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PubMed2001

Construction and evaluation of an inexpensive device that simulates oral clearance.

The clearance pattern of a specific substance is very important to estimate its oral availability. Devices or models that simulate clearance in the mouth are important to study the effects and retention time of foods and drugs. This report describes an efficient device which was assembled with low-cost materials in our laboratory and that can be used to study the clearance of cariogenic substrates, mouthwashes, programmed-release drugs as well as adsorption of drugs to enamel. The device can have up to three chambers with varying minimum and maximum volumes that can be eluted simultaneously at different flows. The simulated swallowed volumes are adjustable and the ratio between the maximum and minimum volumes can be programmed. We also present the results of an evaluation study using the device to determine the clearance of fluoride from a fluoride-containing mouthwash, the clearance of a 1% glucose solution and the programmed release of fluoride from a methacrylate bioadhesive using artificial saliva as eluent.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2001

[Management of mucositis following radiotherapy for head and neck cancers].

Acute mucositis is common after radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. During the past 3 decades, there was a gradual evolution in the treatment modalities for locally advanced carcinomas (concomitant radio-chemotherapy, accelerated radiotherapy). These new strategies are accompanied by an increase in early mucosal reactions. At the present time, there is no widely accepted prophylaxis or effective treatment. Many traditional remedies or new agents seem ineffective (Sucralfate, Chlorhexidine, GM-CSF, Silver nitrate, Prostaglandin, anti-oxidants, Benzydamine hydrochloride), while others seem promising (Povidone-iodine, nonabsorbable antibiotic lozenges and antifungals, local GM-CSF, Glutamide, Low-energy laser, corticosteroïds). Radioprotectors are controversial and should be only used in experimental protocols and not in routine practice. However, some recommendations can be proposed: general prevention and global care before cancer therapy should be systematic (oral hygiene, dental and periodontal treatment, advice to avoid the use of tobacco and alcohol); frequent oral rinsing with a bland mouthwash (Povidone-iodine or others) should be used at the start of treatment because there are significant modifications of the oral microflora increased by a disturbed salivary flow; these mouthwashes could be associated with nonabsorbable antibiotic lozenges or antifungal topicals (bicarbonates, Amphotéricine B); Systematic percutaneous fluoroscopic gastrostomy should be decided before any aggressive treatments (concomitant radio-chemotherapy, accelerated radiotherapy); pain should be controlled; finally, the radiation technique should be optimized (mucosal-sparing block, conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy).

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of indigenous Neem Azadirachta indica [correction of (Adirachta indica)] mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth.

Neem is one of the most widely researched tropical tree, with almost all it's parts being put for a variety of uses. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of Neem mouthwash against salivary levels of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus has been tested over a period of 2 months. Also it's effect in reversing incipient carious lesions was assessed. While streptococcus mutans was inhibited by Neem mouthwashes, with or without alcohol as well as chlorhexidine, lactobacillus growth was inhibited by chlorhexidine alone. The initial data appears to prove it's effect in inhibiting S. mutans and reversing incipient carious lesions, longer term clinical trials are essential.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1992

Chlorhexidine solutions, gels and varnishes in caries prevention.

To combat dental caries, a chemical has been sought that possesses stronger antimicrobial properties than fluoride in support of its physicochemical tooth-protecting properties. These searches have led to several agents, of which chlorhexidine (CH) appears most effective. To reduce local side effects of the well-known 0.2% CH mouthwash, a 0.05% CH gluconate + 0.04% NaF solution, pH 5.9, has been developed. Use of this combination over a 2-year period resulted in a 53% reduction in caries increment and a 75% reduction in gingival bleeding, i.e. a clear duality of prevention of oral disease (Luoma et al. 1978). Staining of teeth was minimal and easily removable in about one third of the subjects. To lessen the contribution of patients, chlorhexidine gels, without but more especially with fluoride have been professionally administered. Reductions in salivary mutans streptococci after short periods of gel applications have been found to persist longer than reductions after brief periods of mouthwashing. Reductions of approximal caries increment by about 50% in children, and root surface caries in adults have been obtained through use of CH gels. The effect on root surface caries in adults was equal to that obtained through use of local fluoride applications. Dental CH varnish seems promising, especially because a very short contact time with a tooth may be sufficient to reduce mutans streptococci. No simultaneous effects against caries and gingivitis of CH gels or varnishes has been reported. Comparisons of CH solutions, gels and varnishes, with or without fluoride, in relation to their potentials for preventing oral disease in subjects at risk remain to be accomplished.

Chlorhexidine↗

PubMed2004

Use of a novel group of oral malodor measurements to evaluate an anti-oral malodor mouthrinse (TriOralTM) in humans.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the ability of a test mouthwash containing zinc chloride and sodium chlorite (TriOral) to reduce intrinsic oral malodor, to that of two other mouthrinses, one with zinc chloride only and the other with no zinc chloride/no sodium chlorite, using a novel group of oral malodor parameter measurements. METHODOLOGY: Forty-eight subjects completed the study; 16 in the test group, 17 in the zinc only group, and 15 in the no zinc chloride/ no sodium chlorite group. At baseline and after two and four weeks, parameters assessed were 1) malodorants in the headspace of and in solution in resting whole saliva determined organoleptically, 2) breath volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) measured with a sulfide monitor (Halimeter), 3) fresh and incubated saliva oxidation-reduction potential (E(h)) measured with a platinum electrode, and 4) level of saliva indolic compounds (IC), indole and skatole, determined colorimetrically with Kovac's reagent. The VSC, E(h), and IC data for the three mouthrinses were analyzed statistically by repeated measures ANOVA between groups, and by 2-way ANOVA within groups. Corresponding organoleptic data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Organoleptic, VSC, and E(h) evaluations clearly showed the zinc chloride/sodium chlorite test mouthrinse to be more effective than the other two rinses. In all cases, the level of significance was p < 0.001 between the test mouthrinse and its no zinc chloride/no sodium chlorite control; between test mouthrinse and the zinc chloride only product, significance was p < 0.05, < 0.001 and < 0.01 for the organoleptic, VSC, and E(h) tests, respectively. Noteworthy was the observation that the mean organoleptic saliva headspace score with the test mouthrinse was reduced to zero, and VSC levels fell below 50 ppb S by the end of the study, a level where the breath is usually non-odorous. The test mouthwash also appeared more effective in reducing the salivary IC levels, but the results did not reach significance at p < 0.05 unless IC levels were amplified in the saliva by incubation overnight at 37 degrees C. Correlations between the various procedures were highly significant, achieving in almost all cases a probability level of p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The results supported the conclusion that the zinc chloride plus sodium chlorite mouthrinse (TriOral) is more effective in reducing oral malodor than a zinc chloride alone mouthrinse, and even more effective than its no zinc chloride/no sodium chlorite mouthrinse control. The methods used in this study were consistent with one another, and highly effective in measuring various parameters that characterize oral malodor.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Oral health status of 1500 university students in Toulouse France.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the oral health status among a population of students enrolled in the first year at the Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse (France), and to compare the results with those of similar investigations. METHODS: An epidemiologic survey of 1,500 students at the Centre for Preventive Medicine at Paul Sabatier University (UPS) will enable us to obtain the prevalence of certain variables such as DMFT, sugar consumption, tooth-brushing frequency, and mouthwash use, through a structured questionnaire and a standardised oral health examination. RESULTS: The Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index of these students was 4.4 (Standard Deviation = 3.72) (D = 1, M = 0.042 F = 3,454). Of the 1500 subjects, 27.6% smoke, while 43% eat sweets on a regular basis. The female students are more careful with their dental health (tooth-brushing frequency and mouthwash use are statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the result of the DMFT index is lower in comparison to similar previous studies, a decrease in dental caries seems certain. The multifactorial knowledge of the caries aetiology motivates us to search for new, more sensitive indexes.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria.

This study investigated the antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. Tap water was electrolyzed in a water vessel using platinum cell technology. The electrolyzed tap water (called Puri-water) was put in contact with five major periodontopathogens or toothbrushes contaminated with these bacteria for 30 sec. In addition, Puri-water was used as a mouthwash for 30 sec in 16 subjects and the antibacterial effect on salivary bacteria was evaluated. Puri-water significantly reduced the growth of all periodontopathogens in culture and on toothbrushes, and that of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in saliva, when compared to the effect of tap water. It also significantly reduced mutans streptococci growing on mitis salivarius-bacitracin agar. Our results demonstrate that the electrolyzed tap water is effective as a mouthwash and for toothbrush disinfection.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical devices versus antimicrobial rinses in plaque and gingivitis reduction.

The effectiveness of mechanical oral cleaning and oral antimicrobial rinses was compared for gingivitis and bacterial plaque control in 158 subjects. Teeth were brushed ad lib throughout; four of the five groups used either an interdental cleaner, dental floss, an essential oil mouthwash or a cetypyridinium mouthwash. Gingival bleeding (EIBI), visual inflammation (VGI), and tooth plaque coverage were evaluated at zero, six and 12 weeks of product use. After six weeks, bleeding reduction was 42% greater for the interdental cleaner and 21% greater for the dental floss than for the control. All groups showed a further decrease after 12 weeks, but only the 49% reduction of the interdental cleaner was significantly greater than the control. The rinses showed no more reduction in bleeding sites than the control throughout the study. VGI scores were no different from the control for any of the groups. However, the EIBI proved much more sensitive than the visual method finding three times as many inflamed sites. Plaque was reduced by both antimicrobial rinses 27% more than the control over 12 weeks; the interdental cleaner and dental floss groups showed no significant incremental plaque reductions. The results suggest antimicrobial rinses reduce plaque on visible tooth surfaces, but do not penetrate sufficiently between teeth to affect interdental plaque and thus interdental inflammation. However, by disturbing interdental plaque, both dental floss and the interdental cleaner have little effect on visible tooth surface plaque accumulation, yet produce a significant reduction in gingival inflammation.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1990

Studies on the prevention of 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis.

Oral mucositis is a major toxic effect related to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy. Clinical studies have attempted to identify an effective antidote for this untoward side effect. Early pilot studies suggested that an allopurinol mouthwash could lessen 5-FU-induced mucositis. However, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study did not suggest that an allopurinol mouthwash had any prophylactic value in this clinical situation. An ongoing, randomized clinical protocol is testing cryotherapy as a method of inhibiting 5-FU-induced stomatitis. No clinically appropriate prophylactic measure for preventing 5-FU-induced mucositis has been found to date.

Allopurinol↗

PubMed1984

[Testing of mucosa disinfection methods in the mouth and throat. 1. Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and PVP-iodine on alpha-hemolytic streptococci].

A method for testing a throat antiseptic procedure is described. As indicator bacteria alpha-hemolytic streptococci were chosen. Povidone-Iodine and Chlorhexidindigluconate (0.5% and 0.1%) and aqua dest. as control substance were tested by a mouthwash technique. The best reduction of alpha-hemolytic streptococci could be detected after mouthwashing by 0.5% Chlorhexidindigluconate (1.4 log reduction), whereas by Povidone-Iodine a reduction of 0.85 log steps was achieved.

Chlorhexidine↗

PubMed1980

Diagnosis and management of long-standing benign oral ulceration.

The authors formed a Mouth Clinic at Sunnybrook Hospital in 1973 since when there have been 3025 patient visits. Those patients with chronic ulceration present a challenge, the diagnosis sometimes being difficult and therapy not rapidly effective. The differential diagnosis includes lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, aphthous ulcers, Behcets disease, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, specific infections and iatrogenic causes. It is possible to reach a definite diagnosis in virtually every case by means of a good history and careful clinical examination supplemented by biopsies and in some cases direct and indirect immunofluorescent studies. Treatment emphasizes scrupulous attention to oral hygiene with baking soda mouthwashes and careful teeth cleaning to minimize the accumulation of dental plaque. Specific therapy includes topical steroids in lichen planus, intra muscular gold in benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, a previously unreported treatment which considerably improved seven out of ten patients, and tetracycline mouthwashes in aphthous ulcers.

Behcet Syndrome↗

PubMed1980

Contact urticaria from cinnamic aldehyde.

Lip swelling developed following the use of a cinnamic aldehyde-containing mouthwash in a woman with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Open application of the mouthwash on the antecubital fossae of the patient and control subjects produced immediate erythematous or urticarial responses in all tested individuals. Subsequent investigation established cinnamic aldehyde as the responsible ingredient. The incidence of positive reactions was shown to depend on site of application, vehicle, concentration, and time of reading. Of several related cinnamates, only cinnamic acid produced easily detectable responses at similar concentrations.

Acrolein↗

PubMed1994

Removal of latex glove contaminants prior to taking poly (vinylsiloxane) impressions.

Sulfur compounds found in latex gloves may be deposited on teeth and gingiva, inhibiting the setting of poly(vinylsiloxane) impression materials. The objective of this in vivo study was to screen a variety of methods to remove these contaminants. Ten patients were each tested with eight decontamination methods. Before each trial, the facial surfaces and adjacent gingiva of the maxillary central and lateral incisors were contaminated with 20 wipes of a latex glove. Decontamination methods included a 30-second rinse with mouthwash, 3% hydrogen peroxide, or air-water syringe; a 30-second toothbrush scrub with water, mouthwash, or hydrogen peroxide; a 30-second cotton pellet-Cavidry scrub; and a 30-second cleaning with a prophy cup and pumice. A 10-second water rinse followed each method except the air-water syringe and Cavidry groups. A low-viscosity poly(vinylsiloxane) impression material was then used to take an impression of the area. To test surface inhibition, the gingival, tooth, and palatal impression surfaces were wiped with cotton-tipped applicators, and the degree of inhibition was subjectively categorized by two independent investigators. Mechanical decontamination with a toothbrush or pumice was significantly more effective than was rinsing alone, regardless of the solution used.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Local antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid in hemophilic children undergoing dental extractions.

The incidence of post-extraction bleeding and the amount of replacement therapy needed to control bleeding in 24 hemophilic children following the local use of tranexamic acid mouthwash have been investigated. The results of the study showed that 91.6% of patients who used tranexamic acid mouthwash as a supplement to systemic therapy, did not develop post-extraction bleeding; while in 25% of the control patients who received only systemic tranexamic acid, postoperative bleeding was not observed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of cancer is increasingly effective but associated with short and long-term side effects. Oral side effects, including oral mucositis (ulceration), remain a major source of illness despite the use of a variety of agents to treat them. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of interventions for treating oral mucositis or its associated pain in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: Computerised searches of Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialised Register, CCTR, MEDLINE and EMBASE were undertaken. Reference lists from relevant articles were searched. Authors of eligible trials were contacted to identify trials and obtain additional information. Date of most recent searches: May 2001 (CCTR 2001, issue 3) SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing agents prescribed to treat oral mucositis in people receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Outcomes were oral mucositis, oral pain, dysphagia, systemic infection, amount of analgesia, length of hospitalisation, cost and quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two reviewers. Authors were contacted for details of randomisation, blindness and withdrawals. Quality assessment was carried out on these three criteria. Cochrane Oral Health Group statistical guidelines were followed and relative risk values calculated using fixed effects models as no significant heterogeneity was detected (P>0.1). MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen trials involving 876 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Two agents, each in single trials, were found to be effective for improving (allopurinol RR=0.63 95%CI 0.42 to 0.96) or eradicating mucositis (allopurinol RR=0.59 95%CI 0.42 to 0.84; vitamin E RR=0.38 95%CI 0.14 to 0.97). The following agents were not found to be effective: benzydamine HCl, sucralfate, tetrachlorodecaoxide, chlorhexidine and "magic" (lidocaine solution, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and aluminum hydroxide suspension). Three trials compared patient controlled analgesia (PCA) to the continuous infusion method for controlling pain. There was no evidence of a difference, however, less opiate was used per hour for PCA. One trial demonstrated that pharmacokinetically based analgesia (PKPCA) reduced pain compared with PCA, however more opiate was used with PKCA. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is weak and unreliable evidence that allopurinol mouthwash and vitamin E improves or eradicates mucositis. There is no evidence that patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is better than continuous infusion method for controlling pain, however, less opiate was used per hour for PCA. Further, well designed, placebo-controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of allopurinol mouthwash, vitamin E and new interventions for treating mucositis are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of cancer is increasingly effective but associated with short and long-term side effects. Oral side effects, including oral mucositis (mouth ulceration), remain a major source of illness despite the use of a variety of agents to treat them. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of interventions for treating oral mucositis or its associated pain in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: Computerised searches of Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were undertaken. Reference lists from relevant articles were searched and the authors of eligible trials were contacted to identify trials and obtain additional information. Date of the most recent searches August 2003: (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2003). SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing agents prescribed to treat oral mucositis in people receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Outcomes were oral mucositis, time to heal mucositis, oral pain, duration of pain control, dysphagia, systemic infection, amount of analgesia, length of hospitalisation, cost and quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two reviewers. Authors were contacted for details of randomisation, blindness and withdrawals. Quality assessment was carried out on these three criteria. The Cochrane Oral Health Group statistical guidelines were followed and relative risk values calculated using fixed effect models. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-five trials involving 1292 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Three agents, each in single trials, were found to be effective for improving (allopurinol RR 3.33, 95% CI 1.06 to 10.49; immunoglobulin RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.65; human placentral extract RR 4.50, 95% CI 2.29 to 8.86) or eradicating mucositis (allopurinol RR 19.00, 95% CI 1.17 to 307.63). Two of these trials were rated as at moderate risk of bias and one as at high risk of bias. The following agents were not found to be effective: benzydamine HCl, sucralfate, tetrachlorodecaoxide, chlorhexidine and 'magic' (lidocaine solution, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and aluminum hydroxide suspension). Six trials compared the time to heal and mucositis was found to heal more quickly with two interventions: Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor when compared to povidone iodine, with mean difference -3.5 days (95% CI -4.1 to -2.9) and allopurinol compared to placebo, with mean difference -4.5 days (95% CI -5.8 to -3.2). Three trials compared patient controlled analgesia (PCA) to the continuous infusion method for controlling pain. There was no evidence of a difference, however, less opiate was used per hour for PCA, and the duration of pain was shorter. One trial demonstrated that pharmacokinetically based analgesia (PKPCA) reduced pain compared with PCA, however more opiate was used with PKPCA. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: There is weak and unreliable evidence that allopurinol mouthwash, vitamin E, immunoglobulin or human placental extract improve or eradicate mucositis. There is no evidence that patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is better than continuous infusion method for controlling pain, however, less opiate was used per hour, and duration of pain was shorter, for PCA. Further, well designed, placebo-controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of allopurinol mouthwash, immunoglobulin, human placental extract, other interventions investigated in this review and new interventions for treating mucositis are needed.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of yield and genotyping performance of multiple displacement amplification and OmniPlex whole genome amplified DNA generated from multiple DNA sources.

The promise of whole genome amplification (WGA) is that genomic DNA (gDNA) quantity will not limit molecular genetic analyses. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) and the OmniPlex PCR-based WGA protocols were evaluated using 4 and 5 ng of input gDNA from 60 gDNA samples from three tissue sources (mouthwash, buffy coat, and lymphoblast). WGA DNA (wgaDNA) yield and genotyping performance were evaluated using genotypes determined from gDNA and wgaDNA using the AmpFlSTR Identifiler assay and N = 49 TaqMan SNP assays. Short tandem repeat (STR) and SNP genotyping completion and concordance rates were significantly reduced with wgaDNA from all WGA methods compared with gDNA. OmniPlex wgaDNA exhibited a greater reduction in genotyping performance than MDA wgaDNA. Reduced wgaDNA genotyping performance was due to allelic (all protocols) and locus (OmniPlex) amplification bias leading to heterozygote and locus dropout, respectively, and %GC sequence content (%GC) was significantly correlated with TaqMan assay performance. Lymphoblast wgaDNA exhibited higher yield (OmniPlex), buffy coat wgaDNA exhibited higher STR genotyping completion (MDA), whereas mouthwash wgaDNA exhibited higher SNP genotyping discordance (MDA). Genotyping of wgaDNA generated from < or = 5 ng gDNA, e.g., from archaeological, forensic, prenatal diagnostic, or pathology samples, may require additional genotyping validation with gDNA and/or more sophisticated analysis of genotypes incorporating observed reductions in genotyping performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in non-neutropenic cancer patients.

The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the management of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in non-neutropenic cancer patients. In a prospective open study, 30 cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced, neutropenia-independent oral mucositis were treated with GM-CSF (Schering Plough Corp, Kenilworth, NJ) prepared as a mouthwash solution (5-10 micrograms ml-1). GM-CSF was administered within 24 hours of occurrence of oral mucositis x 4 to 6 times daily. Systemic GM-CSF was not permissible. Oral mucositis was graded according to the modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Six patients were subsequently excluded as they experienced neutropenia during GM-CSF therapy. The remaining 24 patients were all evaluable. Most patients had either Grade 3 or 4 gross (76%) or functional (54%) mucositis. The mean +/- SEM gross oral mucositis scores for all 24 patients combined decreased from 3.08 +/- 0.18 at baseline to 2.04 +/- 0.19 (p < 0.0001) after 2 days, 0.92 +/- 0.16 (p < 0.0001) after 5 days, and 0.25 +/- 0.09 (p < 0.0001) after 10 days of therapy. Likewise, the mean +/- SEM functional oral mucositis scores decreased from 2.71 +/- 0.18 at baseline to 1.58 +/- 0.19 (p < 0.0001) after 2 days, 0.75 +/- 0.16 (p < 0.0001) after 5 days, and 0.17 +/- 0.08 (p < 0.0001) after 10 days of therapy. The duration of severe oral mucositis was also shortened as Grade 0 or 1 (gross mucositis score) was evident in seven (29%), 20 (83%), and 24 (100%) patients by the 2nd, 5th, and 10th day of therapy, respectively. Similarly, Grade 0 or 1 (functional mucositis score) reported in 13 (54%), 19 (79%), and 24 (100%) by the 2nd, 5th, and 10th day of therapy respectively. It was found that GM-CSF mouthwash as used in this study has a significant recuperative efficacy on the severity, morbidity, and duration of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. A large randomized, placebo-controlled study is warranted to ascertain that benefit and determine the optimal dosages and schedule.

Administration, Topical↗