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Results for “Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice”

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PubMed2003

Adherence of the private sector to national tuberculosis guidelines in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2001-02.

We determined the knowledge and practice of private sector physicians in three cites regarding management of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and their determinants. A random sample questionnaire survey was conducted of 732 private physicians. Stratified analysis and logistic regression were used to identify the adjusted determinants of the two outcomes. A high proportion of the doctors had correct knowledge about the major diagnostic criteria but there was a low level of knowledge and practice of TB management. Significant risk factors for poor knowledge were age > or = 36 years, being a GP rather than a specialist and no attendance in TB training courses or attendance in courses held by institutions other than the public health system. Age > or = 36 years was the only significant risk factor for poor practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Smoking initiation prevention among youths: implications for community health nursing practice.

Cigarette smoking among youths has long been documented as a national problem affecting health and economic status in the United States. A number of studies have documented that cigarette-smoking initiation occurs primarily between late childhood and young adolescence. This evidence has brought about the need for awareness among community health nurses to find and deliver effective antismoking programs to reduce the prevalence of youth smoking initiation. Generally, community health nurses are in an excellent position to help the nation achieve its goals in terms of reducing the incidence of youth smoking initiation. However, current knowledge about community health nursing practice and smoking initiation interventions is limited. This article raises awareness about smoking initiation prevention in youth and the need to implement effective smoking prevention programs in practice settings and encourages community health nurses to increase their involvement in antismoking initiation research and interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Paramedical staff knowledge and practice related to the blood transfusion safety].

Blood transfusion is a complex activity, involving many actors. It is a high risk activity which couldn't be controlled without the use of specific methods. Health care workers beliefs and organisational factors are two major issues for the blood transfusion safety. Our study objectives were to describe the paramedical staff's knowledge and practice regarding blood transfusion safety and to identify factors that are related to them. We carried out a cross sectional study. The information was gathered by using a questionnaire. The latter was developed by foreign teams and adapted to the local context. Two outcome measures were used: the knowledge and practice score and the proportion of true answers. The study showed that only 15% of the interviewed persons have had a score less than 30 (scale range from 0 to 100), i.e. only 15% have had appropriate knowledge and practice with no negative consequences for the patient safety. 13.8% of the study population provided right answers related to the biologic exams required before red cells transfusion and 34% for the abnormal reaction circumstances. These results underscores the importance of strategies improving the quality and the safety of blood transfusion, i.e. the continuous medical education, implementing a blood transfusion information system and the use of transfusion practice guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Women's knowledge and attitudes about emergency contraception: a survey in a Melbourne women's health clinic.

The aim of the study was to determine the level of awareness of emergency contraception in women seeking pregnancy counselling and to investigate their attitudes towards emergency contraception. All women presenting for pregnancy counselling at a Melbourne women's health clinic in October 1997 were invited to complete a questionnaire detailing their contraceptive practices. One hundred and sixty-six questionnaires were distributed and 153 were completed (92% response rate). The majority of this sample population had heard of some form of emergency contraception and knew where to access it. However only 26% knew that emergency contraception should be taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. Although 80% of the sample had heard of emergency contraception (or the morning after pill) only 9% used it in an attempt to prevent this pregnancy. The majority of the women surveyed support the increased availability of emergency contraception by rescheduling it to a non-prescription item and re-packaging as a single treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Advocating for a harm-minimization approach to drug education in Australian schools.

The concept of using a harm-minimization approach to drug education in Australian schools has existed in both national and state government policy documents for over two decades. However, this approach appears to be ineffectively and inconsistently incorporated within the curriculum. Harm minimization emphasizes strategies that reduce the harms associated with drug use and prevent related health and social problems. Traditional drug education programs that promote abstinence as the only option may not be realistic and appear to have had limited success. School nurses in the state of Victoria have a significant role in improving both the understanding and adoption of this approach through advocacy, education, and their understanding of evidence-based practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Physicians and hospice care: attitudes, knowledge, and referrals.

Underutilization of hospice care continues to be a public health issue in the United States. Physician barriers related to incorrect knowledge and unfavorable attitudes have been hypothesized as part of the explanation. We conducted a mail survey of 264 area physicians, obtaining a response rate of 72% (n = 190). The survey examined attitudes toward, knowledge about, and perceptions of benefits and barriers to hospice care. Physicians demonstrated very positive attitudes toward hospice. They had correct knowledge about some aspects of hospice, but were uncertain about correct answers on the majority of items. They had erroneous knowledge on few items. Physicians perceived many benefits to hospice care, and identified patient and family readiness as the major barriers to earlier hospice referrals. Demographic and practice variables were related to responses on few of the survey items. These findings have many implications for outreach strategies for physicians as well as future research.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Practice of habitual and volitional health behaviors to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.

PURPOSE: To explore factors relating to the practice of habitual and volitional health behaviors against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. METHODS: A community telephone survey was conducted with 230 Chinese adolescents. Random-digit dialing of the local residential telephone directory was used to select respondents, who were asked to provide information on their practice of SARS preventive health behaviors and associated factors as specified by the Health Belief Model. These factors included perceived threat of SARS, perceived benefits and barriers in practicing SARS preventive health behaviors, cues to action, knowledge of SARS, and self-efficacy. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine salient correlates of habitual and volitional health behaviors against SARS. RESULTS: About 54.8% of respondents reported practicing all three recommended habitual health behaviors. Another 47.8% indicated consistent practice of volitional health behavior of facemask-wearing to prevent SARS. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that habitual health behaviors against SARS were related to perceived health threat and environmental cues. For facemask-wearing, salient correlates were environmental cues, rates of SARS habitual health behaviors, younger age, and perceived health threat. CONCLUSIONS: The Health Belief Model is useful in understanding Chinese adolescents' practice of health behaviors, especially volitional health behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The provision of information has been recommended as a key component of service provision after stroke. However, research suggests that patients' understanding of stroke and associated issues remains poor. We determined to undertake a systematic review of information provision strategies for patients and their carers after stroke. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of an information and/or education strategy to improve the outcome of stroke patients and/or their identified caregivers. SEARCH STRATEGY: Relevant trials were identified in the Cochrane Stroke Group Specialised Trials Register (last searched: June 2000). Additional intervention-based search strategies were developed for: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL/CCTR) Medline; Embase; CINAHL; ISI citation index; Science and Social Science Citation Indexes; ISI Web of Science Service; Aslib Index to UK theses; Dissertation Abstracts International, ASSIA and Psychlit/PsycINFO. We also searched the Journal of Advanced Nursing, bibliographies of retrieved papers, relevant articles and books. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two or three investigators independently assessed trials and abstracts identified for eligibility, methodological quality and other participant characteristics. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently using piloted data extraction forms. The primary outcomes were knowledge about stroke and stroke services, and impact on health, specifically mood. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 152 abstracts, of which 36 studies were potentially relevant to this review. The current analysis includes nine completed trials, a further eight studies are ongoing. Of the nine trials, three evaluated a programme of lectures and the remaining trials evaluated the provision of information. There is some evidence that information combined with educational sessions improved knowledge and was more effective than providing information only. Information provision only had no effect on mood, perceived health status or quality of life for patients or carers. Two trials used an objective measure of satisfaction and no significant differences were found between groups. One trial reported that information and education sessions for carers improved 'family functioning'. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The results of the review are limited by the variable quality of the trials and the wide range of outcome measures used. The general effectiveness of information provision has not been conclusively demonstrated. Future work should address the expressed needs of patients and carers and seek to identify appropriate teaching strategies which can be successfully implemented within clinical practice.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of a longitudinal community HIV intervention targeting injecting drug users' stage of change for condom and bleach use.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the Long Beach AIDS Community Demonstration Project, a community-based HIV-prevention intervention incorporating principles from the Transtheoretical model in its design and evaluation. DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional sampling with matched intervention and comparison communities. SETTING: Neighborhoods in Long Beach, California, having a high prevalence of drug abuse and prostitution. SUBJECTS: 3081 injecting drug users who were sexually active and/or shared injection equipment. INTERVENTION: Trained peer volunteers distributed fliers featuring role model stories targeted to the population's stage of change. Fliers were packaged with bleaching kits and/or condoms. MEASURES: Primary outcome measures were exposure to the intervention, condom carrying, and stage of change for disinfecting injection equipment with bleach and for using condoms with main and other partners. RESULTS: Toward the end of the study, 77% of injection drug users in the intervention area reported being exposed to the intervention. In the intervention area, rates of condom carrying increased from 10 to 27% (p < .001), and there was an increase from 2.32 to 3.11 in mean stage of change for using condoms with other partners, while stage of change decreased in the comparison area (p < .01). Mean stage of change for using condoms with a main partner also increased in the intervention area, but the difference was not significant after controlling for change in the comparison area. Subjects with recent project exposure had higher stage-of-change scores for using condoms with a main partner (p < .05) and other partners (p < .01) and for cleaning injection equipment with bleach (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the AIDS Community Demonstration Project intervention for reaching injecting drug users in the community and for motivating the adoption of risk-reducing practices.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

All the voices in the room: integrating humanities in nursing education.

Participatory action research was used to link the humanities with a deeper level of teaching and learning. Planning, action, reflection, and evaluation steps were collaboratively implemented by two nurse faculty researchers and five graduate nursing education students in a midsized, comprehensive, public midwestern university. Planning involved a literature review of the use of humanities in nursing education. Action entailed an essay assignment and an artwork-exhibition workshop. Written appraisal of the workshop provided data that were analyzed phenomenographically in the reflection step. Two categories, with descriptive subcategories, emerged: "Feelings" and "Learning Evaluation." Implications for nursing education leading to the generation of practical knowledge are discussed.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health promotion beliefs and practices of fourth-year medical students.

Little is known about medical student beliefs about health promotion issues or about their prevention practices with patients. We administered a questionnaire about health promotion beliefs and practices to fourth-year medical students in a required course, "Preventive Medicine in Clinical Practice," at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. During a three-year period we surveyed 343 students. A majority of students believed that most of 23 health behaviors were of some importance to health promotion, and their responses were similar to those of practicing physicians in prior studies. Most students reported that they assessed preventive practices in their patients but did not feel well prepared to counsel patients about health issues. Students reported they were currently unsuccessful in modifying patient health behaviors and expressed limited optimism about future success in helping patients change health promotion behaviors with further training and support. There were no differences between students entering primary care specialties and other students. Information about medical student health promotion and disease prevention beliefs and practices can be applied in curriculum development.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of adolescent smoking prevention strategies.

In the past 30 years, nursing knowledge of adolescent healthcare has grown tremendously, and the added knowledge can help us improve the care we provide to adolescents using evidence-based interventions for practice. While substantial progress has been made in reducing the numbers of adolescents who smoke, tobacco use by adolescents continues to be one of the largest public health problems in the United States. Current estimates are that about one in four adolescents smokes cigarettes on a regular basis. Researchers have tested community-based, school-based, and family-based interventions to prevent tobacco use among teens. This article revisits these interventions, summarizes those that have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing tobacco use among adolescents, and suggests how the interventions can be incorporated into nursing practice with teens. Recommendations for further research to establish evidence-based practice also are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Survey of smoking knowledge, attitudes and practice in school children in Honduras.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to survey Honduran pre-adolescent knowledge, perceptions and experience regarding smoking. METHODS: A 12-item survey was administered in the classroom to fifth and sixth grade students. The main outcome measures were a description of demographic factors, personal smoking experience, knowledge of health risks, attitudes about tobacco use and perceived sources of information. RESULTS: A total of 225 students were surveyed. The majority were aware that smoking is bad for health, and most reported never having smoked. Most viewed smoking as ugly. Friends and family were selected as the major source of information. CONCLUSIONS: School children in this area of Honduras are aware of the health risks of smoking and view smoking as unattractive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Using action research in nursing practice with older people: democratizing knowledge.

AIM: This paper reports on an action research study which raised some questions about the processes of developing a sense of shared ownership in action research in a research environment which does not always have the appropriate mechanisms to support and sustain action research. BACKGROUND: Action research has gained popularity in nursing and healthcare research, offering a way of developing practice-based knowledge, which can assist in changing practice and democratizing inquiry. METHODS: There are other organizational constraints on action research which arise at different levels, and which also require discussion. These can be issues about communication and ownership at a practice level and issues of funding and project management procedures. This paper reports on a study in which these issues came to the fore, and offers some thoughts on how they can affect the processes of action research. CONCLUSION: While the principles of action research appear to offer much towards the development of a practice-rooted body of knowledge for nursing, unless some of the issues of ownership are resolved, it is unlikely to move beyond academic rhetoric. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If nursing is to engage in action research, this must be done critically and reflectively and careful attention paid to developing an inclusive and collaborative approach to knowledge and practice development. Furthermore, to develop in nursing and health care research, it must find ways to meet the requirements of funding bodies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Acute-care nurses' attitudes towards older patients: a literature review.

With increases in life expectancy and increasing numbers of older patients utilising the acute setting, attitudes of registered nurses caring for older people may affect the quality of care provided. This paper reviews recent research on positive and negative attitudes of acute-care nurses towards older people. Many negative attitudes reflect ageist streotypes and knowledge deficits that significantly influence registered nurses' practice and older patients' quality of care. In the acute setting, older patients experience reduced independence, limited decision-making opportunities, increased probability of developing complications, little consideration of their ageing-related needs, limited health education and social isolation. Available instruments to measure attitudes towards and knowledge about older people, although reliable and valid, are outdated, country-specific and do not include either a patient-focus or a caring perspective. This paper argues for the development and utilisation of a research instrument that includes both a patient focus and a caring dimension.

Aged↗