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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Radiological consequences of the extreme flooding on the lower course of the Rhone valley (December 2003, south east France).

In early December 2003 unusual weather conditions led to major flooding of the lower Rhone valley. When it floods, the Rhone carries large masses of solid matter in suspension, which potentially includes associated artificial (anthropogenic) radioactive contaminants from soil drainage in the catchment area and from re-uptake of sedimentary matter that has been contaminated with low-level radioactive liquid effluents from almost twenty nuclear facilities situated along the Rhone valley. A sampling campaign was carried out to investigate the level and spread of both sediment mass and associated radioactive contamination across the flooded areas. An attempt was made to assess the radiological consequences of such an extreme event on contamination of the food chain. Our results show that almost 700,000 tons of sediment was transported onto the floodplain, of which 80% were coarse and fine sands. These materials transferred 6660 MBq of 137Cs, 93 MBq of (239+240)Pu, 13 MBq of 238Pu and 204 MBq of 60Co over a surface area of 60 km2. More than 90% of deposited sediments are concentrated in a 10 km2 area of agricultural soils, and we estimated that 18% were plowed into the soil. Nevertheless, the level of activity measured in the vegetable crops and milk was not significantly different from the level measured in similar samples from regions that were not affected by the December 2003 floods.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Testing the conservativeness of a screening model in a model validation exercise.

Although models for calculating derived emission limits have been around for many years, the opportunity to test them against independent data sets did not arise until the Biospheric Model Validation Study (BIOMOVS) was organized in 1985. Within BIOMOVS, two scenarios tested predictions of the movement of 131I and 137Cs from air to soil, pasture, milk, and beef. One of these scenarios was a model intercomparison of a chronic release over 30 y. The second scenario, using data gathered world-wide after the Chernobyl accident, allowed predictions to be compared directly with observations. The Canadian Standards Association's Guidelines for Calculating Derived Release Limits for Radioactive Material in Airborne and Liquid Effluents for Normal Operation of Nuclear Facilities was tested in both these scenarios to see whether its predictions were suitably conservative, as they should be for a screening model. A comparison was made between results of the Canadian Standards Association's model and those of other screening models on the one hand and results of models attempting to predict best estimates on the other hand. This analysis shows that often screening models are not conservative, and thus there should be much more effort to test the models against observations.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2003

Validation of ICRP metabolic models for the transuranics in a Japanese population.

Distributions of (239,240)Pu and 241Am in the tissues of Japanese were determined and then compared to those estimated using recent ICRP metabolic models. Intakes by inhalation and ingestion were calculated and used as input to the ICRP-30 model or a combination of the ICRP-66 lung model and the ICRP-67 metabolic model. The (239,240)Pu distribution in the lung, liver, skeleton, kidney, and muscle using the combination ICRP-66 and 67 models agreed well with the measured data. However, the measured plutonium concentration in the spleen was higher than predicted and than found in the kidney or muscle and indicates that the spleen should be treated as a separate organ in the ICRP model. The fractional uptake via ingestion of (239,240)Pu was estimated to be 11% with 5 x 10(-4) as the f1 value. The combination of ICRP-66 and 67 models were adequate descriptors of the organ burdens of 241Am measured in Akita and Niigata district populations. The 241Am ingrowth from 241Pu taken into in the human body contributes 90% of the measured burden.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1975

Environmental Radioactivity in Denmark in 1974.

The present report deals with the measurement of fall-out radioactivity in Denmark in 1974. Strontium-90 was determined in samples from all over the country of precipitation, soil, ground water, sea water, grass, dried milk, fresh milk, grain, bread, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, total diet, drinking water, and human bone. Furthermore, 90Sr was determined in local samples of air, rain water, grass, sea plants, fish, and meat. Caesium-137 was determined in soil, sea water, milk, grain products, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, total diet, fish, and meat. It was also measured by wholebody-counting of a control group at Tisø. Estimates of the mean contents of radiostrontium and radiocaesium in the human diet in Denmark during 1974 are given. The gamma-background was measured regularly at locations around Risø, at ten of the State experimental farms, in one area in Zealand, one in Jutland, and along the shores of the Great Belt. Finally the report includes routine surveys of environmental samples from the Risø area.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗