorescence. The depolarization response increased dramatically in both magnitude and initial rate of change during differentiation. The cells' cytochrome b content increased 3-fold with induction of differentiation, in proportion to the change in NADPH oxidase activity.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed1983

Urinary excretion of mercapturates as a biological indicator of exposure to electrophilic agents.

The urinary excretion of mercapturates was followed photometrically in individuals exposed to styrene, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, butadiene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane (Halothane), ethylene oxide, epichlorhydrin, bis(chloromethyl)-ether, N-methylacrylamide, dimethylformamide, nitrosamines or cis-platinum and in groups of controls, smokers and nonsmokers, males and females, the residents of city P, industrial town V.M. and mountain village S. The increase in the urinary excretion of mercapturates was found in individuals exposed to styrene, aromatic hydrocarbons, dimethylformamide, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and in smokers. In groups of controls, the lowest mercapturate concentrations were detected in the urine samples of nonsmokers from the mountain village S. where the degree of air pollution due to motor vehicle emissions was lowest at the time of investigation.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1981

Heterogeneity in the cellular commitment of a human leukemic cell line: K 562.

The cellular origin of the K 562 cell line, established from a patient in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia has been investigated. In agreement with previous reports, an erythroid differentiation was observed. A minority of immature, but hemoglobinized erythroblasts were identified both by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence using an antibody to gamma-globin chains. Embryonic and fetal hemoglobin (Hb) were synthesized. Hemin increased the number of erythroblasts as well as the absolute amount of Hb synthesized: the Hb pattern was also significantly modified. By cytochemical ultrastructural detection of peroxidase activity (PA), a weak PA, distinct from granulocytic peroxidases, was found exclusively in the nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum in a small number proportion of cells. In its localization this PA resembled that of normal and leukemic promegakaryoblasts. The addition of sodium butyrate or dimethylformamide markedly increased the number of these cells (up to 30%) but did not modify their cytoplasmic maturation. No modification of Hb synthesis was observed. Cloning of the K 562 line revealed a marked heterogeneity from one clone to another in Hb production, in the phenotype of Hb synthesis, and in the inducibility by butyrate or dimethylformamide. An inverse relationship between the number of cells with PA and Hb production was found in the different clones. Recloning some of these primary clones resulted in secondary clones, which displayed properties similar to those from which they had originated. All attempts to obtain granulocytic differentiation by addition of different inducers failed. These results clearly indicate that the K 562 cell line arises from the proliferation of bipotent stem cells, these cells possessing variable capacities of differentiation toward erythroid and presumably megakaryocytic cell lineages.

Cell Line↗

PubMed1982

[Identification of the antibiotic formed by a Str. canulus 106/78 culture with antibiotic CC-1065].

An antibiotic with a melting point of at least 340 degrees C, [alpha]D + 100 degrees (c 1 per cent in dimethylformamide) was isolated from the mycelium of Str. canulus 106/78. Calculated (%): C 60.63, H 4.69, N 13.6. The UV spectrum of the antibiotic (in methanol solution) showed the terminal absorption, shoulder at 265 nm and maximum at 375 nm. In dimethylformamide solution the UV absorption maximum was observed at 370 nm with E1 1% cm 845. The IR, FMR and 13C-NMR spectra of antibiotic 106 are analogous to the respective spectra of antibiotic CC-1065 which is indicative of their identity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1980

[Studies on acetamides and formamides for embryotoxic and teratogenic activities in the rabbit (author's transl)].

The acid amides acetamide, monomethylacetamide, dimethylacetamide, formamide, monoethylformamide and dimethylformamide were investigated for prenatal and teratogenic effects in rabbits. The compounds were administered by stomach tube to the animals as aqueous solutions from the 6th to the 18th day post insemination. In rabbits monomethylformamide caused the most serious teratogenic effect. A teratogenic effect was also caused by monomethylacetamide. Formamide showed an embryotoxic and weak teratogenic effect when it was given in a non-toxic maternal dosage whereas acetamide and dimethylacetamide had an embryolthal effect only in toxic maternal dosages. The rabbit seems to be more sensitive to dimethylformamide than are other animal species because foetuses with anomalies were already seen when the substance was given in non-toxic dosages.

Acetamides↗

PubMed1981

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of furazolidone in feed and feed premixes.

Furazolidone is separated from finished feeds by acetone-water extraction on a Goldfisch apparatus. Extracting solvent is removed, and the residue is dissolved in dimethylformamide-5% tetraethylammonium bromide (1 +1), clarified, and chromatographed on a reverse phase C1 column. The mobile phase is CH3CN-2% acetic acid (20 + 80) with detection at 365 nm. The method was tested for linearity, recovery, and ruggedness, and compared with the AOAC colorimetric assay by using field samples containing 0.0055-0.055% furazolidone. Precision data suggest a cumulative relative standard deviation of 1.43% within days and 1.78% between days. The ruggedness test predicts a between-laboratory relative standard deviation of 3.67%. Recovery was 97.5 +/- 2.0% and linearity was excellent (r2 = 0.9994) up to 0.06% furazolidone. Premixes are extracted by shaking with dimethylformamide. An aliquot of the extract is diluted (1 + 1) with 5% tetraethylammonium bromide, clarified, and chromatographed.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A gentle method for linking Tris to amino acids and peptides.

A gentle method for the addition of Tris to the carboxyl group of amino acids or peptides for the purpose of altering their solubility and/or for providing sites for further derivatization is described. Under mild alkaline conditions and in high concentrations of aqueous dimethylformamide, the amino group of Tris cleaves simple esters of N-protected amino acids or peptides to form an amino acid-Tris linkage. The effects of pH, temperature and dimethylformamide concentration on the rate and the efficiency of the reaction of Tris with benzyloxycarbonyl-alanine methyl ester were examined and the general applicability of the method demonstrated on a range of amino acid and small peptide substrates. Side-chain protection was not required and the degree of racemization was found to be lower than with conventional chemical coupling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol and its major toxic metabolite, glycolic acid, in serum by gas chromatography.

We developed a gas-chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol (EG) and its major toxic metabolite, glycolic acid (GA), suitable for clinical use in instances of EG intoxication. After serum protein precipitation with acetonitrile (containing internal standard), the supernate is treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (containing dimethylformamide) to remove water, and the volume is then reduced by evaporation to <100 microL of dimethylformamide (but not to dryness). After trimethylsilyl derivatization, the resulting derivatives are analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography. Only 100 microL of serum is required and the entire determination, including calibrators and controls, takes <2 h. The method gives a linear response to at least 10 g/L EG and 5 g/L GA and has a limit of detection <10 mg/L. Intraassay CV is < or = 2.8% for EG (100 and 1000 mg/L) and GA (100 and 500 mg/L); between-day CV is < or = 6.5%. The absolute recovery from serum was 91% for EG and 77-82% for GA (200 and 2000 mg/L each). Relative to calibrators prepared bovine serum albumin (70 g/L), the recovery was 99-104% for EG (100 - 5000 mg/L) and 95-105% for GA (50 - 2500 mg/L). No clinically important interference was detected for >60 exogenous or endogenous compounds and drugs.

Acetonitriles↗

PubMed1977

Synthesis of sulfate esters of lithocholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, and taurolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine.

The facile synthesis of lithocholic acids sulfates by a procedure that produced the desired products in over 90% yield is described. Lithocholic acid sulfate and glycolithocholic acid sulfate were synthesized by reacting lithocholic acid or glycolithocholic acid with sulfur trioxide-triethylamine complex in dimethylformamide for 0.5-1 hr. Taurolithocholic acid sulfate was obtained by conjugating lithocholic acid sulfate with taurine in dimethylformamide at 90 degrees C for 0.5 hr. The one-pot synthesis of taurolithocholic acid sulfate starting from lithocholic acid is also described. This procedure, which generated lithocholic acid sulfate in situ, produced taurolithocholic acid sulfate in 98% yield, compared to an overall yield of less than 10% obtained by previously published procedures.

Cholic Acids↗

PubMed1998

Influence of potassium fluoride on the syntheses of methylpiperazine-modified poly(vinyl chloride)s for use as fixed-site proton carrier membranes.

Aminated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes were prepared that had a Nernstian response over a wide range of pH. The reaction between PVC and methyl-piperazine (MePIP) in dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied over a wide range of time and temperature, and in the presence of the catalyst, potassium fluoride (KF). Time, temperature, and KF increased the nitrogen (N) content of the resulting polymers, but sometimes at the expense of decreasing their specific viscosities (molecular weights). Activation energies of processes that occurred in different temperature ranges were estimated assuming an Arrhenius relationship. A Nernstian response occurred once the N content approached to about 0.3 w/w %, and was accelerated by the presence of KF at elevated temperatures. Increasing the N content above about 3% led to a loss of the Nernstian response either because of an increase in the double bond content and a subsequent decrease in polymer mobility, or because of a decrease in the molecular weight of the copolymer and concomitant difficulties in film preparation.

Dimethylformamide↗