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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Variation in N-linked oligosaccharide structures on heterologous proteins secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris.

We report the characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides on six foreign glycoproteins secreted from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. These proteins included: a bacterial enzyme, Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase; three fungal enzymes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase, Penicillium minioluteum dextranase, and Mucor pusillus aspartic protease; and two higher eukaryotic proteins, Boophilus microplus (tick) gut antigen and bovine enterokinase catalytic subunit. The carbohydrates on these proteins were observed to vary in size, with Man8GlcNAc2 and Man9GlcNAc2 structures being the most frequently observed species. Substantial amounts of shorter oligomannoside structures were present only on invertase, and longer structures (up to Man18GlcNAc2) were common on aspartic protease and enterokinase. Phosphorylated oligosaccharides were observed on one protein, aspartic protease. Unlike oligosaccharides on glycoproteins secreted from S. cerevisiae, no terminal alpha1,3-linked mannosylation was observed on any of the six P. pastoris-secreted proteins. Changing the growth and induction medium from a minimal salt-based medium to a molasses-based medium had little effect on the size of the oligomannosides. From these results, it is apparent that most foreign proteins secreted from P. pastoris are not subjected to the extensive mannosylation (hyperglycosylation) that commonly occurs in proteins secreted from S. cerevisiae.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1999

Environmentally friendly lubricating oil candidate.

Synthetic lubricating oils based on renewable sources, excluding petroleum, have a great importance among all of the lubricating oil alternatives that are included in the research field about clean and environmentally friendly lubricating oil technologies. One of the environmentally friendly lubricating oils is a vegetable oil-based product. In this study, the esterification product of oleic acid with a fraction of molasses fusel oil as a lubricating oil candidate was determined according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard tests. The results indicate that the ester product can be used as an environmental friendly lubricating oil or lubricating oil additive.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1987

Dietary treatment for decreasing 141Ce body burden in immature rats.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of prolonged (immediate or delayed) administration of dietary additives to suckling rats on the absorption and retention of radioactive cerium in the body. The experiment was performed on 6-day-old suckling rats. According to dietary treatment the animals were divided into three groups. Each group was artificially fed over 8 h for 6 or 12 days on one of the diets: the first group of animals was fed milk, the second group was given ingredients of rat diet and the third received milk during the first 2 days of the experiment and the ingredients of rat diet afterwards. At the end of the artificial feeding period the pups returned to their mothers and suckled overnight. On the 1st day of the experiment the food was labelled with 141Ce. Whole body radioactivity was determined in a double crystal scintillation counter every 48 h over a 12-day period. Half of the animals from each group were killed 6 days after 141Ce administration and the other half after 12 days. At these intervals retention was determined in the gut, liver, kidneys and femur. The early and delayed administration of rat diet ingredients--fish meal, sunflower meal, alfalfa, cane molasses and premix--greatly reduced whole body retention. The early treatment was more efficacious than the delayed one. The reduction was mostly due to decreased gut retention but organ retentions were also lower. The results obtained indicate that by prolonged (immediate or delayed) administration of some dietary means the retention of radioactive cerium in sucklings can be significantly decreased.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Experimental reproduction of ELEM. A study to determine the minimum toxic dose in ponies.

An experiment to gain insight into the minimum toxic dose of fumonisins was conducted by feeding ponies rations with known fumonisin concentrations. Naturally contaminated corn screenings (CS) were blended with pellets, corn, and molasses to formulate individual daily diets. One group of 4 ponies was fed a ration with fumonisin B1 (FB1) varying from less than 1 ppm to 22 ppm. A second group of 5 ponies was fed a ration at varying rates containing 8 ppm FB1 for 180 days. A panel of clinical chemistry parameters was evaluated twice weekly for both groups. One pony in the first group died of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) after 225 days of which the final 55 days' diet contained 22 ppm FB1. Approximately 9 days prior to death, this animal experienced elevated liver chemistry values. All 5 ponies in the second group experienced mild, transient, clinical signs; were euthanized at 180 days; and had mild, histopathological brain lesions.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1995

Anaerobic treatment of sulphate-containing waste streams.

Sulphate-containing wastewaters from the paper and board industry, molasses-based fermentation industries and edible oil refineries present difficulties during anaerobic treatment, leading to problems of toxicity, reduction in methane yield, odour and corrosion. The microbiology and biochemistry of dissimilatory sulphate reduction are reviewed in order to illustrate the potential competition between sulphate reducers and other anaerobes involved in the sequential anaerobic mineralisation process. The theoretical considerations which influence the outcome of competition between sulphate reducers and fermentative, syntrophic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria are discussed. The actual outcome, under the varying influent organic composition and strength and sulfate concentrations which prevail during digestion of industrial wastewaters, may be quite different to that predicted by thermodynamic or kinetic considerations. The factors governing competitive interactions between SRB and other anaerobes involved in methanogenesis is discussed in the context of literature data on sulphate wastewater treatment and with particular reference to laboratory and full-scale digestion of citric acid production wastewater.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1995

Industrial yeast strain improvement: construction of a highly flocculent yeast with a killer character by protoplast fusion.

Conditions were optimized for rapid release and improved regeneration of protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3458. Rapid protoplast release was also obtained with representatives of several other yeast genera under the modified conditions of treatment. The application of the procedure in construction of a highly flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a killer character is described. Fusion was effected between UV-killed protoplasts of S. cerevisiae NCIM 3578 with a killer character and live protoplasts of the highly flocculent S. cerevisiae NCIM 3528 in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Fusants were selected using benomyl resistance as marker, the killer toxin producer rather than the highly flocculent yeast being resistant to the fungicide at a concentration of 100 micrograms ml-1. Fusants were also characterized by their DNA contents, capacity for ethanolic fermentation of molasses sugar and levels of invertase, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase activities.

Cloning, Molecular↗

PubMed1977

Possibility of using 131I-albumin as a marker for the estimations of microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen.

Total microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen of buffaloes were estimated by isotope dilution technique, using 131I-albumin treated with tannic acid as a marker. The animals were fed groundnut cake treated with formaldehyde to meet 50% of their digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement and 2.5% urea molasses mixture was given to meet the remaining requirement of DCP. Wheat straw was fed as the basal roughage. The total average microbial protein synthesis was 58.14 g/day.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing practical tropical tick control packages.

Of six grass species analysed, Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) showed the highest anti-tick deterrent properties while Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) exhibited the ability to maintain a defined, constantly low, initial host tick infection property and lengthy but low to moderate field tick population. It was concluded that Melinis minutiflora is a species which would best be used in a tick control package within a marginal tick zone while Andropogon gayanus has the advantage within an endemic tick zone.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Repellence of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus by the grass Melinis minutiflora.

In a study to develop anti-tick pastures, the climbing behaviour of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) was investigated. Experiments were done with cut green stems of grass, grass dried in the shade, grass dried in sunshine, grass washed in solvent and grass growing in a study plot. In all cases a common pasture grass, Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass), was used as control. All instars of the tick avoided climbing on the green M. minutiflora whereas most larvae, nymphs and adults climbed on the control green P. clandestinum grass. More ticks climbed on the stems dried in the sunshine than on air-dried grass. Acetone was found to be the best of 5 solvents used to extract the tick-repellent substance. Possibilities of using M. minutiflora as part of an integrated tick control package are discussed.

Acetone↗

PubMed2001

Chromium uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolation of glucose tolerance factor from yeast biomass.

Fermentations with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in semiaerobic and in static conditions with the addition of chromic chloride into the used molasses medium were analysed. It was proved that the addition of optimal amounts of CrCl3 into the basal medium enhanced the kinetics of alcohol fermentations. The addition of 200 mg/l CrCl3 into the medium stimulated both the yeast growth and the ethanol production in all experimental conditions. On the other hand, the results showed that Cr3+ ions were incorporated into yeast cells during fermentation. Under these conditions the accumulation of Cr3+ ions was performed by yeast cells during the exponential growth phase, and with enriched amounts of 30-45 microg/g(d.m) of cells. Yeast biomass enriched with chromium ions was extracted with 0.1 mol/l NH4OH assuming that the extracts had the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Then the extracts were passed through a gel-filtration column in order to isolate and purify the GTF. The presence of GTF in the purified fractions was determined by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm. It is evident from the obtained results that the added purified fractions enhanced the rates of CO2 production as well as the glucose utilization during alcoholic fermentation. As expected, the enhancement of both rates depended on the amounts of extracts added to the fermentation substrate. Thus, it is evident that purified extracts contained the GTF compound, and that Cr3+ ions were bonded to the protein molecule.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1991

Optimization of cultivation and nutrition conditions and substrate pretreatment for solid-substrate fermentation of wheat straw by Coriolus versicolor.

Bioconversion of wheat straw by solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) with Coriolus versicolor was optimized by varying its physiological parameters. Selective delignification (more lignin than holocellulose degradation) and increases in crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were taken as the criteria to select optimum levels of these parameters. The fungus behaved optimally under the following set of cultural and nutritional conditions: pH 5.5, moisture level 55%, temperature 30 degrees C, duration of fermentation 21 d, form of inoculum--grain culture, turning frequency--once at mid-incubation, urea (nitrogen source) 1.5% (sterile) or 3.0% (nonsterile), single superphosphate (phosphorus + sulfur source) 1.0%, no addition of free polysaccharides (as whey or molasses). A maximum of 17.5% increase in IVDMD involving 4.3% degradation of lignin, was attained in the optimized SSF under laboratory conditions. The digestibility improvement could be further increased by using a substrate pretreatment (physical/chemical/biological) in the following order of preference: NaOH treatment, urea or urine treatment, ensiling, steaming, grinding. For practical farm applications, urea treatment and ensiling appeared most feasible. The laboratory optimized process was also scaled up to 4 kg (sterile and unsterile) and 50 kg (unsterile) fermentations.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Effect of plant oils and organic acids on rumen fermentation in vitro.

We determined the effect of plant oils (rapeseed, sunflower, linseed) and organic acids (aspartic and malic) on the fermentation of diet consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses. Rumen fluid was collected from two sheep (Slovak Merino) fed with the same diet twice daily. Mixed rumen microorganisms were incubated in fermentation fluid, which contained rumen fluid and Mc Dougall's buffer. All supplemented diets significantly increased pH, molar proportion of propionate, and numerically decreased methane production. Lactate production was also decreased significantly (except with malate). Incorporation of plant oils into aspartate- and malate-treated incubations negated the decrease of butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and ammonia with malate treatment, as well as in vitro dry matter digestibility and pH with aspartate treatment. The effect of combined additives on methane production and molar proportion of propionate was lower compared with additives supplemented separately. Combination of additives had no additive effect on rumen fermentation. All additives decreased total protozoan counts in rumen fluid.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1991

Application of scale-down experiments in the study of citric acid biosynthesis.

Problems associated with the development of submersed citric acid biosynthesis on sugar beet molasses for process improvement were solved by scale-down experiments: the determination of optimal temperature profile, optimal pH value, influence of OTR and inoculum quality. The optimal pH value at the start of the process was 6.4 with 3% of inoculum volume and temperature profile between 28-30 degrees C. In the case of OTR which is scale-dependent, we prefer to use DOC pilot plant data for the transfer of technology.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed1985

Ergosterol synthesis and population analysis of a fed-batch fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an increased content of ergosterol or delta 5,7-sterols, growing on a molasses medium with a feed of ethanol and (NH4)2HPO4, was analyzed as to the age of cell population. The analysis was done by centrifugation in a dextran gradient and by a fluorescence-microscopic technique. In the phase of batch fermentation at a mean specific growth rate of 0.22 h-1 daughter cells contained less than 1% ergosterol while the ergosterol content of mother cells depended on the time of cultivation, a maximum level (4%) being found after two generation times. In the fed-batch phase at a mean growth rate of 0.052 h-1, both daughter and mother cells contained about the same amount of ergosterol (4.7-5.5%). Differences between daughter and mother cells are discussed in view of the relationship between the growth rate and the growth cycle.

Ergosterol↗

PubMed2006

Simultaneous production of sphingolipids and ethanol by Kluyveromyces thermotolerans.

Kluyveromyces thermotolerans strain NBRC 1674 was selected for the simultaneous production of sphingolipids and ethanol from beet molasses. The strain gradually synthesized ethanol with fermentation periods and attained a level slightly higher than that of the strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae usually used for ethanol production. The sphingolipids accumulated in the cells were composed of almost equal amounts of free ceramides and glucosylceramides. The sphingoid bases and fatty acids of the two sphingolipids differed from each other and changed under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Oxygen limitation may cause accumulation of sphinganine by inhibiting sphingolipid desaturases and enhance its proportion in both the sphingolipids.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2001

Separation, identification, and quantification of amino acids in L-lysine fermentation potato juices by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The amino acid composition of L-lysine fermentation juices from potatoes and cane molasses from a green biorefinery has been determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. N-Methyl-N-tert(butyldimethylsilyl)tri-fluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was used as derivatization reagent to prepare the t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of the amino acids present in the juices. The amino acids in these derivatives were identified from both their EI and CI mass spectra and their retention times in the gas chromatogram, and they were quantified employing the GC response signals relative to cycloleucine as internal standard.

Acetamides↗

PubMed2001

Assessment of Changes in Biodiversity when a Community of Ultramicrobacteria Isolated from Groundwater Is Stimulated to Form a Biofilm.

The stimulation of groundwater bacteria to form biofilms, for the remediation of polluted aquifers, is subjected to environmental regulations that include measurement of effects on microbial biodiversity. Groundwater microorganisms contain a proportion of unidentified and uncharacterized ultramicrobacteria (UMB) that might play a major role in the bioclogging of geological materials. This study aimed to assess the changes in genetic and metabolic biodiversity when a community of UMB, isolated from groundwater, is stimulated to form biofilms on a ceramic surface. UMB were stimulated with aerobic conditions and injection of molasses, in reactors reproducing groundwater composition and temperature. Concentration of planktonic viable UMB, secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and biofilm thickness were monitored. The assessment of changes in biodiversity was achieved by comparing the initial UMB community to the biofilm community, using the single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method, the cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequences, and the Biolog microplate system. The hypothesis stating that indigenous UMB would play a significant role of in the biofilm development was corroborated. Within 13 days of stimulation, the UMB produced 700 mg L?1 of planktonic EPS and formed a biofilm up to a thickness of 1100 mm. This stimulation led to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in metabolic diversity. The decrease in genetic diversity was shown by a reduced number of single strand DNA fragments in the SSCP profiles. As such, 16S rDNA sequences from the biofilm revealed the predominance of four bacterial groups: Zoogloea, Bacillus/Paenibacillus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonads. A significant increase in metabolic diversity was shown by a highest substrate richness profile and a lower substrate evenness profile of the biofilm bacterial population (p = 0.0 and p = 0.09, respectively). This higher metabolic diversity might be a consequence of the stimulation that seemed to favor the growth of bacteria having a high nutritional versatility. Stimulation of UMB, isolated from groundwater, was effective to form a biofilm having a high metabolic biodiversity. This combination of molecular-based and metabolic-based methods expanded the insight into monitoring the changes in bacterial biodiversity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Astaxanthin hyperproduction by Phaffia rhodozyma (now Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) with raw coconut milk as sole source of energy.

Natural carbon sources, such as those present in cane sugar molasses and grape juice, promote the synthesis of astaxanthin in different Phaffia rhodozyma yeasts. One of these, coconut milk, has a very rich nutrient composition. The aim of this work was to investigate the utility of coconut milk as sole source of energy for astaxanthin pigment production by P. rhodozyma strains. Currently, coconut pulp is widely used in industrial processes in Mexico for the production of shampoos, candies, food, etc. However, coconut milk is a waste product. We show that coconut milk enhances astaxanthin production. The fermentation yielded 850 microg/g yeast with the NRRL-10921 wild-type strain and 1850 microg/g yeast with the mutated R1 strain. Production was better than reported results employing other natural carbon sources.

Basidiomycota↗