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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Laboratory diagnosis of congenital and maternal rubella infection: a review.

Physicians are aware of the congenital rubella syndrome. Serodiagnosis is usually used to detect rubella infection in pregnant women and their fetuses. Although being considered the cornerstone of serodiagnosis, the hemagglutination inhibition test is gradually being replaced by new more convenient methods. Tests to detect IgM eliminate the need for paired sera to diagnose acute rubella infection. However, because of the possibilities of false positive, IgM results should be interpreted with caution. Detection of IgM in cord blood and new genetic technology made the diagnosis of infection in utero possible. The evidence of reinfection in people considered to be immune is abundant; however, discovering new antigenic determinants correlating with immunity may solve the problem and a new vaccine and antibody test that is truly associated with immunity will be available in the future.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in high and low antibody-producer mice. I.--Evolution of the disease, its correlation with the humoral immune response and the patterns of tissue lesions.

High (H) and low (L) responder mice selected for their capacity to produce antibody against flagellar antigens of Salmonellae sp. were infected i.p. with 10(6) L forms of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, strain 18. In H mice, the mortality ratio was 50%; the splenic index was high at the onset of infection (1.0), decreasing to normal levels after 30 days (0.45), with antibody titres such as 4-5 log2. In L mice, the mortality was 87.5%, the splenic index was above 0.6 and the antibody titres after 30 days were below 2 log2. In L mice, granulomas containing a high number of fungi, epithelioid cells, macrophages and a few polymorphonuclear cells were found. In H mice, focal or diffuse infiltrate of mononuclear cells with few or even the absence of fungi was seen. The passive transfer of immune ascitic fluid to L mice induced a reduction in the number of granulomas and fungi in the lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancement of immune responses to suramin correlates with antineoplastic activity in BALB/c-mice.

The antiparasitic naphthylurea suramin (SUR) could be shown to exert immunomodulating and antimetastatic activity in BALB/c-mice. Regular intraperitoneal administration of SUR yielded significant weight gain of spleen and significant enhancement of peritoneal macrophage activity in chemiluminescence assays. The number of thymocytes per mg organ weight did not show evident differences in control and SUR treated groups; however, determinations of lymphocyte subsets revealed up-regulation of mature cells expressing helper/inducer (L3T4) or cytotoxic/suppressor (Lyt-2) phenotypes but down-regulation of immature cells presenting both L3T4/Lyt-2 antigens. Accordingly, administration of SUR obviously accelerated murine thymocyte maturation. Counts of BALB/c-mice peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) revealed evident (but statistically non-significant) increases after SUR administration. The determination of activated T-cells expressing interleukin (Il-2) receptors further proved that SUR induced a potent immunostimulation since these cells were significantly enhanced after treatment. To evaluate the antimetastatic activity of SUR, sarcoma L-1 cells were intravenously inoculated into BALB/c-mice. In this model system the number of experimental lung metastases significantly decreased, as compared to control mice which received injections of saline solution. Accordingly, SUR can be regarded as an immunomodulating and antimetastatic substance which seems to be promising for clinical trials in oncology.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Bullous pemphigoid: a correlative study of autoantibodies, circulating immune complexes and dermo-epidermal deposits.

Twenty bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients were studied to establish any correlation between free anti-basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and dermo-epidermal junction deposits. CIC levels were evaluated by 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The twenty patients were found to have IgG and/or C3 deposited in the BMZ. Eight of the twelve patients who had no free anti-BMZ antibodies displayed a positive in vivo C4 and/or CIq staining and high levels of CIC. Moreover, CIC were detected in only one patient with positive circulating free anti-BMZ antibodies. The presence of free anti-BMZ antibodies was generally found to correlate with the absence of cutaneous deposits of CIq and /or C4 and with negative CIC; on the other hand, the absence of free anti-BMZ antibodies was generally found to correlate with high levels of CIC and with deposits of C3 and CIq and/or C4. The absence of circulating free anti-BMZ antibodies in BP patients, could be explained by the formation of CIC. It is possible that BMZ antigens released from damaged tissue could combine with free antibodies and form complexes in the blood. The release could involve locally formed immune complexes. Elevated CIC levels were generally found to correlate with the presence of active disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus.

To assess the correlation between the nature of immunity induced by different types of immunogens and the establishment of latent infection by wild-type pseudorabies virus (PrV), we used a murine model immunized with different immunogens, the PrV modified live vaccine (MLV), inactivated vaccine (IAV), and commercial oil-adjuvant subunit vaccine (OSV), via either intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.m.) route. Both MLV and IAV induced a different nature of immunity biased to Th1- and Th2-type, respectively, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes (IgG2a/IgG1) and the profile of cytokine IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma production. In contrast, the OSV induced a lower isotype IgG2a to IgG1 ratio and higher level of IL-2 production. The MLV (inducing Th1-type) provided more effective protection against a virulent wild-type PrV challenge than IAV and OSV (inducing Th2- and mixed type, respectively). In addition, the MLV impeded the establishment of a latent infection with wild-type PrV, and the decrease in the PrV latency load by immunization with the MLV appeared to be mediated by the immune T-cells. These results demonstrate the substantial role of the immune responses driven by preceding vaccination in modulating the establishment of PrV latency caused by the post-infection of a field virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Cross-protection correlates with delayed antibody formation to challenge virus after immunization with Sindbis virus.

Mice immunized with Sindbis virus, strains HR (heat-resistant) or AR339, by a dual injection given intracerebrally (i.c.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.) at day zero, were cross-protected from challenge at day 10 with Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to Sindbis are detected in high titre by day 6 after immunization but no cross-reacting antibodies to SFV were found up to day 42. Immunized mice that were challenged with SFV showed an 8 to 10 day delay in the appearance of antibody to SFV compared to mice that were sham-inoculated. Thus, cross-protection in Sindbis-immunized animals was correlated with a temporary suppression of antibody formation to the challenge virus (SFV), while the appearance of high titre antibody to SFV in sham-immunized mice after challenge with SFV did not protect.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in mice immunized with Escherichia coli and correlation with mortality after lethal challenge.

The balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, their correlation with endotoxin levels and mortality rate after lethal challenge of Escherichia coli was investigated in mice immunized weekly for 8 weeks with formalin-killed E. coli either untreated or treated with 0.5x minimal inhibitory concentration of aztreonam. Control mice treated in parallel with saline, died within 24 h after challenge with 100x lethal dose (LD50) of viable E. coli O6:K-. Mice immunized with antibiotic-treated bacteria showed a significantly higher survival than mice immunized with untreated E. coli. Cytokines were not detected in the sera of control mice during the entire period of immunization. At 90 min after immunization, mice immunized with antibiotic-treated E. coli showed tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels significantly lower and interleukin (IL)-6 levels significantly higher (P < 0.05) than mice immunized with untreated E. coli, while comparable levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma were measured in both groups. TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels measured 90 min after lethal challenge correlated with the mortality rate observed in each group (r = 0.96 for TNF-alpha and 0.94 for IL-10). IL-6 levels correlated with survival (r = 0.95), while IFN-gamma serum levels did not differ in the two immunized groups, but were significantly higher than those measured in the control mice. IL-4 was detected only after challenge of mice immunized with antibiotic-treated bacteria. Comparable levels of circulating endotoxin were measured after lethal challenge in both control and immunized mice. These data showed that in the presence of a protective immune response the survival of immunized mice was correlated with an early alteration of cytokine expression pattern including enhanced secretion of IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, and reduced secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-10.

Animals↗