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PubMed1998

Patient attitudes about mandatory reporting of domestic violence. Implications for health care professionals.

As of January 1994, California physicians are required to report to police all patients who are suspected to be victims of domestic violence. This article describes the results from a focus group study of abused women (n = 51) that explored their experiences with and perspectives on medical care. The eight focus groups included two Latina (total n = 14), two Asian (total n = 14), two African-American (total n = 9), and two Caucasian (total n = 14) groups of women who had been the victims of domestic abuse within the previous 2 years. The women were recruited through community-based organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area. With regard to physician reporting of domestic violence to police, five themes were identified: fear of retaliation by the abuser, fear of family separation, mistrust of the legal system, desire for police protection, and preference for confidentiality and autonomy in the patient-health professional relationship. Our results indicate that mandatory reporting may pose a threat to the safety and well-being of abused women and may create barriers to their seeking help and communicating with health care professionals about domestic violence.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Observations on the involvement of wildlife in an epornitic of chlamydiosis in domestic turkeys.

In an investigation of potential wildlife reservoirs of Chlamydia psittaci at the site of an acute, highly fatal epornitic of chlamydiosis in domestic turkeys in Texas, various species of wild birds and rodents were captured and tested for chlamydial serum antibodies and chlamydiae in their tissues. Thirteen (65%) of 20 blackbirds (Agelaius sp), 4 (44%) of 9 killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus), 3 (27%) of 11 sparrows (Passer sp) and 1 of 4 mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) were seropositive, but chlamydiae were not isolated from their tissues. Two of 3 rats (2 cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, and 1 roof cat, Rattus rattus) were seropositive, but 7 gophers (Citellus sp), 1 ground squirrel (Tamias sp), an opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and a domestic cat (Felis domesticus) were seronegative; however, chlamydiae were recovered from the livers and spleens of the opossum and domestic cat, both of which had been observed scavenging carcasses of turkeys dead of chlamydiosis. Cultures of these isolants were inoculated experimentally into turkeys and produced lesions of chlamydiosis that were indistinguishable from those caused by the strain originally recovered from diseases turkeys on the premises. Nine of 50 domestic goats quartered near the diseased turkeys were tested, and all were seropositive.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The response to domestic violence in a model court: some initial findings and implications.

This study utilized a non-experimental design to obtain information on a full range of domestic violence incidents brought before the Quincy, Massachusetts District Court, a model court. One limitation of previous research on spouse assaults using more sophisticated designs is that the target population has been restricted to specific subgroups of cases thereby limiting subsequent discussions of policy/practice implications of the findings vis-a-vis all spouse assault cases. To address this research "shortfall", we obtained permission from the Quincy District Court to examine all the spouse assault cases brought before the court during a 7-month period (June, 1995, through February, 1996). The findings show that in a full enforcement environment, victims took out restraining orders only against the most violent, criminally abusive men. Most men who were arrested for domestic violence had prior criminal histories for a variety of offenses. Domestic violence offenders appeared to be of two types: those with extensive and diverse criminal histories and those with little or no such involvement. However, active criminal justice intervention against domestic violence offenders appears to be primarily directed toward offenders already active in the criminal justice system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Asymmetrical hatching behaviors influence the development of postnatal laterality in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus).

Lateralized motor behaviors have been reported in some avian species. For instance, footedness has been reported in parrots and domestic chicks, and turning biases have been reported in such species as quail and domestic chicks. This study examined the effects of asymmetrical hatching behaviors on the development of lateralized turning bias and footedness in domestic chicks. Asymmetrical hatching behaviors are counter-clockwise full body turns that many precocial birds make to escape the egg. To study the role of such coordinated prenatal motor behaviors in the development of lateralization, hatching behaviors were systematically disrupted following pipping. Subjects were subsequently tested on two measures of laterality: footedness and turning bias. Results indicated a significant reduction in individual and group lateralization for both measures. These findings suggest that the hatching behaviors found in domestic chicks serve to induce the development of strong motor biases at both the individual and population level.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1976

Neonatal Escherichia coli infections in domestic mammals: transmissibility of pathogenic characteristics.

Apart from the fact that different serotypes are involved, natural and experimental Escherichia coli infection in domestic mammals closely resembles natural E. coli infection in human beings. Some of the important characteristics of E. coli strains that cause disease in domestic mammals are determined by transmissible plasmids. These include enterotoxin, haemolysin and K88 antigen in piglet enteropathogenic strains and enterotoxin and K99 antigen production in calf and lamb enteropathogenic strains; most strains that cause generalized infections in young domestic mammals, i.e. invasive strains, also produce plasmid-determined colicine V. These are all good reasons for employing young domestic mammals as the animal model for studying certain aspects of E. coli infection in human beings. Exploiting the fact that plasmids can be introduced into bacterial cells by conjugation and can be removed from them by "curing", bacterial strains were created that differed from each other, as far as could be determined, only by the presence or absence of one or more of these plasmid-determined properties. These strains, or cell-free preparations of them, were then given by mouth to piglets, calves, lambs and baby rabbits. The results showed that the K88 antigen, probably on account of its adhesive properties, permitted pig enteropathogenic strains of E. coli to proliferate in the small intestine of piglets; the K99 antigen performed a similar function in calf and lamb enteropathogenic strains. The enterotoxin produced by the proliferating organisms was then chiefly responsible for the subsequent movement of fluid from the body into the small intestine and the consequent diarrhoea. Possession of the Col V plasmid contributed significantly to the virulence of invasive strains of E. coli by enabling them to resist more successfully the defence mechanisms of the host.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

A comparison of sperm morphology and silver nitrate staining characteristics in the domestic ferret and the black-footed ferret.

Ejaculated sperm from the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) were compared for differences in morphological abnormalities and argentophilic protein distribution. Thawed domestic ferret sperm was also compared to fresh sperm to determine whether there were any effects on cell morphology due to cryopreservation. There were statistically significant differences between the two species of ferret in two of the categories scored. The domestic ferret had a higher frequency of cells that were bent in the midpiece and in the principal piece, and a higher frequency of headless and tailless cells when compared to the black-footed ferret. There were no statistically significant differences in cell morphology between the fresh and cryopreserved ejaculates of the domestic ferret employing a standard egg yolk cryoextender. Silver nitrate staining distribution was different between the two species in both the head and tail region.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Use of visual cover by domestic fowl: a Venetian blind effect?

Cover is a structural feature of the environment that animals can use to conceal themselves from predators or conspecifics or to gain shelter from inclement weather. Cover may also form a physical barrier limiting movement. It was hypothesized that domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticuswould use visual cover for concealment. Use of cover was examined in two strains of domestic fowl kept indoors in four groups of 110-112 birds each. In each pen, cover was provided by four rigid vertical panels, one in each of four quadrants. Four similar quadrants were without cover. To investigate use of cover for concealment, the four cover structures varied in continuity of visual cover: (1) transparent (0% cover), (2) transparent with four equidistant vertical green stripes (33% cover), (3) transparent with eight such stripes (67% cover) and (4) solid green (100% cover). Scan samples of quadrant use were made weekly when the birds were 24-52 days of age. Both strains of domestic fowl (1) used areas with cover more than areas without cover, (2) showed increased resting and preening behaviour in areas with cover and (3) showed increased use of cover as continuity increased from 0 to 67%. These results could not be explained by thermoregulatory or physical barrier effects of the cover structures. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a preference for concealment motivates the use of visual cover by domestic fowl, and suggest a 'Venetian blind' effect for visually discontinuous security cover.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Growth of lion and puma lentiviruses in domestic cat cells and comparisons with FIV.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV-Fca) is a lentivirus that causes gradual immunological deterioration in domestic cats. Lentiviruses related to FIV have been detected in several nondomestic feline species; the biologic significance of these viruses remains to be defined. To examine the in vitro cell tropism of these nondomestic cat lentiviruses, prototypical puma and lion lentiviruses (FIV-Pco and FIV-Ple) were cultured in a variety of feline cell cultures. A domestic cat T lymphoma cell line, 3201, best supported the replication of both FIV-Pco and FIV-Ple. Moreover, FIV-Ple was lytic for these cells. RT-PCR amplification of a conserved pol gene region demonstrated species-specific primer homology. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of this amplification product confirmed the identity of the replicating viruses and classified two previously uncharacterized viruses within predictable lion and puma clades. Sequence analysis of a conserved pol region demonstrated homology with previously characterized FIV-Ple and FIV-Pco. Western blot analysis using domestic cat anti-FIV-Fca sera showed that both FIV-Pco and FIV-Ple were antigenically related, to differing degrees, to three serotypes of FIV-Fca. These studies demonstrate that though nondomestic cat lentiviruses differ significantly from FIV-Fca and that a viral-specific protocol may be necessary for sensitive viral detection, these viruses can replicate in cells of domestic cats. suggesting the potential for cross-species transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

International labor migration and domestic labor supply.

"This paper constructs a dynamic, general equilibrium framework to study the relationship between international labor migration and domestic labor supply. The general equilibrium nature of the model enables us to endogenize the pattern of labor migration. The effect of labor migration on domestic wage rates and labor supply is shown to depend on the pattern of labor migration. If the substitution effect dominates the income effect in labor supply, the domestic supply of labor necessarily decreases in response to an inflow of migrants....Similarly, if the dominant effect is the income effect, the immigration of labor necessarily increases the domestic supply of labor."

Demography↗

PubMed1988

Neuronal degeneration in the pineal ganglion during the post-hatching development of the domestic fowl.

The frequency of pineal ganglia associated with the pineal tract, and the numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in these ganglia were studied in the domestic fowl during the post-hatching period by means of the acetylcholinesterase method. Furthermore, the degeneration of nerve cells in pineal ganglia of 40-day-old domestic fowl was investigated in detail at the electron-microscopic level. The rate of pineal organs containing one or more ganglia was 50% in 2- to 13-day-old, 38% in 40-day-old, and only 10% in 1-year-old domestic fowl. In parallel, the number of acetylcholinesterase-reactive nerve cells that constitute individual pineal ganglia decreased after hatching. Various degrees of neuronal degeneration were found in the pineal ganglia: swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, electron-dense degeneration of the cytoplasm, and pyknosis of the nerve cell nucleus. Clusters of macrophages containing numerous lysosomes filled with debris-like material were scattered in the ganglion. In addition, plasma cells were observed in association with degenerating nerve cells. These results confirm the suggestion that the loss of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells in the pineal ganglia of the domestic fowl is due to naturally occurring, programmed neuronal cell death. This process is discussed with reference to phenomena of cell death observed in other components of central nervous system.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1981

Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats.

The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Investigations into growth and differentiation in the cartilage of the condylar process in the domestic pig. A quantitative study of endochondral cartilage growth and cell distribution.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the ratio of the endochondral growth components cell volume increase to matrix production was subject to age-dependent and animal-specific changes per cell in the condylar cartilage of the domestic pig. In addition, it was to be investigated whether the cell distribution in the condylar cartilage and thus the tissue differentiation changes as one aspect of the aging process and whether the differentiation differs from that of primary hyaline cartilage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tissue specimens available were hematoxylin/eosin-stained section series from the cartilage of the condylar process of six domestic pigs (0-24 months) of the genus Suis scrofa. Using a special squared measuring grid in the optical path of a microscope, the following histomorphometric primary parameters were ascertained in the cartilage zones under investigation: the average section area of the cartilage cells and the number of cut cells per unit area. From these figures, the cell volume and the extracellular matrix volume per cell were calculated using the stereological calculation algorithm for ellipsoids of revolution in accordance with Weibel and Gomez. Quantitative analysis of the cell distribution pattern was based on two methods used in stochastic geometry: calculation of the dispersion index DI, and performance of the chi(2) adaptation test. RESULTS: It was shown that, in this species of experimental animal, the relative proportion of cell volume increase in the complete process of endochondral growth is predominant until the juvenile stage at 11 months. In late puberty, volume gain as a result of matrix synthesis then exceeds cell volume increase. Comparisons with other stereological growth studies show that the investigated ratio in the condylar cartilage of the domestic pig has a similar aging behavior to that in the rat. By contrast, the matrix synthesis is predominant in the monkey. The cell clustering typical of mature hyaline cartilage in other joints was not observed at any stage in the development of the condylar cartilage. This suggests that the differentiation process is adapted in a special way to the stress-strain relationship in the temporomandibular joint. CONCLUSION: The methods used successfully in the present study for measuring and evaluating uninfluenced cartilage growth in the condylar process of the domestic pig is suitable for more extensive basic studies into the influence of orthodontic treatment on joint development.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

[Tendency of development and perspectives of domestic care. Core results of the potential and limits of independent living (MuG III) study].

The study "Potential and Limits of Independent Living in Private Households" (MuG III) provides a comprehensive picture concerning the life situation of persons in need of help and care within private households. Domestic care in Germany is still provided by the family. Professional services within the framework of the Long Term Care Insurance add to domestic care, with the central objective to support the private willingness to home care. Viewed in line with the trend, domestic care arrangements - also against the background of the effects of demographic change - prove themselves as stable and adaptable. Meanwhile more men are integrated into care giving, and the number of neighbours and friends filling in as main caregivers has increased, too. However, the still considerable burden is noticeable. The limits of domestic care become evident any time when there are not enough caregivers available, as well as in cases of people suffering from dementia who are in need of extensive care.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Self-determination and organisation of care in domestic care arrangements].

For provision of care to be successful, receivers of care have to be involved in the decisions concerning their domestic care arrangement. Focused interviews of 27 people receiving care, as well as their domestic carers and, where applicable, professional nursing staff were used to investigate how the specific attitudes and resources of economic, social and cultural capital in the different social milieus influence self-determination and organisation of domestic care. Interviews were conducted in both eastern and western Germany. The results show milieu-specific strengths and weaknesses which should be taken into account when considering measures to stabilise domestic care.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Domestic violence--a comparison of activities in the health care sector in Brazil and Germany.

During the last decades an, international discussion has started on how to reduce the gender gap in women's and men's health. Feminist activists and public health scientists in Canada, Latin America (foremost Brazil), the States and South Africa issued a declaration of intention to focus on health impacts caused by gender-related domestic violence. In Europe, and particularly in Germany, the topic as an issue of medical care has lately been given increased attention. In this article, we present activities undertaken to overcome the obstacles in integrating the topic of domestic violence as a medical issue. The successful Brazilian strategy served as a model, in particular for implementing a hot-line for victims of domestic violence within the day-to-day clinical setting. The General Medical Council (Arztekammer), the Women's Medical Association of Lower-Saxony, and the Hanover Medical School founded a working committee "domestic violence" in co-operation with the Ministry of Women, Work and Social Affairs. Between 2002 and 2003, this task force worked out several guidelines and hand-outs for physicians to promote gender-sensitive treatment of abused women, gaining increasing acceptance by the German medical care providers in medical education and in-training services for physicians.

Brazil↗

PubMed2005

The influence of community violence on the functioning of women experiencing domestic violence.

The relationships among women's experiences of domestic violence, community violence, and their mental health functioning were explored (N = 94). Social contagion theory was used to argue for the link between community violence and family violence. Results revealed that women's experiences of domestic violence were not related to community violence. Furthermore, women's mental health functioning was solely associated with their experiences of domestic violence, not with community violence. Results are discussed in terms of an ecological model of domestic violence and future directions for exploring linkages between neighborhood characteristics and individual experiences.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Domestic violence and women's employment: fixed effects models of three waves of women's employment study data.

Domestic violence can interfere with women's ability to work, and may result in loss of welfare benefits and poorer economic outcomes. Previous studies showing no effect of domestic violence on employment could be a result of the failure to control for some individual characteristics; therefore we use fixed-effects models with three waves of Women's Employment Study (WES) data to control for unobservable time-invariant individual-specific characteristics. Included in our analyses were 598 women, from an urban county in Michigan who were on the welfare rolls in February of 1997, all of whom completed 3 waves of interviews. Our fixed effects regression results show that domestic violence significantly reduced the annual work hours of a respondent. Mental and physical health problems do not completely mediate this relationship. Our results support efforts to address domestic violence within the welfare system.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Quantitative trait loci and the study of plant domestication.

Plant domestication ranks as one of the most important developments in human history, giving human populations the potential to harness unprecedented quantities of the earth's resources. But domestication has also played a more subtle historical role as the foundation of the modern study of evolution and adaptation. Until recently, however, researchers interested in domestication were limited to studying phenotypic changes or the genetics of simple Mendelian traits, when often the characters of most interest--fruit size, yield, height, flowering time, etc.--are quantitative in nature. The goals of this paper are to review some of the recent work on the quantitative genetics of plant domestication, identify some of the common trends found in this literature, and offer some novel interpretations of the data that is currently available.

Breeding↗