SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Immunization Schedule”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

Intraperitoneal immunization against necrobacillosis in experimental animals.

Experiments employing recently developed mouse models indicated that intraperitoneal immunization with the cytoplasm (intracellular fraction) of Fusobacterium necrophorum protected the animals from a lethal challenge of the pathogen. The critical immunization schedule needed to achieve complete protection involved six weekly intraperitoneal doses of the intracellular antigen. Livers of immunized mice were cleared of infecting fusobacterial within 24 hours whereas those of nonimmunized mice harboured increasing numbers of hte bacteria. Sera from both groups did not protect recipient mice form developing liver abscesses after challenge. Sheep immunized intraperitoneally with 20 mg of cytoplasmic protein given in three doseases were protected against the development of abscesses induced by F. necrophorum.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1993

The retreat of Hemophilus influenzae type B invasive disease: analysis of an immunization program and implications for OTO-HNS.

Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old. Hib is also responsible for other invasive diseases including epiglottitis, cellulitis, sepsis, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. A child's cumulative risk of systemic Hib disease during the first 5 years of life is approximately 1 in 200. A polysaccharide Hib vaccine was first marketed in 1985, and newer, more effective conjugated vaccines have been licensed since 1987. Immunization schedules have included increasingly younger children. No studies have been published that analyze the effects of a vigorous immunization program on a sample population representative of the United States at large. Records of pediatric patients ages 5 years and younger who were treated for Hib meningitis or epiglottitis (N = 373) at all U.S. Army medical facilities between 1986 and 1991 were reviewed. The combined incidence of these diseases declined by more than 86% in the study group during this period. The largest decrease occurred in infants less than 1 year old, before vaccines were licensed for use in this group. Meanwhile, the number of cases of bacterial meningitis due to other organisms in this cohort remained unchanged. Economic modeling validates the cost-effectiveness of vaccination. The impact of these preliminary trends on health care systems and otolaryngology-head and neck surgery will be significant. Almost two thirds of Hib disease has involved infants under 15 months old, for whom a conjugated vaccine has been available only since October 1990. The change in disease frequency will have substantial bearing on training programs, because management of neurologic sequelae and the emergent airway require the expertise of otolaryngologists. In the face of medical onslaught, Hib invasive disease is in retreat.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1988

Production of monovalent anti-Bothrops asper antivenom: development of immune response in horses and neutralizing ability.

A monovalent antivenom was produced by immunizing two horses with venom of the pit viper Bothrops asper (Ophidia: Viperidae). Although development of the immune response against four toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom was similar in both horses during the first two thirds of the immunization schedule, antibody response in one of the horses reached much higher levels in the last part of the immunization. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that there were precipitating antibodies in the sera of these horses during all the stages of immunization. However, immunoprecipitation did not correlate with the ability of sera to neutralize toxic activities of B. asper venom. Monovalent antivenom was more effective than the commercially available polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of Bothrops asper venom. On the other hand, despite the fact that it neutralizes lethal and hemorrhagic activities of the venoms of Lachesia muta and Crotalus durissus durissus, it was less effective than polyvalent antivenom in these neutralizations. Moreover, it does not neutralize defibrinating activity induced by these two venoms, whereas it neutralizes this effect in the case of B. asper venom. It is proposed that monovalent antivenom may be highly effective in the case of envenomations induced by Bothrops asper venom; its use in treating accidents by L. muta and C. durissus would be indicated only if polyvalent antivenom is not available. Results also demonstrate that it is important to monitor antibody response individually in horses being immunized for antivenom production, due to the conspicuous variability in the response of different animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies ALT-01 and ALT-04 and identification of lung cancer-associated antigens].

Two IgG1 type monoclonal antibodies ALT-01 and ALT-04 were prepared by two different immunization schedules. ALT-01 was generated by fusing murine myeloma NS-1 cells with splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse immunized by human lung squamous carcinoma cells, which were coated by antisera to mixed human lymphocytes. For preparation of ALT-04, human lung squamous carcinoma xenograft-bearing nude mice were injected I. P. with the spleen cells of normal BALB/c mice in order to acquire immunofunction. The spleen cells from these tumor-bearing nude mice were fused with NS-1 cells. Then, these hybridomas were screened and cloned for 3 times. Two antibodies were shown to recognize the surface antigen on human lung carcinoma cells and several kinds of tumor cell lines but not those on normal cell lines. ALT-01 reacted to neither human lung carcinoma tissue nor its xenograft. ALT-04 reacted to human lung carcinoma tissue, of which, reaction to adenocarcinoma was the strongest but not to various normal tissues. Immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography was used to detect the associated antigen in 35S-labeled human lung carcinoma cells. Antigens, reacting to ALT-01, show one band of Mr 38,000 but those to ALT-04 reveal two bands of Mr 48,000 and 36,000.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Vaccination of the immunocompromised patient.

The increasing number of immunocompromised persons both in industrialized countries and the developing world are at higher risk of acquiring certain diseases. Health professionals and doctors need to implement adequate vaccination strategies. According to the type of the underlying disease, its course and the therapy, the response to vaccine may be suboptimal. Thus it is important to immunize when possible before treatment is initiated and to respect an adequate timing for the immunization after treatment or transplantation. Clear recommendations need to be provided to physicians. Household members and medical staff need to be adequately immunized in order to avoid additional risks of transmission to the immunocompromised patient. Finally, there is a need for more potent vaccines using new adjuvants or immunoregulators, new vaccines such as for meningitis B and combined vaccines with good immunogenicity in order to simplify immunization schedules and still provide longlasting protection.

Disease Reservoirs↗

PubMed2006

The kinetics and phenotype of the human B-cell response following immunization with a heptavalent pneumococcal-CRM conjugate vaccine.

Primary immunization of infants with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines induces antipolysaccharide antibody and is highly effective in preventing invasive disease caused by encapsulated bacteria. However, recent experience from the UK indicates that this immunity is not sustained in the absence of booster doses of vaccine. This study aimed to establish the kinetics and phenotype of B-cell subpopulations responding to booster immunization with a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Pnc7), which is to be introduced into the primary immunization schedule in the UK during 2006. Six adult volunteers received a booster dose of Pnc7 12-18 months after primary immunization. CD27hi CD38hi CD20(+/-) IgG antibody-forming cells were detected in peripheral blood with maximum frequency at days 6-7 after immunization. This was accompanied by a more prolonged rise in memory B cells that required in vitro stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain and interleukin-2 to induce antibody secretion. These data provide evidence for at least two subsets of antibody-forming cells involved in the secondary humoral response to a glycoconjugate vaccine in primed individuals. A briefly circulating subset of B cells that spontaneously secrete immunoglobulin G may be responsible for early defence against re-encountered encapsulated bacteria. However, the kinetics of the appearance of these cells may indicate that the humoral immune response is too slow in defence against an organism that invades within days of acquisition. The more sustained presence of a memory population may provide persistence of antipolysaccharide antibody after a booster dose of vaccine and may also include re-circulatory populations responsible for further anamnestic responses.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Specific immunization of mice against Leishmania mexicana amazonensis using solubilized promastigotes.

Successful immunization of highly susceptible BALB/c mice against progressive infection by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, using whole solubilized promastigotes was achieved. The best immunization schedule consisted of three weekly injections of 5 X 10(7) parasite equivalents. Intravenous was superior to intraperitoneal or subcutaneous immunization. Protection persisted for up to 2 months after immunization, and beneficial effects could be observed in long-term follow-up (24 weeks after infection). Immunized mice exhibited marked reduction in primary lesion size, as well as reduction of the number of parasites in the spleen, and developed less metastases. High titres of specific anti-L. m. amazonensis IgG antibodies resulted from immunization, but titres did not correlate with protection. Groups with widely differing pre-infection antibody titres were equally protected, and similar antibody titres resulted in different levels of protection. Immunization alone did not induce significant serum interferon-gamma levels and specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, but resulted in the persistence of positive (DTH) reactions after infection, at a time when infected control animals had suppressed responses. Resistance to leishmaniasis appears to depend on cell mediated immune mechanisms, and the possibility of immunization with a solubilized antigen without adjuvant is intriguing and opens new perspectives in this area.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A decentralized, community-based design for statewide immunization registries in Minnesota.

Incomplete immunization records and an increasingly complex immunization schedule make it difficult for parents and providers to know what shots their children or clients need. Complete and accurate immunization records are needed for day care, sports, camp, and school, but this is difficult--especially when previous immunizations have been received at different clinics. Population-based immunization registries help make complete and accurate records more easily available to parents and health care providers. Registries foster the timely sending of reminder notices for children who are due for immunizations and make it possible for providers to quickly assess immunization rates in their clinic. Public health officials use registries to determine immunization rates, to identify pockets of need where immunization rates are low and to target resources. In Minnesota, over 85% of immunizations are delivered in the private sector. Minnesota is also extensively covered by managed care organizations with an estimated 75% of the total population enrolled in some type of managed care. Strong local community public health agencies in each county also drive local solutions to community needs. These factors and others led to a de-centralized approach to the implementation of registries. The "Minnesota Model" is based on the development of community-based registries which link together local clinics, hospitals, health plans, public health departments, and schools in each region. Each community-based registry is designed to link to a state hub. This decentralized open architecture design is based on standards for data, not hardware or software. The building begins, not by implementing a state registry into which all immunizations are entered, but at the community level. Currently, 38% of Minnesota counties (representing 52% of statewide births) are involved in implementing a community-based registry, and 53% (representing 43% of statewide births) have initiated discussions with private providers. Only 9% of counties (5% of statewide births) have no current registry activity. This paper describes the steps which have been taken towards developing a decentralized statewide immunization information system for Minnesota, based on recommendations put forth by The State Immunization Practices Task Force Work Group on Immunization Registries.

Child↗

PubMed1995

The role of somatic structure of the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis upon B cell activation in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.

In this study, we report an increase of the number of antibody-secreting cells and the augmentation of antibody production against unrelated antigens in mice infected with the fungus P. brasiliensis, as well as in mice inoculated with cell wall preparation isolated from P. brasiliensis (CW). The immunomodulatory effect of the live fungus and the CW preparation was dose-dependent, and their actions were mainly restricted to the i.v. or i.p. inoculation simultaneously with the sheep erythrocyte challenge by the i.v. route or restricted to i.p. inoculation of CW when bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen was used. The dependence of antibody production on different routes of CW inoculation was correlated with the number of antigen-specific B cells in the spleen as determined by direct and reverse plaque-forming cell assays. The immunization schedules using CW preparation caused a preferential production of IgM and IgG3 antibodies. The results also showed that the hyperactive humoral immune response of mice induced by i.p. inoculation of CW was devoid of polyclonal B cell activation compared with the effects observed for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated groups. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis CW components may have potent immunological properties related to the non-specific B cell activation found in paracoccidioidomycosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

A new look at measles.

Since the measles vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1963, the number of measles cases has declined by 98%. Nevertheless, measles has not been eliminated as had been hoped, and, in fact, has started to increase in incidence. The increase in the number of cases has been accompanied by a change in measles epidemiology; the highest attack rate now occurs in preschool-age children and in older school-age and college students. The latter is the basis for the adoption of a two-dose measles immunization schedule by the ACIP and AAP. In preschool-age children, however, the problem is more disturbing and reflects low rates of immunization, particularly among inner-city populations. A major public health effort must be directed to achieve and maintain high vaccination rates if measles elimination is to be accomplished. Otherwise, measles outbreaks, with their accompanying morbidity and mortality, will continue to occur.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Antigenicity testing of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed whole-cell cholera vaccines.

The antigenicity of a plain and of an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed whole-cell cholera vaccine was investigated by the active mouse protection test and the vibriocidal antibody production assay in mice. In the active mouse protection test, between the antigenicity of the Inaba and Ogawa component of the two vaccines was no significant difference. The antibody production test, however, revealed that the adsorbed vaccine elicited higher and longer lasting immune response than the plain one. The antibody response to a two-dose immunization schedule was substantially superior to that after a one-dose schedule.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1997

Immunization of health-care workers: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).

This report summarizes recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) concerning the use of certain immunizing agents in health-care workers (HCWs) in the United States. It was prepared in consultation with the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) and is consistent with current HICPAC guidelines for infection control in health-care personnel. These recommendations can assist hospital administrators, infection control practitioners, employee health physicians, and HCWs in optimizing infection prevention and control programs. Background information for each vaccine-preventable disease and specific recommendations for use of each vaccine are presented. The diseases are grouped into three categories: a) those for which active immunization is strongly recommended because of special risks for HCWs; b) those for which immunoprophylaxis is or may be indicated in certain circumstances; and c) those for which protection of all adults is recommended. This report reflects current ACIP recommendations at the time of publication. ACIP statements on individual vaccines and disease updates in MMWR should be consulted for more details regarding the epidemiology of the diseases, immunization schedules, vaccine doses, and the safety and efficacy of the vaccines.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and of reduction of antibiotic use on nasopharyngeal carriage of nonsusceptible pneumococci in children with acute otitis media.

BACKGROUND: Penicillin resistance among pneumococci has increased in the past 15 years. The implementation of widespread vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use could help reduce antibiotic resistance. METHODS: Between September 2001 and June 2004, 89 pediatricians distributed throughout France took part in this prospective study. We obtained 1906 nasopharyngeal swabs for culture from children aged 6 to 24 months with acute otitis media (AOM). At the same time as PCV7 was introduced into the routine immunization schedule, a plan to promote judicious antibiotic use was established. We recorded the frequency of antibiotic use, as well as the dates of immunization with PCV7. RESULTS: The proportion of PCV7-vaccinated children (> or =1 dose) increased from 8.2% (year 1) to 61.4% (year 3). The proportion of children who received antibiotics within 3 months before enrollment decreased from 51.8% in year 1 to 40.9% in year 3 (P < 0.001). Overall pneumococcal carriage and carriage of PCV7 serotypes decreased during the 3-year period by 16% (P < 0.001) and 35% (P < 0.001), respectively. Rates of highly penicillin resistant strains (PRP) decreased yearly: 15.4%, 10.6%, 6.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. Risks for PRP carriage were 4.2% for immunized children who had not received antibiotics, 8.6% for those vaccinated who also had received antibiotics, 10.3% for unimmunized children who had not received antibiotics, and 16.2% for unimmunized children who had received antibiotics (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Implementation of PCV7, combined with a reduction in antibiotic use, in a country with a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci appears to have a strong impact on the carriage of penicillin nonsusceptible pneumococci in children with AOM.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1983

Candida albicans-induced agglutinin and immunoglobulin E responses in mice.

Mice varied in their ability to make detectable antibody responses to cell surface determinants of Candida albicans depending upon the antigen preparation and the immunization schedule used. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) appeared to be the major class of antibody responsible for the C. albicans-agglutinating activity of the immune sera. Various inbred strains of mice injected with a ribosomal fraction from C. albicans produced a low titer (average, 4 to 8) of yeast cell agglutinins and a higher titer (64 to 512) of IgE antibodies detected by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats. The two kinds of antibodies appeared to be specific for different antigens because the agglutinin, but not IgE, could be removed by absorbing the serum with a polysaccharide from the cell wall of C. albicans, but the polysaccharide did not provoke the PCA reaction. C. albicans-specific IgE antibodies showed cross-reactivity (PCA) with ribosomal antigens from a strain of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, but PCA reactions could not be elicited with similar antigen preparations from other yeast species. IgE responses were also detected in over 20% of the mice infected intravenously or intraperitoneally with live C. albicans.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed2004

Disease susceptibility to ST11 complex meningococci bearing serogroup C or W135 polysaccharide capsules, North America.

Clusters of meningococcal disease caused by a hyperinvasive lineage of Neisseria meningitidis, the ST11 complex, bearing a serogroup C polysaccharide capsule, have been prominent in Europe and North America since the early 1990s. This situation has led to expensive public health measures for outbreak control and, finally, to the introduction of a serogroup C glyconjugate vaccine into the primary immunization schedule in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. ST11 complex meningococci may also express serogroup W135 polysaccharide capsules. We investigated the level of population immunity to this hyperinvasive clone in association with the appearance of outbreaks of meningococcal disease in southern British Columbia. We found that most adults and almost all children were apparently susceptible to infection with ST11 complex meningococci bearing both C and W135 polysaccharide capsules, which suggests that a vaccine program directed against only serogroup C meningococci may be insufficient to prevent hyperinvasive ST11 disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Quality evaluation of health care service for adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technical and scientific quality of care provided adolescents, pregnant adolescents and their offspring by the Emaús community's health service in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, between 1994 and 1996. METHODS: Data for population and health care assessment were collected from medical records and compared with the PAHO/WHO and Brazilian Ministry of Health guidelines. RESULTS: The following features were satisfactory: anthropometric measurements and sexual maturity in adolescent health care program; visits scheduling, weight and blood pressure recording and proceedings in the event of medical problem in prenatal care; early registration in the health program, completing of the immunization schedule, weight and motor development recording and adequacy of medical visits in children care. Other aspects were less satisfactory, such as poor recording of clinical procedures and high level of inadequate or partially adequate procedures for the adolescent group; late admission to prenatal care and low recording of pregnant anti-tetanus immunization in prenatal care; high prevalence of early weaning and poor recording of children's height. CONCLUSION: This easy-to-perform assessment allowed to evaluate the quality of care provided and made it possible to reallocate services and medical procedures to offer health care service better organized and of better quality to meet the population needs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Engineering the economic value of two pediatric combination vaccines.

Combination vaccines for pediatric immunization have become an effective means to reduce the number of separate injections required to immunize children according to the United States Recommended National Childhood Immunization Schedule. This paper reports the results of using operations research methodologies to analyze the price and value of two pentavalent combination vaccines for pediatric immunization: diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated polio (DTPa-HBV-IPV) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, inactivated polio (DTPa-HIB-IPV). These two combination vaccines are analyzed both individually and head-to-head, as a function of the cost of administering (or avoiding) an injection and the number of doses of the vaccine required to be in the lowest overall cost vaccine formulary. The main contribution of the paper is to provide a methodology for analyzing the impact of combination vaccines on pediatric vaccine formularies. This analysis shows that the DTPa-HBV-IPV vaccine may provide a good value at the current federally negotiated price of 32.75 dollars for a wide spectrum of health-care environments, though the actual number of injections that it reduces may be fewer than the optimistic numbers claimed by its manufacturer. The analysis also shows that if the DTPa-HIB-IPV vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), then under current market prices, it may need to be priced below the sum of its vaccine component prices to favorably compete with the DTPa-HBV-IPV vaccine.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed2000

State-level perspectives on immunization policies, practices, and program financing in the 1990s.

This article reports on a series of structured interviews with immunization program officials in all 50 states regarding the effects of changes in federal policies and funding in the 1990s on the goals, priorities, and activities of state immunization programs. The purchase of vaccines is a major component of all state immunization programs. The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, implemented in 1994, has become the primary source of vaccine purchase support in almost all states. A concern of many state immunization programs is their ability to ensure that vaccines are available to children who are not VFC eligible.State immunization programs also are involved in a myriad of activities necessary to ensure that children are adequately and appropriately immunized (e.g. , vaccine administration, outreach to parents). Federal funding to support these activities increased significantly during the mid-1990s, but was substantially reduced beginning in 1997. Because of these funding decreases, most states had to reduce the scale and scope of their immunization activities.State-level funding support for immunization programs varies, with state governments more likely to support vaccine purchase than immunization activities. Immunization will never be completed. Along with each new birth cohort, changes to the primary immunization schedule (i.e., addition of new vaccines and expansion of existing recommendations to encompass broader target groups) create ongoing needs for vaccine purchase and other immunization activities. Long-term immunization planning must reflect these continually expanding needs.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗