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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Impulsive compression influences the viscous behavior of porcine temporomandibular joint disc.

Traumatic joint injury is known to produce osteoarthritic degeneration in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, little information, is available on its possible effect on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the disc. In the present study, impulsive compression was applied to the disc as a model for traumatic joint injury. This was tested in 32 porcine discs. Prior to a dynamic tensile test, impulsive compression with strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s(-1) to a final strain of 30% was applied to these discs. Tensile stress was applied in the antero-posterior direction with a wide range of frequencies (0.1-100 Hz). The dynamic E-moduli increased as the loading frequency increased. The dynamic viscosity and elasticity decreased with an increase of strain rate, although the effect on viscosity was greater than on elasticity. The results suggest that strain rate and subsequent peak stress of impulsive compression affect primarily the dynamic viscosity of the disc, and that impulsive compression at high strain rates reduces the resistance of the TMJ disc to stress, resulting in permanent disc deformation and perforation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Self-control across species (Columba livia, Homo sapiens, and Rattus norvegicus).

Data from six previous studies of self-control behavior were compared against predictions made by the matching law and by molar maximization. The studies involved pigeons (Columba livia), rats (Rattus norvegicus), and 3-year-old, 5-year-old, and adult humans (Homo sapiens) who had received food as the reinforcer, and adult humans who had received points exchangeable for money as the reinforcer. Neither theory proved to be an accurate or better predictor for all groups. In contrast to the predictions of these theories, self-control was shown to vary according to species, human age group, and reinforcer quality. When the reinforcer was food, the self-control of different species was found to be negatively correlated with metabolic rate; that is, larger species showed greater self-control. These results suggest that allometric scaling may prove useful in describing and predicting species differences in self-control.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control.

One of the enduring mysteries of brain function concerns the process of cognitive control. How does complex and seemingly willful behaviour emerge from interactions between millions of neurons? This has long been suspected to depend on the prefrontal cortex--the neocortex at the anterior end of the brain--but now we are beginning to uncover its neural basis. Nearly all intended behaviour is learned and so depends on a cognitive system that can acquire and implement the 'rules of the game' needed to achieve a given goal in a given situation. Studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex is central in this process. It provides an infrastructure for synthesizing a diverse range of information that lays the foundation for the complex forms of behaviour observed in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Extralinguistic speech characteristics of children with conduct and anxiety disorders.

Nine children with conduct and nine with anxiety disorder participated in the study. The subjects were requested to respond to verbal tasks (counting, picture description, story telling). Disturbance of conduct was associated with short initial hesitation before speaking. It is suggested that the initial hesitation variables are measures of reflection and cognitive planning. Anxiety across subjects was associated with increased breath rate and lower output of speech per breath. It is suggested speech breath variables are reliable measures of anxiety. Implication for the diagnosis and management of child psychiatric disorders are discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1988

Patterns of behavior in adolescent rape.

A study of 67 rapes by 63 California adolescents has yielded a highly representative composite picture of the typical rape episode by a juvenile assailant. Previously unexplored behavior patterns have emerged, including prior drug use, impulsivity, and lack of victim provocation. These findings have practical implications for clinicians treating rape victims and for the rehabilitation of adolescent rapists.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

How restrained eaters perceive the amount they eat.

The cognitive model of binge eating states that it is the awareness of a broken diet that disinhibits the restrained eater. It is, according to that model, the perception of having overeaten that triggers disinhibited eating. However, although the perception of the amount eaten plays a central role in cognitive restraint theory, it has never directly been tested how restrained subjects perceive the amount of food they eat. In the present studies, participants were given ad libitum access to large amounts of palatable food and both their perception of the amount eaten and their estimated caloric intake were compared with the amount they actually ate. The restrained participants in these studies ate more than the unrestrained participants. In the first and second studies, the restrained participants consumed 571 and 372 'forbidden' calories respectively, without having the feeling that they had eaten very much, let alone too much. Moreover in both studies, the restrained eaters underestimated their caloric intake, whereas unrestrained eaters estimated their caloric intake quite well. The potential implications of the present findings for the cognitive restraint model are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Intrapsychic structural effects of psychiatric research.

The authors observed that many psychotic patients on a clinical/research ward incorporated various aspects of research organization into their own evolving intrapsychic structures. This process had either beneficial or deleterious clinical effects, depending on the attributes of the research and the specific mental functions to which these attributes became attached. The observations resulted in the development of a set of recommendations for maximizing the therapeutic usefulness of this phenomenon and minimizing its countertherapeutic drawbacks.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Factor analysis of the self-report Dysexecutive (DEX-S) Questionnaire.

The self-rating Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-S) is a recently developed standardized self-report measure of behavioral difficulties associated with executive functioning such as impulsivity, inhibition control, monitoring, and planning. Few studies have examined its construct validity, particularly for its potential wider use across a variety of clinical and nonclinical populations. This study examines the factor structure of the DEX-S questionnaire using a sample of nonclinical (N = 293) and clinical (N = 49) participants. A series of factor analyses were evaluated to determine the best factor solution for this scale. This was found to be a 4-factor solution with factors best described as inhibition, intention, social regulation, and abstract problem solving. The first 2 factors replicate factors from the 5-factor solutions found in previous studies that examined specific subpopulations. Although further research is needed to evaluate the factor structure within a range of subpopulations, this study supports the view that the DEX has the factor structure sufficient for its use in a wider context than only with neurological or head-injured patients. Overall, a 4-factor solution is recommended as the most stable and parsimonious solution in the wider context.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Delay discounting by pathological gamblers.

Discounting of delayed rewards by pathological gamblers was compared to discounting of delayed rewards by matched control nongambling participants. All participants completed a hypothetical choice task in which they made repeated choices between dollars 1,000 available after a delay and an equal or lesser amount of money available immediately. The delay to the large amount of money was varied from 1 week to 10 years across conditions. Indifference points between immediate money and delayed money were identified at each delay condition by varying the amount of immediate money across choice trials. For the majority of participants, indifference points decreased monotonically across delays. Overall, gamblers discounted the delayed rewards more steeply than did control participants.

Adult↗